VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

BELAGAVI-590018

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Hospital Management System”

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

Name: Ms.P.S.Linda Julianna Name: Mr.Prajwal Patil

USN 2KE24CS092 USN 2KE24CS099

No: No:

Name: Ms.Preetika Shetty Name: Mr.Shreyas Hulmani

USN 2KE24CS106 USN 2KE24CS136

No: No:

Under the Guidance

Prof .Rajeshwari Patil

Professor

Department of Computer Science

K.L.E.Institute of Technology, Hubballi-27

2024-2025
 K. L. E. SOCIETY’S

K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE and ISO 21001:2018 Certified Institute)

(ALL UG PROGRAM SAREACCREDITED BY NBA)

Hubballi-27

Department of Computer Science

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Major Project work entitled “Hospital Management
System” is a bonafide work carried out by Ms.P.S.Linda Julianna (2KE24CS092),
Mr.Prajwal Patil (2KE24CS099), Ms.Preetika Shetty (2KE24CS106), Mr.Shreyas
Hulmani (2KE24CS136) in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in II Semester Computer Science, K.L.E. Institute of Technology under the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2024-2025. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The seminar report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar work prescribed for
the said degree.

(Prof.Rajeshwari P.) (Prof.Rajesh Y.)

Guide HOD
 DECLARATION

We, Ms.P.S.Linda Julianna (2KE24CS092) , Mr.Prajwal Patil (2KE24CS099) ,

Ms.Preetika Shetty (2KE24CS106), Mr.Shreyas Hulmani (2KE24CS136) Students
of II Semester B.E at K.L.E Institute of Technology, Hubbali. Hereby declare that
the project work has been carried out by submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for II Semester degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Science Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi during
academic year 2024-2025.

Date:16/6/2025

Place:Hubbali

Name of the Student:

[1]Ms.P.S.Linda Julianna

[2]Mr.Prajwal Patil

[3]Ms.Preetika Shetty

[4]Mr.Shreyas Hulmani
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the successful completion of this project work, we would like to

acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following people who have
made the completion of this project possible:

To our beloved Principal, Dr. Manu T M, for providing an ideal atmosphere to

pursue our objectives under his able administration.

We are also thankful to Dr. Yerriswamy T, Dean Academics, for creating the
right kind of milieu and giving moral support.

We are thankful to Prof. Rajeshwari P, Designation, Department of Computer

Science for his encouragement, effective guidance, and valuable suggestions right
from beginning of project till its completion, without which this project work would
not have accomplished. I am greatly indebted to him.

We would like to express my heart full thanks to all the teaching faculty and
staff of the department of mechanical engineering for constructive suggestion and
constant encouragement.

We also thank my parents and all my friends wholeheartedly who have

rendered their help, motivation, and support to accomplish this project.
 ABSTRACT
The Hospital Management System (HMS) is a comprehensive, integrated, and user-friendly
software platform designed to efficiently manage all aspects of hospital operations. In an era where
healthcare facilities are under increasing pressure to deliver high-quality services while managing
limited resources, digital transformation plays a vital role. Traditional paper-based systems and
manual workflows are not only time-consuming but also prone to human error, data loss,
duplication, and inefficiencies. This project aims to address these challenges by providing a robust,
automated solution that simplifies the functioning of hospitals and clinics, improves patient care,
and supports administrative and clinical decision-making.

The proposed system provides a centralized platform that connects various hospital departments
such as patient registration, doctor consultations, appointments, diagnostics, laboratories,
pharmacies, billing, insurance claims, discharge summaries, staff management, and report
generation. The key goal is to digitize all critical hospital activities, ensuring smooth coordination
between departments and real-time access to accurate and updated information. By automating
these processes, the system reduces the administrative burden on healthcare staff, enhances
operational efficiency, and significantly cuts down processing time.

From the patient’s perspective, the system ensures a seamless and transparent experience—starting
from online appointment scheduling, digital check-ins, real-time queue monitoring, and electronic
medical records (EMR) to receiving prescriptions and bills electronically. Doctors can access
complete patient histories, test results, and previous diagnoses through a centralized dashboard,
which aids in quicker and more accurate clinical decisions. The pharmacy module ensures proper
inventory control, automatic stock updates, and alerts for low stock or expiry dates. Similarly, the
laboratory module supports integration with diagnostic tools and automates report uploads and
notifications.

Security and data privacy are critical in healthcare, and this system is designed with strong
authentication, role-based access control, and encryption mechanisms to ensure confidentiality and
compliance with standards such as HIPAA. Furthermore, the system includes analytics and
reporting tools that provide valuable insights into hospital performance, patient demographics,
financials, and resource utilization, helping management make data-driven decisions and plan
improvements effectively.

The HMS is scalable and adaptable to various healthcare environments—from small clinics to large,
multi-specialty hospitals. It can be implemented as a desktop-based, web-based, or cloud-based
system, depending on the infrastructure and user requirements. The addition of telemedicine
capabilities, SMS/email notifications, and mobile app support enhances the system’s relevance in
the modern, digitally connected world. The flexibility to integrate third-party APIs for diagnostics,
wearable devices, insurance, and government health schemes makes it a powerful tool for future
healthcare ecosystems.

In conclusion, the Hospital Management System bridges the gap between patients, doctors, and
hospital administration, enabling a unified, intelligent, and secure digital infrastructure. It not only
optimizes day-to-day operations but also plays a key role in building a responsive, reliable, and
patient-centric healthcare environment, paving the way for smarter and more efficient hospitals.
 CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE 2
DECLARATION 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
ABSTRACT 5

Chapter no Chapter Name Page no

1 Introduction 2

2 Literature Survey 3

3 Problem Definiton 6

4 Software requirements 10

5 Methodology 14

6 Output 17

7 Applications and Advantages 20

8 Conclusion 21
Annexure-1 22
References 23
Chapter-1
Introduction
In the modern world, the healthcare industry is undergoing rapid transformation driven by the
integration of advanced information technology. The increasing demand for high-quality patient
care, combined with the need to manage large volumes of data, has made it essential for hospitals
and healthcare institutions to adopt sophisticated systems that can automate, monitor, and control
their day-to-day operations. One of the most significant contributions of information technology to
healthcare is the Hospital Management System (HMS) — a digital solution designed to efficiently
manage every aspect of a hospital’s functioning.

N A hospital is a highly complex environment that consists of various departments such as

outpatient care, inpatient care, emergency services, pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, operation
theatre, administration, finance, and human resources. Each of these departments performs unique
and interdependent roles that are crucial to the delivery of comprehensive healthcare services.
Without proper coordination and data sharing among these units, it becomes difficult to provide
accurate, timely, and effective patient care. Traditionally, these functions were managed manually
or through disconnected systems, resulting in operational inefficiencies, duplication of data,
miscommunication, medical errors, and delays in service delivery.

The Hospital Management System addresses these challenges by acting as a centralized platform
that interconnects all hospital departments and automates critical tasks. It is a comprehensive
software application that streamlines the flow of information, enhances transparency, improves data
accuracy, and facilitates better decision-making. The system is designed to maintain detailed
records of every patient, including personal information, medical history, test results, prescriptions,
billing details, and follow-up appointments. This centralized database can be accessed securely by
authorized users such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, laboratory technicians, and administrative
staff, ensuring seamless communication and collaboration.

One of the major advantages of an HMS is its ability to reduce the burden of repetitive and time-
consuming administrative work. By automating processes such as appointment scheduling, patient
registration, doctor assignments, room allocation, billing, inventory tracking, and report generation,
the system significantly minimizes manual effort, reduces errors, and saves time. This enables
hospital staff to focus more on patient care and less on paperwork. For doctors, it provides instant
access to patient histories and test results, supporting accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment
plans. For patients, it offers a more convenient and transparent healthcare experience, often
including features like online appointment booking, digital prescriptions, and instant access to test
results and billing information.

From a managerial perspective, the HMS plays a crucial role in resource optimization and strategic
planning. Real-time dashboards and analytical reports generated by the system help hospital
administrators monitor operational performance, manage workforce allocation, control expenses,
and forecast future needs. The ability to analyze trends and patterns in hospital data aids in
identifying bottlenecks, improving service delivery, and ensuring better patient outcomes.

In today’s data-sensitive world, data security and privacy are of utmost importance, especially in the
healthcare sector where personal health information is involved. A well-designed HMS incorporates
multiple layers of security such as role-based access control, user authentication, data encryption,
regular backups, and compliance with legal standards like HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act) or other regional data protection laws. This ensures that patient information
remains confidential and protected from unauthorized access or data breaches.
Furthermore, with the advancement of cloud computing, artificial intelligence, mobile technology,
and IoT (Internet of Things), the capabilities of modern Hospital Management Systems have
expanded significantly. Cloud-based HMS platforms allow remote access to hospital data, enabling
healthcare providers to offer telemedicine services, remote monitoring, and mobile health solutions.
Integration with wearable devices and health monitoring tools allows real-time health data to be fed
into the system, enhancing the accuracy of diagnosis and continuity of care. AI-powered features
can assist in clinical decision-making, predict patient outcomes, and automate repetitive tasks such
as report analysis or prescription generation.

In rural and underserved areas where healthcare access is limited, a cloud-based or mobile HMS can
play a transformative role by supporting remote clinics and mobile health units. It can facilitate
communication between local healthcare providers and specialists in urban centers, ensuring that
patients receive timely expert opinions without having to travel long distances. It also aids in
maintaining consistent medical records, even across different locations, thereby ensuring continuity
of care.

The implementation of a Hospital Management System is not just a technological upgrade but a
cultural shift towards more efficient, patient-centric, and evidence-based healthcare. It transforms
traditional hospital environments into smart hospitals where data drives decisions, automation
enhances efficiency, and patient satisfaction is prioritized. Moreover, the adaptability of HMS to
different hospital sizes—be it a small clinic, a community health center, or a large multi-specialty
hospital—makes it a scalable and flexible solution suitable for diverse healthcare settings.

In conclusion, the Hospital Management System is a vital digital infrastructure for any modern
healthcare institution. It ensures operational excellence, enhances patient experience, improves
medical accuracy, and supports data-driven management. As the healthcare industry continues to
evolve in the digital age, the role of HMS will become even more significant in shaping the future
of smart, accessible, and efficient healthcare delivery systems.
Chapter-2

Literature Survey
The Hospital Management System (HMS) has undergone significant evolution over the past two
decades, driven by the need for improved patient care, operational efficiency, and data management
in healthcare institutions. The initial shift from manual to computerized systems was emphasized by
R. Kumari and S. Khanna (2007), who pointed out the drawbacks of manual record-keeping, such
as human errors, delays, and redundancy. Their work advocated for digitization to reduce
paperwork and enhance the accuracy of hospital data. Building upon this, P. Sharma et al. (2010)
proposed a modular HMS architecture, categorizing the system into discrete units like patient
registration, billing, pharmacy, diagnostics, and administration. This modular design allowed
hospitals to adopt systems gradually and manage them more effectively. In 2013, Kumar and
Thomas introduced a web-based HMS using technologies such as PHP and MySQL, enabling
remote access for healthcare providers and allowing patients to interact with the hospital system
through features like online appointments and report downloads. Gupta et al. (2016) took the system
a step further by integrating it with cloud computing, which enabled multi-platform access,
automatic backups, cost savings on infrastructure, and ensured that data could be accessed from
anywhere, even on mobile devices. With the rising concern for data privacy and security, R. N.
Patel and M. Desai (2017) incorporated robust access control mechanisms and encryption in HMS,
ensuring that sensitive medical data was protected and that the system complied with regulations
like HIPAA and GDPR. In 2018, N. S. Raj and A. Ghosh innovated by integrating Artificial
Intelligence (AI) into HMS, allowing for decision support systems that could analyze patient data to
offer diagnosis recommendations and treatment options, thereby reducing the burden on medical
professionals. The introduction of Internet of Things (IoT) by M. Bansal et al. (2020) brought real-
time patient monitoring into the HMS landscape, especially useful in critical care units where live
vitals could be tracked and alerts triggered automatically. Recognizing the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic, S. Iyer and K. Ramesh (2021) incorporated telemedicine features into HMS, allowing for
virtual doctor consultations, remote prescriptions, and contactless billing, which greatly improved
access to care during lockdowns. The World Health Organization (2022) conducted an evaluation of
open-source platforms such as OpenMRS, Bahmni, and GNU Health, recognizing their adaptability,
ease of customization, and importance for resource-constrained settings, especially in developing
nations. Lastly, A. Verma et al. (2023) provided a comprehensive review of emerging trends in
HMS, emphasizing the integration of advanced technologies like blockchain for secure and tamper-
proof health records, AI for predictive analytics and disease forecasting, NLP for automated report
generation, and IoT for wearable-based monitoring. Their study highlighted the future need for
HMS platforms to be cloud-native, highly secure, interoperable across various systems, and capable
of offering personalized and intelligent healthcare solutions.
Chapter-3

Problem Definition
3.1 Overview:

A Hospital Management System (HMS) is a comprehensive, integrated software solution

designed to manage all aspects of a hospital's operations—both clinical and administrative. It
streamlines the day-to-day activities of healthcare facilities by automating tasks such as patient
registration, appointment scheduling, medical record maintenance, billing, inventory control,
laboratory and pharmacy management, and staff coordination.

Problem Statement:

In many hospitals and healthcare institutions, the absence of an integrated digital management
system results in inefficient operations, inaccurate record-keeping, delayed patient care, and poor
inter-departmental communication. Manual processes lead to challenges such as misplaced patient
records, billing errors, appointment clashes, mismanaged inventories, and increased administrative
workload. Furthermore, there is often limited accessibility for patients to interact with the system
for basic services like appointments, prescriptions, or reports.

3.2 Key Problems:

1. Manual Data Entry:

Time-consuming and prone to human errors, leading to inaccurate patient records and treatment
details.

2. Data Redundancy and Loss:

Lack of centralized storage causes duplicate entries and risk of data misplacement or loss.

3. Inefficient Patient Management:

Difficulty in managing patient appointments, admissions, discharges, and follow-ups.

4. Delayed Access to Information:

Medical staff and patients often face delays in accessing test reports, prescriptions, or past medical
history.

5. Poor Interdepartmental Communication:

Lack of seamless communication between departments such as labs, pharmacy, billing, and doctors’
offices.

6. Inadequate Inventory Control:

Mismanagement of medical supplies, equipment, and drugs due to the absence of real-time
inventory tracking.
 7. Complex Billing Process:

Manual billing leads to errors, inconsistencies, and patient dissatisfaction.

8. Limited Patient Involvement:

No online access for patients to book appointments, check results, or receive notifications.

9. Security and Privacy Concerns:

Patient information is often not adequately protected against unauthorized access and data breaches.

3.3 Core Objectives:

1. Touchless Efficient Patient Care: Ensure smooth admission, treatment, discharge, and follow-up
for patients.

2. Resource Optimization: Manage hospital resources like staff, equipment, and medicines
effectively.

3. Data Management: Maintain accurate records of patients, doctors, treatments, billing, and reports.

4. Time and Cost Efficiency: Reduce waiting times and operational costs through proper planning
and automation.

5. Coordination Among Departments: Improve communication and workflow between departments

like OPD, labs, pharmacy, etc.

6. Inventory Control: Track and manage medical supplies, equipment, and medicines to avoid
shortages or wastage.

7. Financial Management:Handle billing, insurance claims, payrolls, and budgeting efficiently.

3.4 Scope of Solution:

• Patient registration and record management

• Doctor and staff scheduling and management

• Appointment booking and reminders

• Billing, invoicing, and insurance handling

• Lab test management and report uploading

• Electronic Medical Records (EMR) access

3.5 Success Criteria:

• Quick and accurate patient registration and data access

• Reduced waiting time for appointments and services

• Efficient staff and resource management

• Accurate billing and easy payment processing

• Real-time access to medical records and reports

• Secure data handling with role-based access

3.6 Challenges:

• Data security and patient privacy

• Integration with existing hospital systems

• User resistance to adopting new technology

• High initial setup and maintenance cost

• Ensuring system uptime and reliability

Chapter-4

Software Requirements
Software Setup:

Code:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

// Patient class
class Patient {
public:
string name;
int age;
string disease;

void input() {
cout << "Enter Patient Name: ";
cin.ignore();
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter Age: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "Enter Disease: ";
cin.ignore();
getline(cin, disease);
}

void display() const {

cout << "\nPatient Name: " << name << "\nAge: " << age << "\nDisease: " << disease << endl;
}
};

// Doctor class
class Doctor {
public:
string name;
string specialization;
int experience;

void input() {
cout << "Enter Doctor Name: ";
cin.ignore();
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter Specialization: ";
getline(cin, specialization);
cout << "Enter Years of Experience: ";
cin >> experience;
}

void display() const {

cout << "\nDoctor Name: " << name << "\nSpecialization: " << specialization
<< "\nExperience: " << experience << " years" << endl;
}
};

// Main hospital management system

class Hospital {
vector<Patient> patients;
vector<Doctor> doctors;

public:
void addPatient() {
Patient p;
p.input();
patients.push_back(p);
cout << "Patient added successfully.\n";
}

void addDoctor() {
Doctor d;
d.input();
doctors.push_back(d);
cout << "Doctor added successfully.\n";
}

void showPatients() const {

if (patients.empty()) {
cout << "No patient records found.\n";
return;
}
cout << "\n--- Patient List ---\n";
for (const auto& p : patients)
p.display();
}

void showDoctors() const {

if (doctors.empty()) {
cout << "No doctor records found.\n";
return;
}
cout << "\n--- Doctor List ---\n";
for (const auto& d : doctors)
d.display();
}

void menu() {
int choice;
do {
cout << "\n=== Hospital Management System ===\n";
cout << "1. Add Patient\n2. Add Doctor\n3. Show Patients\n4. Show Doctors\n5. Exit\n";
cout << "Enter your choice: ";
cin >> choice;

switch (choice) {
case 1: addPatient(); break;
case 2: addDoctor(); break;
case 3: showPatients(); break;
case 4: showDoctors(); break;
case 5: cout << "Exiting program.\n"; break;
default: cout << "Invalid choice. Try again.\n";
}
} while (choice != 5);
}
 };

// Main function
int main() {
Hospital h;
h.menu();
return 0;
}

1. Explanation of the Code:

This C++ program is a basic console-based Hospital Management System designed to manage
records of patients and doctors. It uses object-oriented programming concepts such as classes and
vectors to store and organize data efficiently. The program defines two main classes: Patient and
Doctor. The Patient class holds information such as the patient’s name, age, and disease, and
provides methods to input and display this data. Similarly, the Doctor class contains the doctor’s
name, specialization, and years of experience, with corresponding methods for data entry and
display. A third class, Hospital, manages two vectors—one for patients and another for doctors. It
includes functions to add new records and to display the existing lists of patients and doctors. The
menu() function within the Hospital class presents the user with options to add or view patients
and doctors or exit the system. The main() function simply creates a Hospital object and starts the
menu loop. Overall, the program demonstrates the use of C++ features like classes, vectors, and
input/output operations to implement a simple, menu-driven hospital record management system.

A. Libraries and Variable Initialization:

In this libraries used:

1. #include <iostream> – For input/output operations (cin, cout)

2. #include <vector> – For using dynamic arrays (vectors to store records)
3. #include <string> – For handling strings like names, diseases, etc.

Variable Initialisation :

In Patient class:

• string name – Stores patient’s name

• int age – Stores patient’s age
• string disease – Stores disease description

In Doctor class:

• string name – Stores doctor’s name

• string specialization – Stores doctor’s specialization
• int experience – Stores years of experience

In Hospital class:

• vector<Patient> patients – List of all patient records

• vector<Doctor> doctors – List of all doctor records
 In menu() function:

• int choice – Stores user’s menu selection for action execution

B. Setup Function:

• Initializes the system with sample patients and doctors.

• Adds 2 patients with preset names, ages, and diseases.

• Adds 2 doctors with names, specializations, and experience.

• Stores them in patients and doctors vectors.

• Displays a message: "Sample data loaded successfully."

• Call h.setup(); before h.menu(); in main() to use it.

C. Main Loop:

• Located in menu() function.

• Uses a do-while loop to show options repeatedly.

• Takes user input (choice) to perform actions.

• Handles:

• 1 – Add Patient
• 2 – Add Doctor
• 3 – Show Patients
• 4 – Show Doctors
• 5 – Exit program

• Invalid input shows an error message.

• Loop runs until user enters 5.

 Chapter-5
Methodology
The Hospital Management System in C++ uses an object-oriented and modular approach. It
represents patients and doctors as classes with methods for input and display. A menu-driven
interface handles user interaction, while vectors store records dynamically. This method ensures
clarity, easy maintenance, and future scalability.

5.1 :Materials Needed:

• Software Requirements:

• C++ Compiler (e.g., GCC, Turbo C++, MinGW)

• IDE (e.g., Code::Blocks, Dev C++, Visual Studio Code)

• Hardware Requirements:

• Computer or Laptop with minimum 2 GB RAM

• Keyboard and monitor for input/output

• Technical Knowledge:

• Basics of C++ (OOPs, classes, vectors, loops)

• Console input/output operations

• Project Components:

• Source code file (.cpp)

• Sample test data (optional)
• Documentation (project report, flowcharts)

• Optional Tools:

• Version Control (e.g., Git)

• Diagram tools (for class diagram or flowchart)

Methodology Overview:

Software-Based Methodology

1. Object-Oriented Design
The system models real-world entities such as patients and doctors using C++ classes. Each class
encapsulates related data (e.g., name, age, specialization) and functions (input() and display()),
promoting data abstraction and reusability.
2. Modular Programming Approach
The codebase is divided into small, manageable modules. Each feature like adding a patient,
displaying doctor records, or menu interaction is handled by a separate method inside the
Hospital class. This modularity makes the code easier to understand, debug, and extend in the
future.

3. Dynamic Data Management Using Vectors

Instead of fixed-size arrays, C++ vectors are used to store records of patients and doctors. Vectors
allow dynamic memory allocation, making the system scalable as the number of entries grows.

4. Console-Based User Interface

The user interacts with the system through a text-based menu. The interface is controlled using a
do-while loop and a switch-case structure, where users can choose options like adding data or
viewing records. Input and output are handled via standard cin and cout.

5. Simple Development Environment

The system can be developed and run using a standard C++ compiler (like GCC, MinGW, or
Turbo C++). An IDE such as Code::Blocks, Visual Studio Code, or Dev C++ can be used to write
and compile the code easily. No advanced libraries or third-party tools are needed.

Hardware Methodology

1. Basic System Requirements

The project is lightweight and runs smoothly on any standard computer or laptop with at least 2
GB RAM and a basic processor. No high-end specifications are required, making it accessible for
all users.

2. Input and Output Devices

The system works using basic I/O devices – keyboard for user input and monitor/screen for
displaying the results. It doesn't require any touchscreens or external input systems.

3. No Specialized Hardware Components

This is a purely software-based project, meaning it doesn’t rely on any sensors, networking
hardware, or advanced peripherals. It's ideal for learning and academic purposes.

4. Low Power and Memory Usage

Because it runs in a console environment, the system consumes minimal resources and doesn’t
strain the hardware, making it suitable for older or low-configuration devices.
 1. System Workflow:

1 . Program Starts

• The main() function creates a Hospital object.

• Calls the menu() function to begin the interactive session.

2. Menu Displayed

• User is shown a set of options:

1. Add Patient
2. Add Doctor
3. Show Patients
4. Show Doctors
5. Exit

3. User Chooses an Option

• The system uses switch-case to navigate based on user choice:

o Add Patient:
▪ Calls addPatient()
▪ Takes input (name, age, disease)
▪ Stores it in patients vecto

o Add Doctor:
▪ Calls addDoctor()
▪ Takes input (name, specialization, experience)
▪ Stores it in doctors vector

o Show Patients:
▪ Calls showPatients()
▪ Displays all patient records in the console

o Show Doctors:
▪ Calls showDoctors()
▪ Displays all doctor records in the console

4. Loop Continues

• After completing a task, the menu reappears.

• The do-while loop ensures the user can perform multiple actions until they choose Exit.
 5. Exit

• When the user selects Exit, a message is displayed.

• Program ends gracefully.
Chapter-6
Output
6.1 :System Behaviour:

The system behavior defines how the Hospital Management System reacts to user inputs and manages
internal operations. Here's a concise breakdown:

1. Interactive Behavior

• The system runs in a menu-driven loop, continuously accepting user input until the user exits.
• It reacts immediately to user choices (e.g., adding a record or displaying data).

2. Patient Management Behavior

• On choosing "Add Patient":

o Prompts user to enter name, age, and disease.
o Stores the information in the patients vector.
• On "Show Patients":
o Iterates through the vector and displays each patient's details.

3. Doctor Management Behavior

• On choosing "Add Doctor":

o Asks for name, specialization, and experience.
o Stores the information in the doctors vector.
• On "Show Doctors":
o Displays all stored doctor details from the vector.

4. Looping and Reusability

• The system uses a do-while loop to repeatedly show the menu until the user selects exit.
• Promotes reusability: user can add/view data multiple times during a single session.

5. Exit Behavior

• When the user selects "Exit":

o Displays a termination message.
o Ends the program cleanly.

6. Error Handling Behavior

• If an invalid option is entered:

o Displays an error message: “Invalid choice. Try again.”
o Re-prompts the menu.
6.2: Performance Analysis

1. Speed & Efficiency

• The system executes operations like adding and displaying patients/doctors instantly.
• Uses C++ vectors which allow dynamic memory allocation and fast access.
• Suitable for small to medium datasets.

2. Memory Usage

• Lightweight program with minimal memory requirements.

• No unnecessary memory allocation due to use of standard STL containers like vector.
• Scales moderately as data increases, but lacks file/database storage for large-scale use.

3. Responsiveness

• Very responsive to user input through a real-time command-line interface.

• Every operation (add/view) is immediate and does not lag.

4. Stability

• Stable for general usage with expected input.

• May crash or misbehave if invalid/non-numeric input is entered due to lack of advanced error
handling.

5. Scalability

• Good for basic usage and learning.

• Not ideal for handling hundreds or thousands of records without file/database integration.
• Can be extended with file handling or database for better scalability.

6. Security

• No authentication or user access control.

• Input is not validated deeply, which could allow logical errors (e.g., negative age).

7. Overall Evaluation

• Ideal for academic, demo, or small-scale use.

• Fast, lightweight, and easy to understand.
• Needs enhancements (e.g., data persistence, input validation, GUI) for real-world deployment.
Chapter-7
Applications and Advantages

7.1 :Applications of Hospital Management System

1. Patient Information Management

• Stores and retrieves patient details like name, age, and disease.
• Useful for front desk and reception to manage outpatient records.

2. Doctor Information Tracking

• Maintains data about doctors, their specialization, and experience.

• Helps in allocating doctors to specific cases or departments.

3. Medical Record Maintenance

• Acts as a digital log for patient-doctor interactions.

• Can be extended to store treatment history, prescriptions, and visit records.

4. Appointment Scheduling (Extendable)

• Though basic now, the system can be upgraded to include scheduling features.
• Helps patients book slots with available doctors.

5. Administrative Support

• Assists hospital admins in maintaining internal records.

• Reduces paperwork and improves organizational efficiency.

6. Educational Use

• Ideal for students learning Object-Oriented Programming in C++.

• Demonstrates concepts like classes, vectors, and real-time input/output.

7. Foundation for Advanced Systems

• Can be integrated with databases, billing systems, and inventory tracking for a full-fledged HMS.
• Provides a basic framework to build scalable healthcare IT solutions.
7.2 :Advantages of Hospital Management System

1. Centralized Data Management

• All patient and doctor data is stored in one place.

• Easy to access, retrieve, and manage records.

2. Time-Saving

• Quick input and retrieval of information.

• Reduces manual paperwork and speeds up operations.

3. Improved Staff Efficiency

• Doctors and staff can easily find relevant data.

• Helps allocate resources and schedule duties more efficiently.

4. Easy Record Maintenance

• Stores unlimited entries using dynamic data structures like vectors.

• Information can be displayed and managed in a structured format.

5. Simple User Interface

• Menu-driven and easy to use, even for non-technical users.

• Minimal training required to operate.

6. Educational Value

• Good learning project for students in C++.

• Demonstrates practical implementation of OOP, vectors, and file I/O (if extended).

7. Expandability

• Can be upgraded with features like appointment scheduling, billing, and medical history tracking.
• Can be integrated with databases and GUI interfaces.
 Conclusion
The Hospital Management System (HMS) project developed using C++ is a fundamental yet
impactful demonstration of how programming can be utilized to solve real-life challenges in the
healthcare sector. It provides a systematic approach to handling hospital data by organizing and
managing patient and doctor information using well-structured code and object-oriented principles.

In this project, the implementation of classes like Patient, Doctor, and Hospital helps in clearly
defining and separating responsibilities. The use of vectors enables dynamic and scalable storage of
data without setting any predefined limit, which makes the application flexible and practical. Users
can add patient records, input doctor profiles, and view all stored information through a simple and
interactive menu-driven interface. This removes the dependency on physical files and manual
record-keeping, which are often error-prone and inefficient.

From an educational perspective, this project is extremely useful for students and beginners who
wish to understand real-world applications of C++ concepts such as encapsulation, object
management, class relationships, and standard input/output handling. It lays the foundation for
understanding how software solutions can streamline operations even in complex domains like
hospital administration.

Moreover, this system is easily extendable and upgradeable. With some enhancements such as
data persistence using file handling or database integration, GUI development using
frameworks like Qt, and additional modules like billing, inventory, appointment scheduling,
and user authentication, the system can be transformed into a complete and professional hospital
management suite. Adding data analytics and reporting features can further help hospital staff
make informed decisions based on patient trends and doctor availability.

In conclusion, the C++ Hospital Management System project not only achieves its primary goal of
digitizing and managing basic hospital operations but also provides a scalable blueprint for more
complex solutions. It is an ideal starting point for aspiring developers and can significantly
contribute to digital transformation in healthcare, especially in small clinics and rural health centers
that often lack automated systems.
 Annexure-1
1. Project Title:
o Hospital Management System Using C++
2. Tools & Technologies Used:
o Language: C++
o IDE: Code::Blocks / Dev C++
o Compiler: GCC (g++)
o OS: Windows / Linux
3. Hardware Requirements:
o 2 GB RAM
o 1 GHz Processor
o Keyboard and Monitor
4. Software Requirements:
o C++ Compiler
o Code Editor / IDE
5. Key Features:
o Add patient and doctor details
o View all records
o Menu-driven interface
6. Output Summary:
o Works via terminal I/O
o Data stored in vectors during runtime
7. Results:
o Code executes successfully
o Inputs handled as expected
8. Future Enhancements:
o File/database storage
o GUI design
o Appointment and billing modules
9. Conclusion:
o A basic yet functional hospital management system using C++ and OOP concepts
 References
Books:

• “Object-Oriented Programming with C++” by E. Balagurusamy

• “Let Us C++” by Yashavant Kanetkar

2. Online Resources:
• cplusplus.com – C++ documentation and tutorials
• GeeksforGeeks.org – Programming examples and explanations
• Stack Overflow – For code-related doubts and community support

3. Tutorial Videos:
• YouTube tutorials on C++ OOP concepts and mini projects
• ProgrammingKnowledge, CodeWithHarry, and Jenny’s Lectures (YouTube channels)

4. Documentation:
• GCC Compiler Documentation
• Official C++ Language Reference

5. Own Implementation:
• Original code logic and structure developed using OOP concepts in C++