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Geography Paper I Syllabus

Physical Geography:
1. Geomorphology:
Origin and evolution of the earth's crust; Physical conditions of the earth's interior;
Continental drift; Plate tectonics and endogenetic and exogenetic forces. Recent views on
mountain building; Channel morphology; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Factors
controlling landform development; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Slope development;
Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development; lsostasy ; Erosion surfaces;
Geosynclines Denudation chronology; Vulcanicity and Applied Geomorphology:
Geohydrology, economic geology and environment.

2. Climatology:
Heat budget of the earth; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds;
Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and frontogenesis, Temperate and tropical
cyclones; Weather and Climate; Atmospheric circulation; Koppen's, Thornthwaite's and
Trewartha's classification of world climates; Temperature and pressure belts of the world;
Hydrological cycle; Types and distribution of precipitation; Global climatic change and role
and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate.

3. Oceanography:
Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy
resources; Coral reefs, Waves, currents and tides; Bottom topography of the Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific Oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; coral bleaching; sea
level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution.

4. Biogeography:
Soil profile; Soil erosion, Genesis of soils; Problems of deforestation and conservation
measures; Social forestry; Wildlife; Classification and distribution of soils; agro-forestry;
Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Major gene pool centres and
Degradation and conservation.

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5. Environmental Geography:
Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and
conservation; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and
environment; Environmental degradation, management and conservation; Principle of
ecology; Environmental policy; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental
hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.

Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in Human Geography:
Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational
analysis; regional synthesis; Areal differentiation; radical, behavioural, human and welfare
approaches; religions and secularisation; Languages, Human development index and
Cultural regions of the world.

2. Economic Geography:
World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World
agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; World
economic development: measurement and problems; Food and nutrition problems;
famine: causes, effects and remedies; Food security; World industries: locational patterns
and problems; patterns of world trade.

3. Population and Settlement Geography:

Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and optimum population;
Growth and distribution of world population; Population theories, world population
problems and policies, demographic attributes; Social well-being and quality of life;
Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban
settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule;
Environmental issues in rural settlements; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of
urban influence; Rural urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of
urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.

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4. Regional Planning:
Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation; Growth centres and
growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental
issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.

5. Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography:

Systems analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition
models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Perroux and Boudeville; Von
Thunen's model of agricultural location; Weber's model of industrial location; Ostov's
model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international
boundaries and frontiers.

Geography Paper II Syllabus

Geography of India
1. Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries;
Physiographic regions; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Mechanism
of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones and western disturbances;
Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types and their
distributions.

2. Resources: Energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources; Land, surface and ground
water, Forest and wild life resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.

3. Agriculture: Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors:

land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity,
agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green
revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming;
Livestock resources and white revolution; aquaculture; sericulture, apiculture and
poultry; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones; agro- ecological regions.

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4. Industry: Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and
steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage and
agro-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector
undertakings; Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policies; Multinationals and
liberalization; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including eco-tourism.

5. Transport, Communication and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway and

pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing
importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export
processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their
impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.

6. Cultural Setting: Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic and ethnic
diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; cultural
regions; Growth, distribution and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex­
ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration
(inter-regional, intra- regional and international) and associated problems; Population
problems and policies; Health indicators.

7. Settlements: Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban

developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities;
Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and associated problems;
town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.

[Link] Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India;

Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and
decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning
for backward area, desert, drought-prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level
planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.

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9. Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganisation;

Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and interstate issues; international
boundary of India and related issues; Cross border terrorism; India's role in world affairs;
Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.

10. Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides,

earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to environmental
pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment
and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental
degradation; Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and
industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable
growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalization and
Indian economy.

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