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 Webster's
VISUAL
Dictionary
SECOND EDITION Y
 Merriam-Webster’:
g 2013
Merriam) VISUAL 37653018871718
Milan
423.1
a
CORBEIL
MAN
NonFiction

Webster Dictionary Merriam-Webster's visual

® SECOND EDITION dictionary

25,000 terms with clear and precise definitions

8,000 full-color illustrations
FIND words organized around major subject fields,
corresponding themes, or individual objects.
SEARCH ideas to quickly locate words, or consult pictures
to read clear, up-to-date definitions, created in cooperation
with the editors of Merriam-Webster.
VIEW thousands of highly realistic illustrations and
detailed diagrams created by skilled graphic artists.
DISCOVER a visual world of information of immense
scope and depth.
ENJOY this unique reference tool.
Unlike conventional dictionaries with A-Z listings,
Merriam-Webster’s Visual Dictionary, Second Edition,
is organized by subject area. Full-color pictorial images
are grouped into 18 chapters outlining subjects from
astronomy to sports, with more complex subjects
divided into 115 individual themes.
Chapters and corresponding themes include:
EARTH: geography, geology, meteorology, environment.
ANIMALS: evolution of life, simple organisms, mollusks,
crustaceans, insects and arachnids, cartilaginous fish,
bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, insectavorous
mammals, rodents, lagomorphs, ungulate mammals,
carnivorous mammals, marine mammals, primates,
flying mammals, marsupials.
HOUSE: location, elements of a house, structure of a
house, heating, air conditioning, plumbing, electricity,
house furnishings.
DO-IT-YOURSELF and GARDENING: materials,
carpentry, plumbing and masonry, electricity, soldering, paint-
ing upkeep, ladders and stepladders, pleasure garden, yard
and garden equipment, snow removal.
ENERGY: geothermal energy, fossil energy, hydroelectricity,
nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy.
SPORTS and GAMES: sports facilities, track and field, ball
sports, racket sports, gymnastics, aquatic and nautical sports,
combat sports, strength sports, equestrian sports, precision
and accuracy sports, cycling, motor sports, winter sports,
sports on wheels, aerial sports, mountain sports,
outdoor leisure, games.
 Merriam
Webster'sL
U A
|\ VIS
Dictionary //
\\ SECOND EDITION J

Under the direction of

Jean-Claude Corbeil

Mer silt , Incorporated

Springfield, Massachusetts
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our deepest gratitude to the individuals, institutions, companies,
and businesses that have provided us with the latest technical
documentation for use in preparing this edition of the
Visual Dictionary.

Merriam-Webster Inc. Canadian Space Agency (Réjean Lemieux, Daniéle Laroque, Antoinette
Cickello); Claude Arsenault (president, Association des moulins du Québec);
Published by Merriam-Webster Inc. 2012
Michel Ballarin (soccer pioneer); Pierre Boulé (president, Confort Expert);
© 2012 QA International. Centre de formation professionnelle de Sorel-Tracy (Alain Boucher,
All rights reserved.
Jacques Doyon, Andrée-Anne Martin); Pierre Chastenay (Montréal
No part of this book may be reproduced Planetarium); Eve Christian (meteorologist); Luc Cockenpot (Institut du
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any tourisme et de I’hdtellerie de Montréal); Jacques Dancosse (Montréal
information storage or retrieval system, without permission
Biodome); Patrice Desbiens (nuclear engineer); Laval Dupuis (Ecole des
in writing from the copyright holder.
métiers de |’équipement motorisé de Montréal); Entreprise Garant
ISBN: 978-0-87779-151-5
(Julie Nolet, Stéphanie Lacroix); Fédération de basketball de France
Merriam-Webster's Visual Dictionary, Second Edition, (Julien Guérineau); Fédération de basketball du Québec (Daniel Grimard,
was created and produced by:
Isabelle Watier); Fédération d’haltérophilie du Québec (Augustin Brassard);
Québec Amérique International Caroline Gagné (Studio du Verre); Jacqueline Goy (Institut océanographique
329 de la Commune Street West, 3" Floor
de Paris); Christian Guibourt (technical director, Badminton Québec);
Montréal (Québec) H2Y 2E1 Canada
Phone: +1 514.499.3000 Michel J. Houle (Hewitt); Hydro-Québec (terminology); Robert Lacerte
FAX: +1 514.499.3010 (sports commentator, Radio-Canada); Robert Lamontagne (Université
[Link] de Montréal); Lozeau (Alexandre Gagné, Frédéric Montpetit); Olivier-Louis
[Link]
québec-amé[Link] Robert (science journalist); Iris Sautier (silk screen printing); Société
Radio-Canada, Service linguistique et Direction générale des
Original French terminology developed by communications et images de marque (Annie Nociti Dubois, assistant,
Jean-Claude Corbeil and Ariane Archambault. internal and institutional communications); Gilles Taillon (executive
director, Baseball Québec); Pierre Turcotte (agronomist-plant breeder).
Printed and bound in Singapore. First printing 2012.
10987654321 141312
487 version 4.0.1

ie i. TPOGt awe LCR

\# 4
PUBLISHER ILLUSTRATION
Senior Illustrator: Anouk Noél
QA International, a division of
Manuela Bertoni
Les Editions Québec Amérique Inc.
President and CEO: Jacques Fortin Marthe Boisjoly
Erica Charest
Publisher: Caroline Fortin
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Editorial Director: Martine Podesto Guillaume Grégoire
Artistic Director: Johanne Plante Anik Lafreniére
Alain Lemire
EDITORIAL STAFF
Raymond Martin
Editor-in-Chief: Anne Rouleau
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Editorial Assistants:
Myriam Caron Beizile PROGRAMMING
Jeanne Dompierre Senior Programmer: Gabriel Trudeau-St-Hilaire
Catherine Gendreau Marc-André Benjamin
Alex Gagnon
TERMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Ronald Santiago
Terminology Advisor: Jean-Claude Corbeil
Sophie Ballarin LINGUISTIC REVISION
Carole Brunet Veronica Schami Editorial Services
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ENGLISH DEFINITIONS Francois Hénault
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COVER DESIGN
Lynn Stowe Tomb, Merriam-Webster Art Director

CONTRIBUTIONS
QA International would like to extend a special thank you to the following people for their contribution to this work:
Jean-Yves Ahern, Danielle Bader, Stéphane Batigne, Jean Beaumont, Sylvain Bélanger, Pascal Bilodeau, Yan’ Bohler,
Mélanie Boivin, Guy Bonin, Catherine Briand, Julie Cailliau, Jessie Daigle, Serge D'Amico, Francois Fortin, Eric Gagnon,
Héléne Gauthier, Mélanie Giguére-Gilbert, Benoit Grégoire, Nathalie Guillo, Claude Laporte, Martin Lemieux,
Rielle Levesque, Emilie McMahon, Philippe Mendes Campeau, Patrick Mercure, Tony O'Riley, Carl Pelletier,
Sylvain Robichaud, Michel Rouleau, Claude Thivierge, Francois Turcotte-Goulet, Gilles Vézina, Kathleen Wynd.

QA International would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Jean-Claude Corbeil and Ariane Archambault, authors of
the original French terminology of the Visual, who were also instrumental in defining the table of contents and overseeing the
development and evolution of the three first editions of the publication.
CENTRAL ARKANSAS LIBRARY SYSTEM
PERRY COUNTY BRANCH
PERRYVILLE. ARKANSAS
 4

Introduction

The Visual Dictionary, more than The history of the Visual Dictionary object, purging the image of everything that is
25 years of history Merriam-Webster’ Visual Dictionary, Second ancillary or accidental. ... The image appears
Merriam-Webster's Visual Dictionary, Second Edition, is based on the new fourth edition of simpler and more stripped down, gaining
Edition, is designed to advise and assist QA International’s Visual Dictionary, published conceptual clarity for a better definition.”
users who are seeking information about the on the 25th anniversary of the publication of The growth of knowledge and technology
world around them and the words used to the first edition of this reference work in 1986. over the past 25 years has led to changes
describe that world. As such, it will support The idea for this dictionary was the product of to the dictionary’s contents. For this new:
an wide range of personal and professional a meeting between editor Jacques Fortin and edition, all existing subjects were examined
needs: finding an unknown term, checking linguist Jean-Claude Corbeil in 1982 in Paris. to assess their relevance and accuracy, and

the meaning of a word, and being a handy The meeting led to the development of an as a result, thousands of changes were made
original project that brought together a team of throughout the book. For example, the section
resource for writers, teachers, and translators.
linguists, researchers, translators, illustrators, on photography was entirely redesigned to take
In addition, the dictionary can serve as a
and experts in terminology, and culminated into account the growth of digital photography,
vocabulary-building resource, as users will find
in the release of the first Visual Thematic and the section on the solar system was
here the vocabulary they need to master in
Dictionary. updated to present the new classification of
regard to many aspects of life, such as food,
As stated in the introduction to the 1986 celestial bodies. i
clothing, transportation, science, and sports.
edition, the goal was to fill a void that existed Many subjects have also been expanded,
The aim of this dictionary has been to
among reference works by becoming “the first often by illustrating previously little-known
bring together in one volume the technical
basic dictionary to focus on terminology and or nonexistent objects (the touch screen
and everyday terms required to understand bring together in one volume thousands of smartphone, the tablet computer, etc’), or by
the contemporary world and the specialized technical and nontechnical terms used by a introducing diagrams that explain phenomena
fields that shape our daily experience. In society in which science, technology, and their or processes. And new subjects, such’as the
effect, it provides an inventory of our physical products have become a part of everyday life.” global positioning system (GPS), alternative
environment for users who need to know and From the beginning, illustration was fuels, and modern medical equipment, have
understand general and specialized terms in a chosen over photography because of its ability also made an appearance.
wide variety of fields. to “bring out the most significant details of an To accomplish this, the number of

1992 2011
illustrations has been increased, bringing process, or a phenomenon, and the
the total number to more than 8,000. most significant details from which it
Many other illustrations have been is constructed. It serves as a visual
entirely redrawn or retouched. Another definition of the term.
indication of the expanding coverage in
the dictionary is the growth in the number Terminology
of terms covered, with more than 4,000 Each word in the dictionary has been
new entries, bringing the total to nearly carefully selected after consulting 2011
25,000 in each language. authoritative sources that reflect the
appropriate level of specialization.
Structure of the Visual Dictionary There may be cases where documented
This book has three sections: the front- usage indicates that different terms are
matter pages, including the table of used to name the same item. In such
contents and the list of themes; the body instances, the word most frequently
of the text, that is, the detailed treatment used by the most highly regarded
of each theme; and the alphabetical authors has been chosen.
index. Information is presented in The INDEX lists all significant words
hierarchical form, moving from the most in the dictionary in alphabetical order.
abstract to the most concrete: theme, Many terms have been grouped to make
subtheme, title, subtitle, illustration, it easy to search for precise illustrations
terminology. or words. For example, the terms
The content of this book is divided morphology of a bird and skeleton of a 1992
into 18 THEMES, which are then divided bird have been grouped under bird, with
into SUBTHEMES. For example, the a referral back to the corresponding
theme Astronomy is divided into three pages in the book.
subthemes: Celestial bodies, Astronomical
observation and Astronautics. The TITLE Methods of consultation
has a variety of functions: to name the One may gain access to the contents of
illustration of a unique object, of which the Visual Dictionary in a variety of ways:
the principal parts are identified (e.g.,
exterior door); and to bring together e Users can start from the list of THEMES
under one designation illustrations that at the end of the front-matter pages,
belong to the same conceptual sphere or by using the detailed TABLE OF
but that represent a variety of elements, CONTENTS in the front matter and at
each with its own designations and the start of each theme.
terminology (e.g., the title household
e With the INDEX, users can find a word,
appliances brings together illustrations
SO as to see what it corresponds to,
of a refrigerator, freezer, etc.). At times,
or to examine the illustration that
the chief members of a class of objects
depicts it.
are brought together under the same
SUBTITLE, each with its own name but e Users can take advantage of the
without a detailed terminological analysis illustrations and hierarchical structure to
(e.g., the subtitle armchair brings together enable them to find a word even if they
various types of armchairs). have only a vague idea of what it is—
Finally, the ILLUSTRATION shows a valuable feature when you don’t
realistically and precisely an object, a know what word you are looking for.
 6

Explanatory Chart

frog
The title is featured at the top of the page, Cold-blooded freshwater amphibian with smooth moist skin and powerful back legs for hopping and swimming.
and its definition is found below. If the title morphology of a frog eyeball
refers to information that continues over tympanum
Thin strong elastic membrane
Protruding organ of sight contained in the
bony cavity at the top of the head, and nostril
connected to the inner ear to upper eyelid used to perceive light intensity, motion External orifice of the nasal cavity
several pages, it is shown in a shaded tone capture acoustic vibrations. Thick fixed membrane. and shapes, located above the mouth and
5 . : having olfactory and respiratory
with no definition on the following pages. hind limb tones
Long powerful articulated member snout
attached to the terminal end of the Anterior round protruding F
trunk; it has five webbed toes used
for walking, jumping and swimming. ~ the head that forms the mouth ar
the nostrils.
Color reference
mouth
The color reference also appears ai?
Anterior cavity of the digestive tre
~ located on the ventral surface the
allows food to be ingested.
on the spine and back of the book.
“~>+. lower eyelid
It identifies and accompanies each theme Thin muscular membrane that is
ANIMALS translucent and movable; it rises
to facilitate quick access to the from the lower edge of the eye to
protect and cleanse it.
corresponding section in the book. ~... trunk
Bony portion ofthe body towhich
the head and limbs are attached.

Theme --.. forelimb

Short articulated member located
behind the head; it has four digits
The name of the theme is shown with its and is used for walking.

definition on the double-page spread at the digit

beginning of the section. It is then repeated webbed foot
Terminal end of the limbs formed
of various articulated bones; Ithas
web Each of the digits of the foot, neither nails nor claws,
on each page of the section, but without Fine membrane of skin connecting <n 5 _-.............. connected by membranes; when
the digits of the foot; it stretches" --~ ~~” - Rhee spread, they make swimming
the definition. when the frog swims. easier,

lung spinal cord

Respiratory organ made of an extensible Component of the nervous system
anatomy of a male frog testis tissue; it forms a sac Into which air made up of a soft fatty substance brain
Male genital gland producing inhaled through the nostrils is carried. A and forming a cylindrical stem inside Malin organ of the nervous system
spermatozoa (sperm). frog also breathes through its skin, _ the spinal column: consisting of nerve centers; it Is
, 5 ME located in the upper portion of
ome the head.
Definition Te, moe tee eR
Organ S secreting urine; it eliminates. esopha gus
toxic substances from the body. Canal of the anterior portion ¢
The definition explains the inherent ee digestive tract; it carries food
qualities, function, or characteristics of stomach.

the element depicted in the illustration. »+.-tongue

Movable mouthpart having
gustatory and prehensile func

Orifice common to the intestine ~~. rtee

and the genital and urinary tracts; it Reese sotto Fe eart
Dotted lines is located at the terminal end ofthe “>>. gallbladder
‘Small reservoir in which bile
luscular organ helping blood
circulate.
secreted by the liver collects before
Dotted lines link the word and definition nan tS
urinary bladder being discharged into the intestine
daring gestion.
to the item indicated. Where too many evacuated by the cloaca.
‘
=
.”
titestine
Short wide portion of the digestive tract tY Mes
“liver
Gland secreting mostly a substance
lines would make reading difficult, they “spleen
Organ of the circulatory system
Preceding the cloaca in which a small
‘part of digestion and'elimination of
% | ae
re -
(bile) that. contributes to digestion,

have been replaced by color codes with where impurities in the blood are —
destroyed.
asia ietieppoce.
i
.
small intestine
‘
stomach
. a
pancreas
captions or, in rare cases, by numbers. Long thin portion of the digestive tract
behind the stomach in which most
Dilated section of the digestive
tract preceding the intestine; it
Digestive gland connected to the
intestine that produces secretions
of thedigestion and [Link] feceives food to be digested, and hormones.
take place.
 Subtheme
Themes are divided into subthemes. These are shown on
the introductory page of a theme along with their definitions.

coracoid
ium Ventral bone articulating ing with
wit the
Large flat bone articulating backward sacral vertebra sternum; the juncture of the scapula,
with the sacral vertebra; the juncture
of the lium and the ischium is where
Short vertebra located in the
posterior portion of the central bony
scapula
Large flat ternbone.
clavicle and coracold is the point
where the hind limb is attached.
Diagram
the hind limb is attached, axis and articulating with the ilium. a skeleton of a frog
More abstract natural phenomena
Urnstyle vertebrae ’ atlas
Short bony parts of the dorsal area zi First cervical vertebra supporting Or processes are represented by-
Long boneofthe posterior portion ofthebodyforming thecentral the head andsupported
bythe -—-‘ffontoparietal
ofthecentral bony axis;it isformed
by several fused vertebrae.
bonyaxis, axts. Large flatbone of theupper
anterior portion of the cranium.
descriptive diagrams. Colored arrows
indicate links between the various
lech
ium
maxilla
Toothed bone comprising the
elements of the diagram.
Bone situated behind the ilium. upper jaw.

femur mandible
Long bone of the hind limb Smooth curved movable bone
articulating with the ilium and the comprising the lower jaw,
tibiofibula._
‘ clavicle
tibiofibula aimee : Long bone located between the
SIVAWINY
epee aal
Uae idethe Long bone of the forelimb stemum and the scapula.
tarsus, the biaa use articulating with the scapula and
to form one long bone. the radio-ulna.

tarsus. .
Partofthehind limb formed of
‘several short bones; it is located
between the leds
+ phalanges
“. Bones articulating to form the
: skeleton of the digits.

metatarsus et
Part of the hind limb formed of five phalanges sterhum tadio-ulna metacarpus
Jong parallel bones; it
connects the Bones articulating to form the Long flat bone located in the Located between the humerus and —_Part of the forelimb formed of
tarsus withthefirstphalanges of skeleton ofthedigits. mid- ventral portion of the body; the melacarpus, the radius
and the —_four long bones; it connects
the
the digits ‘the clavicle and the coracoid, in ulna fuse to form one long bone. fadio-ulna to the first phalanges of
particular, are attached to It. the digits.

life cycle of the frog

tadpole The stages of development are the egg, the tadpole and
eggs Aquatic larva of the frog having the adult; each stage usually lasts several weeks, but
Embryonic stage ofthefrog resulting a large head and a slender body hind limb can last up to twoyears in some species.
when the egg is fertilized by the ending in atail; it breathes through The hind limbs appear after the
‘sperm. gills, gills,

Section
external gills operculum forelimb In certain cases, where the inner parts
Respiratory organs that filter water Thin bony plate of skin covering the The forelimbs appear during
and take in food particles; they are gills and having a posterior valvular the last stage of the tadpole’s of the illustrated object are being
later replaced by internal gills. opening, the hearing organ. metamorphosis.
highlighted, blue lines have been
examples of amphibians traced over the cut lines to avoid
There are about 6,500 species of amphibians divided into three main groups, depending on whether or not they have a tail and limbs. any confusion about the true
appearance of the object.
common frog tree frog
- ‘Squat tailless amphibian usually ‘Small tailless, usually insectivorous
found on land, mostly in Europe; it amphibian found mostly in trees near
feeds on various small animals. water; its digits are fitted with suction
< cups.

salamander Taillessambien
bai mostly common toad
aietalgattat
Nocturnal a mainly In the woods of North America; it Tallless nocturnal insectivorous
nsectivorous,
witha tail; there are feeds on various small animals, amphibian usually found on land
land and faquaticspecies. and not Very adept atjumping;
its body is covered with small
outgrowths. ‘
newt bullfrog northern leopard frog pres disk
Amphibian with aflat tail found Large omnivorous amphibian from Tailless, mostly nocturnal amphibian ‘Adhesive disksurrounded by a
vainly in freshwater and usually easter North America, that lives with a spotted body that iscovered fing: its located at the terminal
feeding on insects, mostly in water (lakes, ponds, and with ridges; itives mainly In North eng of the limbs and used for
marshes) America .

Illustration Subtitle
The illustration serves as The subtitle groups together
the visual identification of illustrations representing members
the terms associated with it. of the same class of objects. Magnifier or zoom
The magnifier or zoom enlarges certain
areas of a complex illustration to
facilitate viewing of the major parts.
 8

Contents

ASTRONOMY 12 GartilaginOus FISHOS ji crcucianncsscransticnere

cameniaenrdsmacua tetera ER 148
shark, examples of cartilaginous fishes
Celestial bodies: .[Link]
oxmsotee insu eRERE oe ce eee ee14
solar system, planets, satellites and dwarf planets, Sun, Moon, meteorite, BONYTISHOS Hemmer tere seer cctrce ete ree cece tinecaieees ereeeE her saree eee 149
comet, star, galaxy perch, examples of bony fishes
AStronomical'ODSENVAONN ss nccceicricicepneceycm-cucReBpeusue ceene le aocene ee20 AMDHIDIANS Breet. csctececcn. cae” a ernrie ce aehieranoccee caster ee een 152
planetarium, constellations of the Southern Hemisphere, constellations of frog, examples of amphibians
the Northern Hemisphere, celestial coordinate system, refracting Reptilesyiee sce crecuti.:.tabce cease acces cee nee ee RR GReE Re ees eae eee 154
telescope, reflecting telescope, radio telescope, space telescope, snake, turtle, examples of reptiles
astronomical observatory
BHA scecicopiadiaeerateoathrSoecisica
teste cet ane EE tac 158
AStrOMAULICS epteed Uae Bree oe ocd. Ga icaec ve ae ee ores cee eee 30 bird, examples of aquatic birds and shorebirds, examples of land birds
space probe, spacesuit, international space station, spaceship, space
launcher Insectivorous mammals .5.5:625 [Link]
ances cae: eee 164
mole, examples of insectivorous mammals
Rodents............: A. Seas Aub sta Gune ous Soa NERA RIS coe 165
EARTH 40
rat, examples of rodents
GOOGTADNY sss sspsortccemnserocnes es reactesnoaasinaeie ie aeso tee tec na se eee 42 LAGOMONDDS: bas pscsiccstinsnctremaaesemaanmenceitenaeer
«2tox Sate eee eee 167
Earth coordinate system, azimuthal projection, configuration of the rabbit, examples of lagomorphs
continents, physical cartography, political cartography, remote sensing
Ungulate mammals) sccssccs cscs sate. oc cae acSooect eee eee tee eee 168
Geologyrerrtes.c2-cs. ..cyacetesue whiecanuaeert aaueenaacthene eset ett eee eee 66
horse, examples of hooves, examples of ungulate mammals
structure of the Earth, Earth features, geological phenomena, minerals
Carnivorous mammal... 0! czo-seewane onto acoesscwns tects eee eee 174
Meteorology seresrer «care ticeh cence ieee ere hice stewie aalzuctt cae 79 dog, examples of dog breeds, cat, examples of cat breeds, examples of
profile of the Earth’s atmosphere, seasons of the year, meteorological carnivorous mammals
forecast, weather map, station model, international weather symbols,
meteorological station, meteorological measuring instruments, weather Marine: MaMIMalS. 0.02ssccdsereriecne ses vem smecewebacacamiceiet
ee eeee eee 182
satellites, climates of the world, clouds, tornado and waterspout, tropical dolphin, examples of marine mammals
cyclone, precipitation PRHINALES 5.2.0: AEBS cc os age welns mantel eR ee cs ee 184
ENVIFOMINGH Gemerret acre acsck ca: scons teniscnittnn cats oe ceem chen sence 92 gorilla, examples of primates
vegetation regions, types of vegetation, food chain, structure of the FIVING Mammals’: ies ws> deen wssennies cakrctswehnants see anneank eo este aaa 186
biosphere, hydrologic cycle, carbon-oxygen cycle, natural greenhouse bat, examples of flying mammals
effect, enhanced greenhouse effect, air pollution, land pollution, water
pollution, acid rain, selective sorting of waste MarsupialS ccs:saccscetametteuanoscclccek
hh ree neeeemt bones cote eee 188
kangaroo, examples of marsupials

PLANTS AND PLANTLIKE ORGANISMS 100

HUMAN BEING 190
PANG secre cscetraccarnecamscusst ancebavtdarcenapeen SRT Cee ee REE 1
plant cell, photosynthesis, unusual plants, life cycle (flowering plant), plant Human DOdY: 205. canaaaancoeateeee
edeemete csamet eee eee ata 192
growth man, woman
Simple plants & plantlike organismS.................0.0..0ccccccceeseeeseees 1 Anatomy iii. sicasctieceteccinrat
asi seo ct eeebers «0 sco ReRee emeeee oc oe ene 196
lichen, moss, alga, fern, mushroom muscles, skeleton, teeth, joints, circulatory system, respiratory system,
digestive system, urinary system, nervous system, reproductive system,
niU1] GeGenrieden ane atpe coenOn aunt Gee anae Mee eAEe csnostectaasce insaRerasHocoedssno%a 1
endocrine system, lymphatic system
parts of a plant, root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, grape, tree, conifer
SEMSCOL GAINS: oascasccccterbilgs «a Setenclein settso oeleetsiziitars ERE See RC eee 231
Industrial uSe 0.7.05. cccciteoe ceucee oct o ne uk eee ne ee 1
smell and taste, hearing, touch, sight
grain industry, textile industry, rubber industry, paper industry

FOOD AND KITCHEN 240

ANIMALS 126
SUP DIY bcerce Sinewo esha eoowmaerensivemennaie
eertacan ated tein eee 242
Evolution:[Link]. 4st nice octet ee ee eee oper 128
origin of food, farmstead
origin and evolution of species, biological taxonomy, animal cell
Plant-derived f00G: .....c0...c5)0ccccedls.
donewnteeenee eR EERE EEE Ree 244
SimPlO\OngamiSMS orev eran maemo rec aeece death meee ee 133
mushrooms, seaweed, bulb vegetables, tuber vegetables, leaf vegetables,
unicellular organisms, sponge, jellyfish, starfish, examples of simple fruit vegetables, stalk vegetables, root vegetables, inflorescence
organisms vegetables, legumes, fruits, spices, herbs, cereals, coffee and infusions
MOHUSKS Fe sb hanes cdecteaehaace oeaneoe paren i ike er Cece nee 136 Antmal-dérived food):..;ssx tary as eer aacecen ade Oa aeenanae 265
univalve shell, bivalve shell, snail, octopus mollusks, crustaceans, marine fishes, freshwater fishes, fish presentation,
Crustaceans.............000000. FER ITD ota tic RCE Ne RRR eat 0 = 139 eggs, meat
lobster Processed f000 2.05.0: as 0zsasiisaa ance cum anene ones saaeee eee ee eRe ee EE OTT
[Link] en tena casas cena snseectysnaeeanceeeeaeeie 140 delicatessen, cereal products, dairy products, pasta, Asian noodles, rice,
butterfly, honeybee, spider, examples of insects, examples of arachnids soybean products, fats and oils, sugar, chocolate, condiments
 BOM USINOSS petit sic ceneipca ta ciyca anole RaeR soinsetna Sa ee 288 CLOTHING 422
supermarket, restaurant, self-service restaurant, food packaging
TEESAtESI a a tea aM oe meat ee aoe 424
MGPONIOM ae rety dsc of eq eves rea naescbate cece cucuscecencanenecenaemieeen
sent temeees 296 fibers, woven goods, fabric care symbols
kitchen: general view
PHS ACh CIOS etree eee eens ov nme Ie cntSetes tavern sneece 426
NASB ANG ets erent nant onchaias Seine canine ate war tna wa eae maces 297 examples of historical costume, examples of traditional clothing
glassware, knife, spoon, fork, tableware accessories, dinnerware, place
MGTS CHIMING teen Actes tes hace reacdttemereete eee ect ts 430
setting
jackets, shirt, pants, sock, underwear, coats
BACHE ECUIDINOME x airrosnsviactoneaane htuwessuaee secoaeuaetneceatseeecoseees 306
LINISPXIGIOEING merce conser ees eerceeedrastae ces ceeeeer re meee ares 437
kitchen utensils, cooking utensils, small domestic appliances
sweaters
WoOnen SiClOUNNG enter rte cenies he seus cases eoramestaiel ace svete aoe 438
HOUSE 320
dresses, skirts, tops, pants, jackets, vest and sweaters, coats, underwear,
HOLES TOTS legBiyate ida he eee el eee eee te 322 hose, nightclothes
exterior of a house, pool TPOCIAUY COMMING cae cceerescre tans sane teenie are tarancesrerecuis inc seeeetee 448
EAB ITIONTS Ole IOUSE ey caste. hee ic tas hs titocen'c Dn siowmcreat cer aeiesioastaceanind 325 infants’ and children's clothing, sportswear
exterior door, lock, window Beslan and fipisiing essen eee ee eee eer teresa 452
ROIREEC LATE OOM Sh. eM oe dbo nycnn co flucios imdiy teem ibe 328 pockets, sleeves, pleats, collars, necks, necklines
site plan, main rooms, frame, roof truss, foundation, wood flooring, textile HEAOIEAN SS 5-6 taps cata Nate temas Roe ee ee oee a pan Seuec sors meices 457
floor coverings, stairs men’s headgear, women’s headgear, unisex headgear
RIGA rts ths Soe oa Suen on Meee Ghee aus SME eae Sp tesa 336 SHS oer eet aoe hearin canis rey Saree al eee Cee eaene ree nee 459
wood firing, forced warm-air system, forced hot-water system, auxiliary men’s shoes, women’s shoes, unisex shoes, accessories
heating, heat pump REESC ARC OSSONCS sons oto 5 cans evo ee Skt A ee a hn he Oe 464
Aig ECT ICAPEICOEAN
IYGls. [Link] Seeeinsaue wee ee att Sveti. eae: eee 342 gloves, miscellaneous accessories
control devices, air-conditioning appliances
SID GR eae er sc Same borannevyclitin odes bbe wekatn coed ae tee 344 PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES 466
plumbing system, pedestal-type sump pump, septic tank, bathroom,
toilet, water-heater tank, faucets, fittings, examples of branching PeFsonal accessories! si ncccten eect eet ert toeres 468
jewelry, nail care, makeup, body care, hairdressing
|
FLEELAP Son ec a hsn Soa eee a ere ae ae rs en 354
distribution panel, electricity meter, network connection, contact devices, POrSOial GIuGhes oe eye se ae can cee SO ee ee 479
lighting shaving products, eyeglasses, contact lenses, dental care, smoking
accessories, leather goods, handbags, luggage, umbrella and stick, child
GHGONUTHISHINGS sar aczc tcc cedavszec tom ee teemnare cr eke re cert suse Rees ete360
care items, pet care items
armchair, side chair, seats, table, bed, storage furniture, children’s
furniture, window accessories, lights, home appliances, household
equipment ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE 496
Anclontarchicctine..2.. ee. else eel oer ae 498
DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING 382 pyramid, Greek theater, Greek temple, architectural styles, Roman house,
Roman amphitheater
RAHORsect tea sere «Gene Roc arh us does asad sintmesicantinnide/choaoatie 384
basic building materials, covering materials, insulating materials, wood JVINIGARY AR CHITC EUG 3 5 acer Goreme crea scion ae ecemekiecimaroaume
aunaues 504
castle, Vauban fortification
RAND CINE Vrs etsteste scans hae oN acen sant dee ease cays hakvawbe ian axtinanedict 387
accessories, measuring and marking tools, nailing tools, screwdriving WOSTEITIANCIIGGIUTG renter ee tent ettns seston nents elves ceuedeine sce 506
tools, sawing tools, drilling tools, shaping tools, gripping and tightening Gothic cathedral, Romanesque church, Renaissance villa, Baroque
tools church, art deco building, international style skyscraper

PUIG ANE MASON Veoh oes sac sac gu antihnidets we eerouaieecietistesit 402 Asian and pre-Columbian architecture .........................ccccceeeeeeee 513
plumbing tools, masonry tools pagoda, Aztec temple

RIGBUGHY Sere eectete sre salar fee oe are rs oe ne dcr cn sa setot See eee cucmpcaoe 404 Elements ofiareniteGtute secant ten teers ech. ec aee con ccaxd. seexieans 514
examples of arches, examples of doors, examples of roofs, examples of
electrical tools
windows, escalator, elevator
SOIC ETC ANC) WHELONNG sea natin eres ees naar eet iia chiar «ares race 406
ROUSING eae eaten een es eee eee a Je R bth ae PRECISE 520
soldering and welding tools
traditional houses, city houses
RclIHEATI CUNOGLb epee ces tect io see lariat ts nc Surecaren idee dep naaee 408
FIR GAINES ee on 8. ee a erect Bacteria gored a Sie 522
painting tools
museum, painting and drawing, wood carving
SHEN SETIGIG Gut 0(1ioese ah aeeenenen aise. an Cn ean sree nome SAABMmE Ace sence 409
(Greapbil cats seh ans et tes Secs eho ect tee Ae 532
ladders, stepladders
printing, relief printing process, intaglio printing process, lithography,
GANAENMream etarh sco Sheacccanbe ertuciadieetlnn Sensation abiesh’nd aan ade eapeeaed 410 screen printing, fine bookbinding
garden Peifarglingiabts: tien. nosase ae oe cer eee de. cicSanmtaetthe Gav cca Pea eat ieee 540
Vatdiand garden equipment: 3.2.28 .22 Rak ethic ceeeoes se cteguest A theater, movie set, movie theater
miscellaneous equipment, tools for loosening the earth, watering tools, UES (RN ret Re tenes « ch ede se mec cots seine See aRE err a ok Rat Se 545
pruning and cutting tools, hand tools, seeding and planting tools, lawn
symphony orchestra, examples of instrumental groups, stringed
care instruments, wind instruments, keyboard instruments, percussion
SHOWINEMIOVGl Lee. tree te [Link]
Soentieal tans? Raves tis 421 instruments, electronic music, traditional musical instruments, musical
snow removal tools notation, musical accessories
 Material handling .23.:..6<cnsses,cansaunaaghetaeweeas
teense eeeRe eee 754
embroidery, sewing, knitting, weaving, pottery, bobbin lace, stained glass typical devices, cranes, container
Heavy Machinery (ii:.[Link]
ence ane eee 758
COMMUNICATIONS 580 bulldozer, backhoe loader, scraper, power shovel, grader, dump truck,
asphalt paver, road roller, snowblower, street sweeper, tractor, agricultural
Languages ofthe worldit rans 2.228 ees. eee Se 582 machinery
major language families
Written‘communication :;...:..cateersecee neeec ceetoascn neh ceerneee ner584 ENERGY 768
writing, typography, symbols, postal service network, newspaper
Geothermal energyss)..5< 008 8s Ssee ce Al ee ee 770
Photography es [Link] taneecenos Oe eee ene eee 591
production of electricity from geothermal energy, geothermal house
film cameras, films, film reflex camera, digital non-reflex cameras, digital
reflex camera, memory cards, batteries, photographic accessories, lenses, Leki (eles\Reece oapdaconcaneemendetaaeeereackicn Mises ethene anChonncobanncoce 7
digital photo management, film processing, transparency viewing coal mine, thermal energy, oil, natural gas, alternative fuel
TEIECOMMUNIGAHONS ce asca teat oeecsactatetianccne
oe eee 602 Hydroelectricity cc [Link] cssaecanosat cman sence marca eee eee 785
broadcast satellite communication, telecommunication — satellites, hydroelectric complex, steps in production of electricity, examples of
telecommunications by satellite dams, electricity transmission, tidal power plant
Radioster re-center «atc cls otss aan mec mincee ace eects eeSIR 604 Nuclear QnGNGy) . <o-52. 5. caceecsnaees te ssonecean a eerie ee eee 795
studio and control room, microphones and accessories production of electricity from nuclear energy, nuclear generating station,
fuel handling sequence, fuel bundle, nuclear reactor, types of reactors
AQT VISION 228 oes denoe aaanceaee tec a ER ees es Rc 605
program production, television reception, camcorders SOLAN CNCNGY, oe een cea ctansean actin cee ae cee eee eee eee 802
solar cell, flat-plate solar collector, solar cell system, solar furnace,
Soundireproducing/systemin ca coreeecen aes eaera 614
production of electricity from solar energy, solar house
elements of a sound reproducing system, mini stereo sound system,
portable sound systems Wind ONY... .c..eeccrstenct tt sseceen ee nunnes seen ance eee eee eee 806
windmills, wind turbines and electricity production
Wireless: communiGation =: ..ceceed easccenteinas:
erence ee ee 621
walkie-talkie, numeric pager, CB radio
TRLEDRONY: dscdatseesesnctees meee ers eet ere Teen oeea Loe ea 622 SCIENCE “808
cellular telephone, examples of telephones Chemistry ss ssievscecesoteveaseal
id tacathe eaecanat. auc ee 810
matter, chemical elements, laboratory equipment ;
OFFICE AUTOMATION 626 Physics: meChANiICS s.2:.c00: d-e<d-eseecn <aseuses adeeb deel Aenea yates eee 816
gearing systems, double pulley system, lever
Computing equipment: cays mta ssc eraerrce ee dercenuen eessole teeeena 628
all-in-one computer, tower case computer, laptop computer, network Physics: electricity and magnetism. ....................0ccccceeceseeeeeens 817
devices, connecting cables, input devices, output devices, data storage magnetism, electrical circuit, generators, dry cells, electronics
devices, protection devices, miscellaneous computer tools PhySics:opticss:sch ees. ca, ARE OE oe 821
Networking iscsceuectunacescaeartcn edeance atte homies ae eee 640 electromagnetic spectrum, wave, color synthesis, light waves trajectory,
examples of networks, Internet, Internet uses lenses, mirror, optical devices
OPCS AOS Rea cee ee eee Ca, eee SS 644 Measuring devices:...:.ct0.2 SA 263s. AAAS eee eee 827
Office organization, office furniture, photocopier, office supplies measure of temperature, measure of time, measure of weight, measure of
distance, measure of thickness, measure of length, measure of angles
Scientific: symbOIS: <0. :..... ee ane see ares mance eae ee mee ee ‘834
TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY 656
chemistry, biology, International System of Units (SI), Roman numerals,
Roaditransportcsncsssanstccuset atom teenie nse Cn eee RE REERe 658 geometry, mathematics, graphic representations :
road system, fixed bridges, movable bridges, road tunnel, road signs
Automotive roaditransports...55 4 osc. os bcecomatascsceetee aan 668 SOCIETY 840
service station, automobile, electric automobile, hybrid automobile,
brakes, types of engines, radiator, spark plug, tire, battery, accessories,
campers, bus, trucking, motorcycle, 4x4 all-terrain vehicle metropolitan area, downtown, street, office building, shopping mall,
department store, convention center, hotel, common symbols
Cyclingroad"transpottivecn. ce
ee ee eee 698
Economy'and finanGe s...decgascisescuen
cnt andete aneccoacec eee eee eee 858
bicycle
bank branch, examples of currency abbreviations, money and modes of
Rail (anspor sywccccrcae tthe ter aac ee see Pe eRe eee cee See 703 payment
railroad station, passenger station, types of passenger cars, diesel-electric
BLT o> epee nae nen erreee iarrece ddthaus Srridtngijuctoonce 862
locomotive, high-speed train, yard, freight car, railroad track, crossing gate
court, prison
Urbanirailitransport:s..cicechte ce stots: eee cater eens 714
Equcationies.. 2:28 vatirigandsnie oeatteaaqaaeled tees teeter eee 866
subway, streetcar
library, school
Maritime:transport;..cee ccc ee eee eee eereecerorenee 718
LC 00) Hee Beene ye Reece artic tiencen ecan run srronctnbintiadacctonauyance 870
harbor, canal lock, ancient ships, traditional ships, examples of sails,
chronology of religions, church, synagogue, mosque
examples of rigs, four-masted bark, examples of boats and ships, anchor,
life-saving equipment, navigation devices, maritime signals, maritime POIRICS «so s:sc% dd een cuirecavetens ovaSe aneud suecuaae teeteee meee eRe eee OE
buoyage system heraldry, UN members flags, UN observers flags, international organizations flags
Ainitransport: cesta: See eae Re a oe ore) eer 740 WOADOIS iiss. cc ccncecnsunsneinensctessccaetamenetencbls
clic areAran teen RES aire 883
airport, long-range jet, examples of airplanes, examples of tail shapes, weapons in the Stone Age, weapons in the age of the Romans, armor,
examples of wing shapes, movements of an airplane, forces acting on an bows and crossbow, thrusting and cutting weapons, hunting arms,
airplane, helicopter, examples of helicopters handguns :
 11

WET SELISTE (ESA ei ee ere ence a ne ere eetir ee Spare 889

historical firearms, historical cannon and mortar, assault weapons,
movable weapons, missiles, tank, combat aircraft, warships

fire prevention, crime prevention, ear protection, eye protection, head

protection, respiratory system protection, foot protection, safety symbols
PACALetMeee RY ere 87 a2 Shen l crc iy Steak uate aissiaiocea con stains que menanem a teiclte 911
ambulance, medical equipment, forms of medications, first aid kit, walking
aids, moving aids, hospital, medical examinations, medical treatment

family relationships

SPORTS AND GAMES 930

CNTR |[SSS eis Sone eee Rn nr AR Fn en on AAAS 932
sports complex, scoreboard, competition
SeerRvcAr el MIC eset ase rr sck ods ns navi cre awn nom ee Sac Pee ee 934
track and field, jumping, throwing
Bee S PORES re ees tcc thBacu seas oseh Locarno sn ca oem een Nees 938
baseball, softball, cricket, field hockey, soccer, lacrosse, rugby, football,
Canadian football, netball, basketball, volleyball, team handball
BAGKOE OH OtS easeaen vom ar te inehieere eee saccentonsie « auaan io iammerae rt aioreelys 961 HUMAN BEING
table tennis, badminton, racquetball, squash, tennis
ERE STICES: oe CoS nC Rc NBER Pon P ES EO Eiooeiee tomebnyheres enna eee 969
gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline
Tat CAMOI AUe AlSOMES > ance: scunceesatsenac celeasun semeeeertaion adarrane 974
water polo, swimming, diving, sailing, sailboard, rowing and sculling,
canoe, canoe-kayak: flatwater racing, kayak, waterskiing, surfing, scuba
diving
COUT STIRS cetera hte in oecae cea RRM Et Cr ne oa cam teres ma 990
boxing, wrestling, judo, karate, taekwondo, kendo, sumo, kung fu, jujitsu,
aikido, fencing
CUPS TOU IGPOTS ehnasseonds BoC COccee Gene eo mneRCR one ane eae meres nrneen tare 999
weightlifting, fitness equipment
|
ELTEG) 77ELIS 201 Se ce piaanee ornate cuce ertinenae attr aeeemcrmcrmrca Sicha pee 1002
show jumping, riding, dressage, horse racing, polo
PERSONAL ACC!
PESCISION ANG ACCUIACY SDOMNS) i. cccsvenccus-scecsasneneranoteomerenswe snes1009
archery, shotgun shooting, rifle shooting, pistol shooting, billiards, lawn ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE
bowling, pétanque, bowling, golf.
BVOC Perea eerste co leanne e pete nc asc onoers ations Mosiwacaiogs nak eon 1020
road racing, mountain biking, track cycling, BMX COMMUNICATIONS
MGLON SOLESencer nese sheet aac mares neh uke cea ieee ias Maueese 1022
auto racing, motorcycling, personal watercraft, snowmobile
OFFICE AUTOMATION
MMIBIEC SONS seetetraclt are takes tases hoaas costo nancaecpaoun Suen ese en OR Re 1027
Curling, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, bobsled, luge, skeleton,
sliding track, ski resort, snowboarding, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, ski TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY
jumping, speed skiing, cross-country skiing, biathlon, snowshoeing
Sports on wheels.................4 Hate re vasiecsite<eaaarmc shale een rrere 1044
skateboarding, in-line skating ENERGY
MGT SONS eee Racor tar tole: + ro cocecen tudes ad Aen beck eetemaces nae aeauee 1046
parachuting, hang gliding, glider, ballooning
MGUITIEAIINS POLS een eects eae. cece ocs yar ale ey va honcuanaehnesae cenaton 1050
mountaineering
OUEAOOTOISUNO saeeenae ees ccc cscs cot sansa coMeouceheeeon ee she ke 1052 SOCIETY
camping, knots, fishing
[EV ITTEES aac ortie SCRE SS RERSBER:bac BOER eee oP Ee RCE Ree MRE Rene Grree Brains 1062
dice and dominoes, playing cards, board games, jigsaw puzzle, mah- SPORTS AND
N;
jongg, video games, roulette, darts, soccer table, slot machine, Ultimate,
pinball machine, kite
INDEX 1072
ASTRONOMY
Science whose aim is the observation -
and knowledge of celestial bodies:
position, movement, structure,
evolution and so forth.

CELESTIAL BODIES 14
Masses of natural matter (as a planet or nebula)
located in space.

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION —_20

Observation of phenomena occurring in the
celestial sphere.

ASTRONAUTICS 30
Science of navigation in space and all of its related
human activities.
 solar system
Region of our galaxy under the influence of the Sun; includes eight planets and their natural satellites as well as dwarf planets, asteroids and comets.

outer planets Saturn

Planets located beyond the asteroid belt; Sixth planet from the Sun, also the
these are known as the gas giants. 50,000 astronomical units second largest planet; Saturn is
a ae Enea pone Corresponds to about 50,000 times encircled by rings forming a band
= os peuloctitgn D the Earth-Sun distance. about 120,000 mi in diameter.
5 gest; Jupiter is 1 330 times the .
Z size of Earth.-._ , =*
5 ate st ee nea SAE 9

r P i
A P|

eq

! Uranus
Seventh planet fai are Sun, also the
third largest planet; |Uranus is composed
‘mainly of [Link] beand hydrogen and
“features 11 rings.

fleptune,
Sun-~~ Ei
Eighthplanetfrom the Sun; its
Star around which the planets and =}vatmosphere, composed of hydrogen,
dwarf planets gravitate; represents ~ helium and methane, gives Neptune its
over 99.8% of the total mass of the bluish color. Features four rings.
solar system. 50 astronomical units Kuiper belt Oort cloud
Corresponds to about 50 times the Circular region of the solar system Region of space bordering the solar system
Earth-Sun distance. about 50 astronomical units from about 50,000 astronomical units from the
the Sun; thought to be a repository Sun; composed of billions of comets.
of small icy bodies, the source of
comets.

planets, satellites and dwarf planets

Planets and dwarf planets orbit the Sun; satellites orbit the planets and dwarf planets. They are represented from left to right in order of their distance from the
Sun, with their relative sizes reflected by the size of their pictures.

Ceres
Satellite ofMars: sli ee Discovered in 1801, it was
alelte OF Wars; SIIGNUY 'arGer promoted to status of dwart planet
than Deimos, Phobos featuresa
; in 2006.
large crater named Stickney.
Deimos :
Moon Satellite of Mars; one of the :
Earth's only natural satellite; devoid smallest natural satellites in the :
of atmosphere and characterized solar system, its surface displays
by a highly uneven surface. numerous craters. ;

h the planets and Venus

vitate; represents
Gtalnaselch the Second planet from the Sun; its
density and chemical composition
are similar to those of Earth.
Mercury
The planet closest to the Sun; devoid of
atmosphere, heavily cratered and marked by-.
extreme variations in temperature (-300°F to @ @ ;

800°F)
Earth--
Third planet from the Sun,
inhabited by humankind; up to Mars
now, the only planet with evidence Fourth planet from the Sun; its
of life. crust contains iron oxide, giving
Mars its reddish color.

lo
Satellite of Jupiter; the celestial
body with the greatest number of
active volcanoes.

Europa Ganymede Callisto

Satellite of Jupiter; displays a Satellite of Jupiter; the largest Satellite of Jupiter; its heavily cratered
surface layer of ice that might natural satellite in the solar system; surface indicates that Callisto is very old.
cover liquid water. its glacial surface is thought to
cover an ocean and a mantle.
 solar system

inner planets
Rocky planets closest to the Sun;
1 astronomical unit located inside the asteroid belt.
Unit of distance equal to the Earth
mean distance between Earth Third planet from the Sun, inhabited by
and the Sun, equivalent to about humankind; up to now, the only planet
93 million mi. with evidence of life.

> ihSEC
hen iatATE
Sah PTS
a ee
BCGea s oan
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Mercury
The planet closest to the Sun; devoid
of atmosphere, heavily cratered and
marked by extreme variations in
-temperature (-300°F to 800°F).

-Venus
Second planet from the Sun; its
density and chemical composition
are similar to those of Earth.
Mars
Fourth planet from the Sun; its
crust contains iron oxide, giving asteroid belt
alsitsreddish color. Circular region between Mars and
: iS ae Jupiter containing the greatest number
ali of asteroids; marks the boundary
between the inner and outer planets.

planets, satellites and dwarf planets

Charon
Pluto's only satellite; almost equal in
size and mass to Pluto itself.
Pluto:
Discovered in 1930, it was long
considered the ninth planet of the cE
solar system. Since 2006, it has been Namaka ;
classified as a dwarf planet. The smaller of Haumea's two
lapetus . satellites,
Satellite of Saturn featuring a bright Titan :
side composed of ice and a dark side Saturn's largest satellite, 1.5 times Oberon
composed of unknown matter. the diameter of the Moon. The most distant satellite of se
: ‘ Uranus; its craters are often Hi'iaka
Uranus surrounded by light rays, - a of Haumea's two
Seve bp janet from the Sun, also Neptune = SIME
i Eighth planet from the Sun;
its atmosphere, composed of
hydrogen, helium and methane, Makemake
gives Neptune its bluish color. Dwarf planet, discovered in 2005,
Features four rings. with no satellites.

Eris
_Dwarf planet discovered in 2005,
eas au ‘ _” with a diameter bigger than Pluto's.
wv. e @. It has a satellite, Dysnomia.

Haumea Dysnomia
Dwarf planet, discovered in 2005, Natural satellite of the dwarf
with two natural satellites. planet Eris.

Rhea Titania “> <Triton

Satellite of Saturn; its cratered The largest satellite of Uranus; its Neptune's largest satellite; together
surface is covered with ice as hard surface displays numerous valleys with Pluto, Triton is the coldest
as rock. ‘ and faults. object in the solar system.

Mimas Dione Umbriel

Satellite of Saturn; features a crater Satellite of Saturn; its cratered surface Satellite of Uranus; its heavily
named Herschel spanning one- features ice deposits. ‘cratered surface is very dark.
third of its surface.

Tethys Miranda Ariel

Satellite of Saturn thought to be Satellite of Uranus whose surface Satellite of Uranus; its cratered surface
composed of ice; visible on its is cratered in places; displays vast is composed of numerous long valleys
surface is an immense impact expanses of arétes and furrows. and extremely high escarpments.
crater named Odysseus.
 Sun
Star composed of 92.1% hydrogen atoms and 7.8% helium atoms, around which the planets gravitate; represents more than 99.8% of the solar system's total mass.

structure of the Sun

From the center to the periphery are the core, the spicule
radiation and convection zones, the photosphere, A narrow jet of gas in the form
the chromosphere and the corona. chromosphere ofa plume observed in the solar flare
The lowest level of the solar hromosphere. Violent projection of extremely hot
atmosphere, with a temperatu gas into space, provoking polar
18,000° athe, auroras on Earth a few days later.

sunspot
ASIRONOMY A dark, slightly cooler zone of the
photosphere where the magnetic
_--field is more intense.
granulation
corona------- ‘ Network of cells on the
The outermost layer of the solar photosphere brought about by the
atmosphere, visible in the form convective movement of hot gas
of a halo during a total eclipse; ween - < from the Sun's interior.
corona temperatures can reach
1,800,000°R ©
photosphere
Visible surface of the Sun, with a
convection zone --temperature of 10,000°F.
Region where hot gas currents
circulate between the hot regions facula
of the core and the cool surface. Luminous region of the
core
The innermost part of the’ photosphere.
where hydrogen is converted'tl
helium by nuclear fusio
temperatures reach 27,000)

radiation zone

the core cools before migrating in

the form of light and heat.
types of eclipse
There are three types of solar eclipse, based
on the degree of obscuration.

prominence
Gas that erupts from the
chromosphere and solar corona,
contrasting with the darkness of
space.

annular eclipse
Occurs when the Moon comes between
Earth and the Sun, reducing the latter toa
luminous ring.

solar eclipse
Obscuration of the Sun brought about by Earth’s orbit
the passage of the Moon between Earth we eee ene ener ea Elliptical path of Earth revolving around
and the Sun. umbra shadow the Sun under the effect of gravitation.
On Earth, the observer in this region
will see a total or annular eclipse.
partial eclipse
Observed by anyone within the penumbra
Moon | zone during an eclipse.
Natural satellite of Earth. ~.

Sun
ght source eclipsed by the
penumbra shadow _}--
—-P
On Earth, the observer in this--"
region will see a partial eclipse.

Earth-~ Moon's orbit

Third planet from the Sun, Earth Elliptical path of the Moon revolving
total eclipse
takes a full day to rotate once on around Earth under the effect of
Occurs when the lunar disk completely
itself, one yeartorevolve once gravitation.
covers the solar disk and only the Sun's
around the Sun.
corona remains visible.
 Moon

types of eclipse lunar features

There are two types of eclipse based on the Aspect of the Moon determined by past volcanic
degree of obscuration: partial or total. activity, meteorite impact and soil fractures.
Cliff
Steep rock face shaped by a sea. -

bay lake
Small plain of hardened lava- - Small isolated plain of hardened lava.
located along the edges of a sea. AWO

~--highland
Designates bright regions riddled
crater with craters; these oldest regions
partial eclipse Circular basin dug out by the- - cover 85% of the surface
When the Moon enters the umbra impact of a meteorite
shadow, its bright side diminishes
little by little. ~-$ea
Designates the vast plains of
ocean | hardened lava forming the dark
A very large sea regions; younger than the highlands,
these cover 15% of the surface

~mountain range
cirque Vestiges of the walls of a once-
Vast crater characterized by _....-%e--"*" large crater; semicircular in shape,
remarkable relief; varies between it can span hundreds of miles
12 and 120 mi in diameter.

total eclipse “> -wall

Occurs when the Moon is crater ray Mountain usually surrounding a cirque
completely within the umbra Band that radiates from a young _
shadow and takes on a reddish crater, the result of matter ejected ~~
appearance. during a meteorite impact.

lunar eclipse
Eclipse during which the Moon enters
Earth’s orbit------------ Earth's umbra shadow in part or in full.
Elliptical path of Earth revolving pe game noe oon ae
around the Sun under the effect of
gravitation
umbra shadow
When the Moon is completely
in this region, the Sun's light no
— longer reaches it; the eclipse is
Earth - therefore total
=—_> Ourplanet, bycoming between | {
the Sun and the Moon, gives penumbra shadow
rise to lunar eclipses. When the Moon enters this region,
— “it slowly ceases to be illuminated
by the Sun.

Moon's orbit- - ------

Elliptical path of the Moon revolving phases of the Moon
around Earth under the effect of Changes in the Moon's appearance over the
gravitation course of a month; result from the movement
of the Moon in relation to the Sun, as seen
from Earth.

new moon new crescent first quarter waxing gibbous

The Moon lies between the Earth and the The Moon is visible in the early evening in the shape of a thin The visible face of the Moon grows As the Moon moves away from the Sun, its shadow
Sun; it is not visible, as the Sun's light is crescent. increasingly bright; the lunar crescent gradually recedes,
too brilliant. gradually changes until it forms a semi-
circle after one week.

full moon waning gibbous last quarter old crescent

The visible face of the Moon is completely As the Moon moves closer to the Sun, its shadow begins to The bright side gradually recedes until it The Moon lies to the right of the Sun and appears in the
illuminated by the Sun's rays. obscure the Sun's disk. becomes a half-moon. sky at dawn in the form of a thin crescent.
 meteorite

stony meteorites
Meteorites composed mainly
of rocky matter. Divided into
two groups: chondrites and
achondrites.

iron meteorite stony-iron meteorite chondrite achondrite

Meteorite consisting mainly of iron and The rarest class of meteorites, The most common meteorite, Meteorite whose composition is
ASTRONOMY marked by small faults.
nickel, characterized by the presence of characterized by the presence of similar to that of certain terrestrial
almost equal quantities of rocky rock or sulfurous matter in the form rocks; believed to come from the
matter and metals. of minuscule spheres (chondrules). Moon or from Mars.

comet
Small icy body that partially evaporates as it approaches the Sun; made up of a head with a solid core and tails composed of gas and dust.

coma
Cloud of gas and dust particles
emitted by the expulsion of gas
from the nucleus when a comet
approaches the Sun.
-

head z oe)
Part made up of the nucleus and- -
the coma.

nucleus dust tail ion tail

Central part of the comet; Visible tail formed by dust particles Almost invisible tail formed by the gas
composed mainly of ice and rocky pushed out of the coma by pressure of the coma pushed back by the solar
matter. from the Sun's rays; can reach over wind; can reach several hundreds of
6 million mi in length. millions of miles in length.

star
A sphere of gas massive enough to generate light and heat through nuclear reactions that transform hydrogen into helium in its core.

low-mass stars
Stars whose mass is less than 1.5 times
that of the Sun.

massive st:
erate ‘ supernova black hole
ne pat Peet A supergiant that collapses onto Results when the core of a massive
: ; itself and explodes with such force star collapses; the gravitational
50 times the mass of the Sun. that it releases more energy than force is so strong that not even
millions of suns, light can escape.
red giant
An old star whose hydrogen
reserve has been exhausted; its
luminosity can be 100 times that
= ue & & of the Sun.

brown dwarf black dwarf white dwarf pulsar

Star whose mass is not sufficient to Dead star, likely the residue of a An old, extremely dense star of A neutron star that rotates rapidly
generate a nuclear reaction. dwarf that has totally exhausted its faint luminosity, formed by the onitself, thereby emitting regular
energy resources. nucleus of a red giant contracting radio waves,
until it reaches the size of Earth.

&

By bs]
‘ea a
'

planetary nebula nova main-sequence star neutron star supergiant

Expanding gaseous envelope that A white dwarf that assimilates gaseous — Star whose mass is sufficient to generate Star formed of compressed An old, extremely luminous star of
corresponds to the external layer of a matter from a neighboring star, a nuclear reaction. neutrons, believed to be the considerable mass; its diameter can
red giant that is gradually fading away. suddenly becoming extremely bright residue of a supernova explosion. be as much as 100 times that of
before it returns to its initial brightness. the Sun.
 celestial bodies

Hubble’s classification | Milky Way

Classification of galaxies according to their form, devised by astronomer Spiral galaxy composed of 200 to 300 billion
Edwin Hubble in the 1920s; it is still used today. stars, including the Sun; thought to be 10 billion
years old.

Milky Way: seen from above AWO

From above, the Milky Way appears as a
spiral that rotates on itself around a nucleus

elele
elliptical galaxy
Spherical or oval galaxy with no spiral arms
nucleus
Central region of the bulge; the
densest and most luminous region

lenticular galaxy
Flat, lens-shaped galaxy with a large bulge but
no arms,

spiral arm
Curved grouping of stars influenced
by the rotation of the galaxy around
its nucleus

| Milky Way: side view

| From the side, the Milky Way appears
F as a disk because its spiral arms are
normal spiral galaxy halo seen from the same angle.
Galaxy composed of a large nucleus from which spiral arms emerge. | Region surrounding the galaxy, inhabited
|
by isolated stars or groupings called
globular clusters; the halo has a radius of
about 50,000 light-years.

disk
The main part of the galaxy, made
up of a bulge and attaching arms. -.

> io :
barred spiral galaxy
Galaxy crossed by a bar of stars and interstellar matter; the spiral
arms emerge from the ends of the bar.

bulge-
The central bulge of the Milky
| Way's disk; the densest region
of the Milky Way, with a depth of
15,000 light-years.

globular cluster--~
Cluster made up of hundreds of
thousands of old stars.
type | irregular galaxy type Il irregular galaxy
Rare type of galaxy that seems to possess Rare type of galaxy whose structure
spiral arms without displaying a specific obeys no specific symmetry.
symmetry.
 planetarium
Structure where a projector is used to simulate the movement of the celestial bodies on a dome representing half of the celestial sphere.

tweeter
Loudspeaker designed to reproduce the high
frequencies of the sound signal. working area
zenith
Central point of the projection
dome; simulates the center of the---------.-2...._.
true celestial dome for an observer
ASTRONOMY on the ground.

projection dome
Screen representing half of the celestial
dome; the aspect of the sky at different
periods is projected onto the screen.--------------------

midrange
Loudspeaker designed to reproduce the__
middle frequencies of the sound signal. ~

auditorium
The planetarium's main room, builtto. =z
receive the public duringashow. ~

control room
Premises containing the various control
and monitoring instruments required to
produce a show.

control console--- woofer planetarium projector auxiliary projector

Instrument that serves to manually Loudspeaker designed to reproduce the low Projector that reproduces and simulates Apparatus used to produce special
execute various commands for frequencies of the sound signal. the past, present and future movement of effects,
purposes of producing a show. celestial bodies.

constellations of the Southern Hemisphere

Groupings of stars whose position on the celestial dome of the Southern hemisphere, as seen from Earth, forms figures; this makes them easier to locate and has
often inspired names.
Cetus
Large, mostly southern constellation
Sculptor Indus Ara
1 containing a remarkable star, Mira Ceti; in
the 16th century, Mira Ceti became the first 8 Constellation composed of faint 15 Small faint constellation discovered 22 Small faint constellation recorded
stars recorded in the 18th century. in the 17th century. in the 2nd century.
star of varying luminosity (variable star) to
be discovered.

Eridanus Telescopium Triangulum Australe

Aquarius
Large constellation containing 16 Constellation composed of faint stars Small constellation discovered
2 Zodiac constellation between Capricorn
Achernar, ninth brightest star in discovered in the 18th century; shares 23 in the 17th century whose three
and Pisces; contains several faint stars.
the sky. stars with neighboring constellations. brightest stars form a triangle.

Aquila
Fornax Corona Australis Apus
3 Mostly northern constellation
containing Altair, 12th brightest 10 Small faint constellation discovered 17 Small faint constellation recorded 24 Constellation composed of faint
in the 18th century, in the 2nd century. stars recorded in the 17th century.
star in the sky.

Sagittarius
Capricornus Octans
Horologium The last zodiac constellation of
4 Zodiac constellation marking A faint constellation recorded in the
the beginning of winter in the 11 Faint constellation discovered in 18 the fall; features, in particular, the 25 18th century; includes the South
the 18th century. greatest number of variable stars
Gregorian calendar. celestial pole.
(stars of varying luminosity).

Hydrus
Microscopium Scutum
Phoenix Constellation containing only about
5 Small constellation recorded in the 18th Small constellation composed of
century; originally formed part of the 12 Faint constellation recorded in the 19
five faint stars recorded in the 17th 26 20 stars, most often barely visible
17th century. to the naked eye; discovered in the
Southern Fish. century.
17th century.

Tucana
Pisces Austrinus Scorpius Mensa ;
Constellation harboring the third closest Faint constellation recorded in the
6 Constellation composed of seven stars; Zodiac constellation between Libra
the brightest is named Fomalhaut, 13 galaxy to Earth, the Small Magellanic 20 and Sagittarius; contains Antares, 27 18th century; includes part of the
Cloud, an irregular galaxy located about
meaning "mouth of a large fish". © 16th brightest star in the sky. Large Magellanic Cloud.
200,000 light-years away.

Grus Pavo Reticulum

Norma
7 Constellation discovered in the Constellation recorded in the 17th 1
17th century whose shape recalls 14 century; contains only one bright
A faint constellation recorded in the 28 Small constellation recorded in the
18th century. 18th century.
that of a bird in flight. star, Alpha Pavonis.
 astronomical observation

Constellationsofthe Southern Hemisphere

Dorado Serpens
Constellation harboring the second closest Mostly southern constellation divided
29 galaxy to Earth, the Large Magellanic 49 _into two parts by the constellation
Cloud, an irregular galaxy located about Ophiucus, thereby forming the head and >
165,000 light-years away. tail of the Serpent no
=
D
(2)
z
oO
=
<

Pictor Libra
Constellation recorded in the 18th Zodiac constellation marking the
30 century; includes a red dwarf 50 beginning of fall; harbors Kiffa
located close to Earth (13 light- Borealis, one of the rare stars to be
years). he color of green emerald

Virgo
Columba Puppis Musca Last zodiac constellation of the summer;
31. — Small faint constellation discovered 37 Constellation in the Milky Way; 43 Small faint constellation recorded 51 contains the Virgo Cluster, a grouping of
in the 17th century, includes a half-dozen stars. in the 17th century, galaxies 60 light-years from Earth brought
ogether by gravitational force.

32 cng
Bie Bi constellation
corny WhOdiscovered
form 38 yxisconstellation in the Milky
Faint 44 Circinus
Small faint constellation recorded 52 Corvus
Small constellation whose form
recalls that of a sculptor’s tool. Way; recorded in the 18th century, in the 18th century. recalls that of a kite.

Lepus Vela Geir

Constellation in the shape of a hare Constellation in the Milky Way; contains a ; : Crater
33 _ pursued by a hunter (Orion); contains 39 number of brilliant stars and a great many 45 ee *4 53 Faint constellation representing
R Leporis, a large star of varying open clusters (loosely concentrated star to raeSouth celastialloole p Apollo’s Cup.
luminosity, groupings). pee:

;
Orion :
Carina Centaurus: , ; ,
; Constellation in the Milky Way; contains Proxima Sextans
40 etek those Hales “he 46 Centauri, the star closest to Earth (4.3 light- 54 Faint constellation discovered in
34 La apt |Neila ale
; ; : 4 years) and Omega Centauri, brightest globular the 17th century.
seventh brightest star in the sky. compass for space probes. cluster in the sky.

Canis
anis MajMajor Volfolans ree tion d discovered dinth
Onstellation in the Hydra ; '
35 Small constellation containing Sirius, 41 Faint constellation recorded in the 47 2nd century. In 1006, the brightest 55 ert es ied
brightest star in the sky. 17th century. supernova ever seen appeared in heck g
this constellation. y

Monoceros Ophiuchus ;
; P Chamaeleon Tee Antlia
Though faint, this mostly southern ; ' ' Large, mostly southern constellation discovered ' : ‘
36 : H 42 Faint constellation discovered in AS se i 56 A faint constellation recorded in the
constellation contains a great number the 17th century, inthe 2nd century; includes Barnard's Star, 18th century.
of stars and nebulae. second closest star to Earth (6 light-years).
 astronomical observation

constellations of the Northern Hemisphere

Groupings of stars whose position on the celestial dome of the Northern hemisphere, as seen from Earth, forms figures; this makes them easier to locate and has
often inspired names.

ASTRONOMY

Pisces
{ Last zodiac constellation of the
winter; while extremely far-
reaching, it harbors only faint stars.

Cetus Orion
Large, mostly southern constellation Equuleus Mostly southern constellation
Lacerta
2 containing a remarkable star, Mira Ceti; Small constellation composed of
in the 16th century, Mira Ceti became the faint stars recorded in the 2nd 12 Constellation formed of faint stars 17 containing the red giant Betelgeuse
recorded in the 17th century, and Rigel, seventh brightest star
first star of varying luminosity (variable star) century. in the sky.
to be discovered.
Cepheus
Aries
Delphinus Constellation harboring Delta Auriga
3 Zodiac constellation marking
the beginning of spring in the
Small constellation harboring faint Cephei, a prototype of stars of 18 Constellation containing Capella,
stars discovered in the 2nd century. varying luminosity, named Cepheid sixth brightest star in the sky.
Gregorian calendar.
variables for this reason.

Triangulum Cassiopeia
Aquila Camelopardalis
Constellation harboring M33 (third Constellation easily identified thanks
Mostly northern constellation
4 largest galaxy close to Earth),
containing Altair, 12th brightest 14 to the "W" formed by its five principal Faint constellation discovered in
located about 2.7 million light- stars; contains a number of stars of the 17th century.
star in the sky.
years away. varying luminosity (variable stars).

Andromeda Perseus
Sagitta Lynx
Constellation harboring the Constellation harboring a great
Small constellation containing only a few
5 Andromeda nebula (second largest 10 stars visible to the naked eye; contains a
number of stars of varying 20 Constellation composed of faint
galaxy close to Earth), located about luminosity and two large star stars recorded in the 17th century.
fairly bright globular cluster.
2.25 million light-years away, clusters, h and Chi Persei.

Pegasus Cygnus Taurus Ursa Minor

Vast constellation easily located thanks to Constellation whose shape recalls Zodiac constellation located between Constellation containing the North
6 the quadrangle that three of its brilliant stars that of a swan in flight; contains 16 Aries and Gemini; contains the star 21 Star, 47th brightest star in the sky;
form with Sirrah (Andromeda); this asterism Deneb, 20th brightest star in the Aldebaran (14th brightest star) as well as also called "Little Dipper" owing to its
known as the "Great Square of Pegasus". sky. two clusters, the Hyades and Pleiades. size in relation to the "Big Dipper".
 constellations of the Northern Hemisphere

Ursa Major
Corona Borealis
Draco Constellation whose seven principal stars Canis Minor
Small constellation whose principal
22 Vast constellation composed of a 27 : shi 32 — draw the outline of a giant saucepan; these Constellation containing Procyon,
great many faint stars. a mean fg seven stars are also called "the Big Dipper". eighth brightest star in the sky.
Be Contains several spiral galaxies.

Bootes ; Gemini
Lyra f ; Leo Minor ; ;
; A , Constellation containing the red : Sheehan Last zodiac constellation of the
23 ah petian Vega, fifth 28 giant Arcturus, fourth brightest star 33 = ei discovered 38 spring; contains Castor and Pollux,
g j in the sky. ry. 18th brightest star in the sky. AWON
Ophiuchus Virgo Leo Vainectla
Large, mostly southern constellation Last zodiac constellation of the summer; Zodiac constellation between Cancer Sbi conatalaton compas saan
24 discovered in the 2nd century; 29 contains the Virgo Cluster, a grouping 34 and Virgo; its brightest stars form the 39 faintgtars recorded In ss 17th
includes Barnard's Star, second of galaxies 60 light-years from Earth silhouette of a lion. Harbors numerous Genii
Closest star to Earth (6 light-years). brought together by gravitational force. galaxies. ry.

Hercules Coma Berenices Hydra Milky Way

Large constellation containing Rasalgethi, a Constellation containing the Coma Though faint, this mostly southern rae
25 red giant about 830 times brighter than the 30 Cluster of galaxies, located 260 35 constellation is the largest in 40 FUN a doled tees
Sun and more than 680 times its diameter. light-years from Earth. the sky. P ‘

Serpens Canes Venatici pancar North Star

Mostly southern constellation divided Faint constellation harboring Tedian concielationinain Star located at the end of the Little
26 _ into two parts by the constellation 31 > numerous galaxies, among them 36 9 41 _ Dipper handle; nowadays serves to
the beginning of summer in the
Ophiucus, thereby forming the head the spiral galaxy M51, located 37 Gregorian calendar. indicate the direction of the North
and tail of the Serpent. million light-years from Earth. Celestial pole.

celestial coordinate system

Imaginary horizontal and vertical lines used to describe the position of an object on the celestial sphere.

inclination
Angle formed between an imaginary
line connecting the terrestrial poles and
an imaginary line perpendicular to the
--eCcliptic.

ERAS DEES ac ee North celestial pole

celestial sphere Projection of the North terrestrial pole
Imaginary sphere where celestial bodies- ._ onto the celestial sphere.
are observed and positioned. ~

celestial equator
Projection of the terrestrial Equator onto_
the celestial sphere; serves as the point ~~ ~---
of origin for declinations.
declination
One of two coordinates used
to locate a celestial body on
the celestial sphere; similar to
terrestrial sphere terrestrial latitude.
Shape of Earth whose coordinates
are projected onto the celestial
sphere. -
ie ecliptic
_ Projection of the Sun's apparent
Equator- - -' annual path onto the celestial
Imaginary circle surrounding sphere.
Earth at its widest circumference,
dividing it into two hemispheres:
the Northern hemisphere and the
Southern hemisphere.

oan right ascension

vernal equinox «~~~ One of two coordinates used to locate
Point at which the ecliptic and the a celestial body on the celestial sphere;
celestial equator intersect; serves as the similar to terrestrial longitude.
point of origin for right ascensions.

Cai celestial meridian

Projection of a terrestrial meridian onto
South celestial pole the celestial sphere.
Projection of the South terrestrial pole onto the- ------------------------"
celestial sphere.
 refracting telescope
Optical instrument that uses an objective lens to observe celestial bodies.

general view

finderscope main tube dew shield

= Small low-magnification telescope cradle The barrel of a telescope housing —_—_Device placed in front of the
5 with a wide field of view; serves to _—‘Part that tightens around the main _ the optical system; light rays travel — objective to limit stray light and
Zara locate celestial bodies. tube to secure it to the base. through the main tube. condensation.
ae :
i eyepiece ‘
<< Lens or system of lenses meant to
magnify the image when placed
before the eye...

eyepiece holder-_

star diagonal declination setting scale

Part serving to deflect the light toward --Graduated disk indicating the declination of the
the eyepiece, thereby providing a celestial body observed.
comfortable observation position. - - - - -----
focusing knob---------------
Adjusting device that makes itpossible = nc ea) ~ - = 2
toobtainaclearimageofthe object. = mr NR azimuth clamp
--Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its
horizontal axis.

; h ; ~--altitude clamp
azimuth fine adjustment Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its
Fine-tuning device serving to position the telescope----
---- * vertical axis,
horizontally.

altitude fine adjustment---""

Fine-tuning device serving to position the "*>sright ascension setting scale
telescope vertically. Graduated disk indicating the right ascension
of the observed celestial body.

fork:
Mount with dual forks used to secure the ~--counterweight
telescope to the tripod. Weight serving to balance the components
of the telescope, making it easier to pivot
and adjust smoothly.

tripod accessories shelf-. tripod

Stable three-legged stand of
variable height.

cross section of a refracting telescope light

Magnification depends on the length of the main tube and Emitted by a celestial body, light is
the size and composition of the lens system. captured by the objective lens and
travels along the main tube until it
reaches the eyepiece.

eyepiece
Dan naWseneeeavcencovnvanceduess
Lens or system of lenses meant to
magnify the image when placed
before the eye. objective lens
Lens that captures light from the
Sees ene ne neaewewenerennenwamene
object observed and causes itto
converge. =,

main tube
The barrel of a telescope housing the
optical system; light rays travel through
the main tube.
 reflecting telescope
Optical instrument that uses an objective mirror to observe celestial bodies.

general view
finderscope eyepiece
Small low-magnification telescope Lens or system of lenses meant to
with a wide field of view; serves to magnify the image when placed before
locate celestial bodies. the eye.

support: ._ ;
cradle
Part that tightens around the main
tube to secure it to the base. AWONO

main tube
The barrel of the telescope through which
light rays travel; houses the optical system.

focusing knob
Adjusting device that makes it possible to obtain a
Clear image of the object.

declination setting scale

Graduated disk indicating the declination of the------------+----"s7
77scsrrect rrr rtttena
celestial body observed. BS og

azimuth clamp--""" _ —_= 2 SRE aS Se aa right ascension setting scale

Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its Graduated disk indicating the right
horizontal axis. ascension of the observed celestial body.

altitude clamp--" ”+-azimuth fine adjustment

Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its Fine-tuning device that serves to position the
vertical axis. telescope horizontally.

altitude fine adjustment

Fine-tuning device that serves to position the
telescope vertically.

eyepiece
Lens or system of lenses meant to cross Section of a reflecting telescope
magnify the image when placed before Magnification depends on the length of the main tube and the power of
anappescase
|emanppcnsnen
the eye.-------- the eyepiece.

Pe ee | ga hk ce dear ants
e®
secondary mirror =
mathenensnnennenenneanenanen
Mirror that collects light and directs: ----------------+-----------5
it toward the eyepiece. eee eee
- » pest mPaRw
Ne enue cews goe Lge: coats pay ey "
EE 5 eter
ti pe ee irror that collects light and whose shape
ia = _ makes it possible to direct it toward the
secondary mirror,
light main tube
Emitted by a celestial body, it crosses the main The barrel of the telescope through
tube and is sent back by the concave primary which light rays travel; houses the optical
mirror; the secondary mirror intercepts it and system.
directs it toward the eyepiece.
 radio telesco pe
Instrument used to capture, concentrate and analyze radio waves emanating from a celestial body or a region of the celestial sphere.
a

steerable parabolic reflector

Type of adjustable radio telescope in the shape of a saucer; its
power depends on its diameter.

SA
oo
\
AAV

a ASTRONOMY

first focal room secondary reflector

Observation capsule used on Receives waves reflected by the
occasion; located in the prime parabolic reflector and directs them
focus of the radio telescope. toward the receiver.

radio wave
Invisible electromagnetic waves
see--- emitted by celestial bodies and
collected on Earth using a radio
telescope.

parabolic reflector
A surface often composed of fine
wire-mesh that collects radio waves
and causes them to converge on a
receiver
Device that amplifies waves before
they are converted into an electrical
signal.

second focal room

Secondary focus of [Link]
---telescope that houses the radio
receiver; used more often than the
first focal room.

upper laboratory
__Area where the electrical signal is
support structure filtered, digitized and transmitted to
Structural element on the rim that the laboratory.
prevents the parabolic reflector from
becoming deformed.

rotating track counterweight

Rail making it possible to turn the radio Weight equal to that of the
telescope vertically so as to point it \ parabolic reflector; makes it
toward a given region of the sky. possible to balance the whole.

laboratory
Area where astronomers analyze _
the digital signal
f to obtain
t ~ - ---- elevator
information.

circular track
Rail making it possible to turn the radio
telescope horizontally so as to point it
toward a given region of the sky.
 space telescope
Telescope placed in orbit above Earth's atmosphere, making it possible to observe the universe without the interference of the atmosphere.

Hubble Space Telescope

Space telescope with two mirrors,
light shield covering the entire spectrum of
Prevents stray light from entering the light. It was launched into orbit
telescope. in 1990.

aperture door
aiid Panel that opens and closes over the
fine guidance system telescope's optical system. AWONO
Makes it possible to point and control the telescope with great
precision.

scientific instruments
These include cameras,
spectrographs and photometers. -- “*>-secondary mirror
Mirror that sends light back toward
the scientific instruments through a
hole in the primary mirror.

~><primary mirror
solar panel Mirror that reflects the light of
Power supply device that converts solar ; ire non directing it toward
energy into immediately usable electrical aft shroud € Secondary mirror.
energy. Part containing, in particular, a
cooling system that protects the
scientific instruments.

antenna
Conductor that transmits
images to Earth by means of a
communications satellite.

James Webb Space Telescope

primary mirror Large infrared space telescope set to be
Mirror 21 ft across composed launched in 2018. Its principal mission will
, of 18 hexagonal segments. It be to observe the first galaxies formed after
secondary mirror reflects and focuses light rays the Big Bang.
Adjustable convex mirror that --towards the secondary mirror.
receives images from the primary
mirror and transmits them to the
observation instruments.
Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM)
Structure containing the observation systems
_.--(cameras and spectrographs) of the telescope.

heat shield
Element designed to block the
sun's rays in order to protect the
scientific devices.

momentum flap
Flap that helps maintain the
orientation of the telescope.

spacecraft bus-* ; solar array

Structure containing the command Panel transforming sunlight
and communication systems of the into electrical current to run the
telescope. telescope.
 | 28 astronomical observation

astronomical observatory
Building specially designed to house a large telescope.

cross section of an astronomical observatory external view

dome shutter \\
Upper part of the eee
opens so that light can enter the
ASTRONOMY telescope. ie
prime focus observing capsule
Area where astronomers once gathered to monitor rotating dome--"
the exposure time of photographic plates. Roof of the observatory that pivots
on itself so that all parts of the sky
secondary mirror can be observed.
telescope Mirror that intercepts lightand =:
horseshoe mount Optical instrument that uses an _ redirects it toward the Cassegrain
Mount used to support a large telescope _ objective mirror to observe celestial focus through a hole in the center
and point it toward the celestial pole. bodies. of the primary mirror.

light
Emitted by the celestial body,
hour angle gear prime focus
light is sent back toward the
Drive mechanism allowing the telescope Focal point of the primary mirror
Cassegrain focus by the primary
to follow the polar axis. where the light rays concentrate.
and secondary mirrors.

_exterior dome shell

_-’” Protects against foul weather.

telescope base es flat mirror

Pedestal on which the telescope mount ; pe ty ? Adjustable mirror making it possible to choose the
rests. ‘ Pid ‘ location of the focus.

polar axis primary mirror coudé focus :A laboratory

Axis parallel to Earth's axis of rotation; its Mirror that reflects the light of Focal point located at a distance from A Area where the chemical composition of observed
rotation is opposite to that of Earth, making celestial bodies, directing it toward the telescope, obtained using a series of : celestial bodies is studied using spectroscopy.
it possible to capture fixed images of an ee the prime focus, mirrors; stationary, it is used to conduct :
Observed celestial body. Bw complex analyses and experiments.

~ observation post +Cassegrain focus interior dome shell

Area where most observations are Focal point where the image forms; Regulates the temperature of the telescope so as
carried out. located behind the primary mirror. to avoid air turbulence and prevent the mirror from
becoming deformed.
 astronomical observatory

binocular telescope
Telescope composed of two mirrors Mount Graham binocular telescope
mounted on a shared base. -._ Telescope compose d of two mirrors 27.5 ft in diameter located on Mount
Graham, in Arizona, at over 10,500 ft altitude.

external view

sliding shutter
--Structural element th at slides in
order to shutter a door.
AWONO

binocular telescope
Telescope composed of two mirrors mounted
ona shared base.

secondary mirror
Serine Parabolic mirror that redirects light
to the tertiary mirror.

light path
The light generated by the star is
reflected in turn by the primary,
seeeeeee secondary and tertiary mirrors.

See ahs tertiary mirror

Mirror that redirects light received
from the secondary mirror to the
centre of the telescope.

primary mirror
Mirror that reflects and focuses- - - - - - - -
light towards the secondary mirror.

pivotable structure
Element on which the telescope
rests that allows it to be adjusted
vertically.

rotational pier
Base on which the telescope is- - - - - - - - 7 %
mounted, allowing it to rotate.
 space probe
Unmanned craft launched in the direction of a celestial body in the solar system for purposes of studying it.

examples of space probes

Since the end of the 1950s, over 125 space probes have
been launched to study the planets and satellites of the 4
solar system.

ASTRONOMY
Pioneer 10 (Jupiter, 1972-2003)
In 1973, Pioneer-10, en route to Jupiter,
became the first probe to cross the
asteroid belt.

Mariner 10 (Mercury, 1973-1975)

Mariner 10 photographed the surface of the planet
Mercury three times in the mid-1970s, revealing a
world quite similar to that of our Moon.

Luna 1 (Moon, 1959)

Soviet probe launched in 1959,
the first spacecraft to pass close to
the moon.

Voyager (gas planets, 1977-)

Voyager 1 and 2 transformed our knowledge
of giant planets; over 30 years after they were
launched in 1977, they continue to explore the
heliosheath, the outermost region of the solar /
system. /

| Giotto (Halley’s Comet, 1985-1992)

European probe launched in 1985, which approached to
|}
within 370 mi of Halley's Comet.
Ee

Venera 9 (Venus, 1975)

In 1975, Venera-9 transmitted the first photograph
of the Venusian soil before it was crushed by the
planet's atmospheric pressure.

Ulysses (Sun, 1990-2009)

Launched in 1990, Ulysses is the only
probe to have observed the two poles
of the Sun; it studied various types of
é£ solar rays.
Magellan (Venus, 1989-1994) vA Galileo (Jupiter, 1989-2003)
While in orbit around Venus from 1990 to The first probe to thrust into orbit around
1994, Magellan mapped 98% of its surface, Jupiter (1995), Galileo also explored the
planet's four largest satellites.
 space probe

Huygens (Titan, 1997-2005)

The Huygens probe was released by Cassini
after it reached orbit around Saturn; Huygens ~
landed on Titan early in 2005. AWONO

Pathfinder (Mars, 1996-1998) Cassini (Saturn, 1997-)

Pathfinder landed on Mars in the summer The probe, launched in 1997, has been
of 1997. There, it deployed a small all- in orbit around Saturn since 2004
terrain vehicle named Sojourner to study
the composition of the surface

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (Mars, 2005-)

American probe launched in 2005; placed in orbit around Mars,
its mission is to study the planet's surface, atmosphere, and
climate.

¢
Stardust (Wild-2 comet, 1999-2006) NEAR Shoemaker (Eros asteroid, 1996-2001)
Stardust's mission was to collect fragments of interstellar This probe thrust into orbit around the asteroid Eros in 2000 and
dust, hence its name; it returned to Earth in 2006. landed on it in 2001.

2001 Mars Odyssey (Mars, 2001--)

Mars Odyssey was put into orbit around
Mars in 2001 to study its geology and
environment; it has detected large amounts
of frozen water just below the surface.

impactor
Projectile sent from the probe to
strike the surface of the comet
in order to dislodge debris for
analysis,

Phoenix (Mars, 2007-2008) Deep Impact (Tempel 1 comet, 2005) New Horizons (Pluto, 2006-)
American probe launched in August 2007, American probe launched in January 2005; it studied the This American probe, launched in 2006, will be
which landed on Mars in May 2008; it studied composition of Comet Tempel 1 by causing a collision the first to reach Pluto and its satellite, Charon,
the soil in the planet's arctic region. between the comet and an impactor. in 2015; it will then study the Kuiper belt.
 space probe

orbiter (Viking, 1976-1980)

Part of the Viking mission that flew over low gain antenna
Mars before placing itself in orbit in order Secondary antenna used to
to study the planet. communicate with Earth when the
high gain antenna cannot be used.

thruster engine
Machine that burns a liquid fuel
.-mixture, thereby providing thrust.

ASTRONOMY

attitude control thruster

Small rocket engine that directs the orbiter to the
desired position.

solar panel- ~*~

Power supply device that converts
solar energy into immediately
usable electrical energy.

high gain antenna

Principal antenna pointed toward
Earth to transmit large quantities
star tracker of scientific data as well as
Instrument that serves to direct the photographs.
probe, in Viking's case pointing it
toward the star Canopus.

camera infrared thermal mapper

Captures thousands of images, Instrument used to analyze the surface and
thereby providing an overall view of atmosphere of a celestial body by measuring its
the celestial body. temperature variations.

lander (Viking)
Spacecraft designed to touch down on
the surface of Mars so as to study it.
‘ UHF antenna high gain antenna
Antenna used to establish radio contact with Principal antenna pointed toward Earth
the orbiter. ~ to transmit large quantities of scientific
camera data as well as photographs.
Two cameras make it possible to
obtain three-dimensional color- - - - - - - - - -
images of the celestial body's radioisotope thermoelectric generator
surface. Device that supplies electrical power; converts the hi
released by the radioactive decay of a substance it
contains into electricity.
shock absorber ‘
Piece of equipment deployed
to cushion the impact when the
lander touches down.

terminal descent engine

Rocket engine that allows the
lander to slow down before it
touches the ground.-------------------- jfegeP------

propellant tank
secceeee Place where fuel for the descent
engines is stored.
furlable boom
Mobile extension arm serving to dig i
into the soil and collect samples. - - - - - - - - -

collector head temperature sensor

Shovel used to collect soil samples, Instrument that measures the surface
which are analyzed on-site.-- - - were temperature of the celestial body.
 spacesuit
A pressurized watertight suit that provides the astronaut with oxygen and protects against solar rays and meteorites during space walks,

helmet es
Plastic shell that covers the head, \ ‘
allowing the astronaut to breathe a : lin oe a re ob
and to'se¢.------------- a#Giies \@ ain. Sree UI t o
to see items directly ahead. ~
(e)
solar shield Z asd <
Translucent partofthe helmet §§ ‘Qa ) [OM 0 “ene fe support sy:
that allows the astronaut to see Module that contains, in particular, S
and protects against the Sun's : a supply of oxygen, a cooling
ultraviolet rays. -------<+--+--« “ system and a carbon dioxide
disposal system.

helmet ring- ------ eae acer oe

f
4

display and control module: - - - -gagmec:--------------=ailgmes------

Instrument for viewing data and controlling f
settings on the survival equipment. ‘ -------body temperature control unit

[7 —-

communications volume controls -- - b oo 7 <M

" v4 _ ‘d,

oxygen pressure actuator”

glove
Covered with silicone at the
ee fingertips to provide touch
sensitivity and insulated so that
objects heated by the Sun can be
picked up.

protection layer-------
Protects the astronaut from heat, . . NS ‘
cold and small meteorites. . a ; - aa------- liquid cooling and ventilation garment
WS y : : Clothing designed to ensure the comfort ofthe astronaut.

insulated toe cap y ae

Part oftheboot protecting thetoes--------43--=-«
from cold. f Garment for protecting the foot.
 international space station
Complex made up of some 10 modules in orbit around Earth; built and assembled by 15 countries, it is used to conduct scientific and technological research. in a
nearly weightless environment.
general view

mating adaptor
Connector on which the space shuttle orbiter
docks during most of the station's supply and
assembly missions.

U.S. experiment module

Designed to carry out scientific
ASTRONOMY activities, particularly in the life
sciences and in physics.
truss structure 7
Truss frame attached to the U.S. European experiment module
laboratory. Designed to conduct research in
\ the life and materials sciences,
in physics and in numerous other
technologies.

U.S. habitation module

Designed to provide living space as well as
supplemental power and data storage.

Russian module -*"

Generates the station's electrical
energy using photovoltaic cells.

Soyuz crew return vehicle

Space vehicle used to return the crew to earth
in case of emergency.
Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)
Vehicle for resupplying the Space Station.
 international space station

photovoltaic arrays
Japanese experiment module Panels that supply power to the
Designed to conduct research in Station by transforming the Sun's
the life sciences and in the science light into electrical current. -.
of matter; also equipped with a
platform for outside experiments.

AWONOU
remote manipulator system
Mechanical arm designed to
conduct scientific experiments on
the Japanese platform.

mobile remote servicer

Base that supports the arm and allows it to move
about the structure.

radiators
te. Corrugated panels ensuring heat
evacuation from the station. ;
cross section of the Japanese
experimental module
Designed to conduct research in the life sciences
and in the science of matter; also equipped with a
platform for outside experiments.

remote manipulator system

Articulated arm for manipulating
heavy loads and carrying out
Experiment Logistics Module — Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) various
sein maintenance and assembly
Smaller chamber containing various materials for research and experimentation.

Exposed Facility (EF)

Section directly exposed to empty space,
used to carry out various scientific
experiments.

Pressurized Module (PM)

Chamber in which the air pressure airlock-”
is maintained at level allowing —_Airtight passageway between two P|
scientists to work without sections, ul
respiratory protection.

Inter-Orbit Communication System (ICS) Experiment Logistics Module — Exposed

Instruments allowing for communication between the Facility (ELM-EF)
Space Station and Earth. Installation for the storage of scientific material,
maintenance equipment and various reserves,
 spaceship
Crewed space vehicle, reusable or not, used to transport humans into space. It is also equipped with instruments relaying data and images.

space shuitle at takeoff

On takeoff, the space shuttle is made up of an
orbiter, two rockets and an external fuel tank.

external fuel tank

ASTRONOMY Contains the liquid fuel (oxygen and hydrogen)
that supplies the three engines of the orbiter
tail.

booster parachute
Slows the rocket's fall after it separates from the
space shuttle some two minutes after takeoff.

solid rocket booster

Solid-fuel thruster that provides most of the lift
during the first few minutes of flight, after which
.--it separates.

orbiter
The only part of the shuttle to fly in orbit;
transports 13 tons of material and five to
seven astronauts. remote manipulator system
Mechanical arm used to handle and move
shuttle cargo.
nozzle
The end portion of a rocket from which
combustion gases escape, thereby creating
_--the thrust needed to propel the craft.

<

communication tunnel
Corridor that allows the astronauts
to go from the orbiter crew a
compartment to the laboratory.
launch pad cargo bay
Structure containing all the equipment Shuttle compartment that stores various
necessary for the preparation and launch types of cargo, depending on the mission
of a space shuttle. (satellite, probe, laboratory, telescope). - .

flight deck
Forward section of the orbiter
housing the crew, flight-control
equipment and monitor. -.__

surface insulation
Protects against heat so that the orbiter does
not burn up on re-entry into the atmosphere.-..__ ;

attitude control thrusters

Small rocket engines that direct the orbiter to the desired position.

heat shield
Protects the orbiter nose from heat caused by friction
when the vehicle enters the atmosphere; coveredwith o6§6=*S*S=S<S
carbon fiber, it can withstand temperatures over 2,900°F.

tile
Covering 70% of the orbiter, the
tiles protect it from heat on re-entry
into the atmosphere.
side hatch cargo bay door
Door allowing the crew to embark and Remains open in orbit so as to expose the
disembark before the launch and after content of the cargo bay to space.
the return to Earth.
 spaceship

orbiter
The only part of the shuttle to fly in orbit; can transport 13 tons
of material and five to seven astronauts.

AWONO
scientific air lock
Door making it possible to expose equipment to the space
vacuum
observation window
Window that makes it possible to
see outside the orbiter.
‘rudder
} ; scientific instruments ~., Mobile vertical part that allows the
hatch : : Varying for each mission, they make it possible, orbiter to set its direction when
Opening that provides access to ' ; for example, to study meteorological conditions, landing.
the communications tunnel. pollution and cosmic radiation.

main engine
Each of the orbiter's three tail engines
used during takeoff; these only
function for the first 8 min. of flight.

maneuvering engine
Used to place the vehicle in orbit, to provide
thrust in case the orbit changes and to take
the vehicle out of orbit

~-tank
Contains fuel for the maneuvering engines
and the directional control thrusters.

body flap
--Part serving as a thermal shield for the motors
during re-entry into the atmosphere.

elevon
Each of the two ailerons controls
_ pitching during landing.

AES TOUGH ONO Se Ra ra 4

OG in
te
a cs

spacelab MA
Area where scientific experiments RG lee, :
\ on weightlessness are carried out. H OE inci lana ae
radiator panel
wing
Discharges into space the heat produced
Horizontal surface acted on by aerodynamic
by the functioning of onboard equipment.
forces that keep the orbiter aloft in the
atmosphere.
 spaceship
examples of spaceships

>
= docking assembly
ie) Electronic device that guides ships
a
{e) as it docks with the Space Station.
a
ke

no
<x

orbital module
Section of the ship used as living
quarters by the cosmonauts during
space travel. service module
Houses the main propulsion system and supplies- - - -
energy, electricity, water and other provisions.
periscope
Optical instrument used for
observing objects outside of one's
_--field of vision.

descent module
Section of the ship carrying the
Crew on its return to Earth.

instrumentation and propulsion module command module

Section of the ship containing navigation and guidance Section of the craft where the crew
instruments and ship controls as well as the main resided during the mission; one
batteries. astronaut stayed on board during the
Moon landing. Itwas the only section
of the Apollo craft to return to Earth.

lunar module
Inhabited section of the craft; enabled two
men to walk on the Moon and spend a few- - . .
days there before returning to dock with the
Apollo capsule.
service module
Soyuz (1967-) Section of the ship housing the
Crewed Russian spaceship, propulsion system and used
used since the 1960s to carry for storing various provisions,
cosmonauts into orbit, in particular including water.
now to the International Space
Station.

Orion spacecraft: ~~
Section in which the crew will live.
This is the only section that will
return to Earth,

lunar lander Apollo (1961-1975)

----Vehicle used for landing on the Manned craft that enabled six crews to land on
surface of the Moon. the Moon between 1969 and 1972. On July 20,
1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became
the first men to explore another world.

Orion (2015)
American space exploration vessel in
development since 2006. It is meant to
replace the space shuttle in resupplying
the International Space Station.
 space launcher
Rocket that serves to place satellites in Earth's orbit or to send probes into the solar system.

examples of space launchers cross section of a space launcher (Ariane V)

In service since 1996, this European launcher transports
heavy payloads, including the most powerful communications
satellites.

fairing
The tip of the launcher that houses
Ariane IV (1988-2003) and protects the payload.
upper section AWONOU
Rocket of the European Space edie =e Composed of the storable propellant
Agency, replaced in 2003 by upper stage and the payload,
Ariane V, which can handle greater
loads.
satellite
A spacecraft transported by the launcher
and placed in orbit around Earth.-._

payload adaptor
payload Ensures satellite/launcher interface and
Space probe or satellite carried by --is compatible with all satellite platforms.
the launcher.
dual launch structure
--Module used to insert two independent
payloads into orbit.

lower section vehicle equipment bay

. Composed of the main cryogenic stage and .--Houses most of the onboard electronic
} the solid booster stage.
) Soyuz (1966—) equipment and flight-control systems.
Family of Soviet/Russian rockets used since
the 1960s to put commercial and military storable propellant upper stage
satellites as well as crewed spaceships
Upper stage used to propel the payload toward
into orbit.
its final orbit.

Saturn V (1967-1973) |
The most powerful rocket ever built liquid oxygen tank
served to launch the Apollo missions; ~---Oxygen, burned on contact with liquid
the only launcher never to have hydrogen, serves as engine fuel.
failed.
main cryogenic stage
Central body that ensures propulsion | __
after the solid booster stage
Titan IV (1989-2005) separates.
J.S. launcher used in particular to
launch large military satellites.

liquid hydrogen tank

solid booster stage --Hydrogen, burned on contact with liquid
Provides the main thrust during takeoff | __ oxygen, serves as engine fuel.
before separating from the main
cryogenic stage.
solid rocket booster
__Solid-fuel thruster that provides
most of the lift during the first few
minutes of flight, after which it
separates.

rocket engine
Ensures launcher propulsion
--by means of liquid hydrogen
|
1} combustion in contact with liquid
| oxygen.
Delta Il (1989-) nozzle
In service since 1989, this The end portion of a rocket from
| launcher places meteorological and ~--which combustion gases escape,
communications satellites in orbit. thereby creating the thrust needed
to propel the craft.
Sk.
GEOGRAPHY 42
Science that describes and explains the current
physical and human features of the Earth's
surface.

GEOLOGY 66
Science whose subject is the history, structure and
evolution of the terrestrial globe.

METEOROLOGY 79
The science that studies atmospheric phenomena,
with a particular focus on forecasting variations in
weather.

ENVIRONMENT 92
Collective term for the elements that surround a
living organism, some of which contribute directly
to meeting its needs.
 Earth coordinate system
The intersection of two imaginary lines, longitude and latitude, makes it possible to locate a precise point on the Earth's surface.

grid system North Pole

Collective term for the parallels and Point on the Earth's surface at
meridians that form an imaginary grid Arctic Circle
ar western meridian = | We morhernpstierit/ ol WO aks Parallel of latitude 66°34! N: it marks
ota Be eea a hs Imaginary line connecting the poles of rotation, where the meridians the polar zone, where a day ornight
; and perpendicular to the Equator; converge.
; os _-lasts 24 hours during a solstice.
located west of the prime meridian. =
prime meridian
Chosen by convention as the meridian of origin or
prime meridian, its longitude, 0, divides the Eastern
and Western hemispheres. It passes through the
Equator
_.-town of Greenwich, in England.
Imaginary line encircling the Earth
at its greatest circumference and
EARTH perpendicular to the polar axis; its Tropic of Cancer
latitude, 0, serves as a reference Parallel located at 23°26' N
point for calculating other latitudes, latitude (a distance of about
_-- 1,600 mi from the Equator).

Tropic of Capricorn:
Parallel located at 23°26' S latitude (a ‘eastern meridian
distance of about 1,600 mi from the Imaginary line connecting the poles
Equator). and perpendicular to the Equator;
located east of the prime meridian.

parallel-~~
Imaginary circle whose plane is
parallel to the Equator. --Antarctic Circle
i Parallel of latitude at 66°34' S; it
South Pole marks the polar zone, where a day or
Point on the Earth's surface at the night lasts 24 hours during a solstice.
southern extremity of the axis of
rotation, where the meridians converge.

line of latitude line of longitude

Coordinate of a point on the Earth's Coordinate of a point on the Earth's
surface indicating, in degrees, its surface indicating, in degrees, its
distance from the Equator. distance from the prime meridian.
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