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NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
MODULE 1:Philosophical Perspectives of the Self
The philosophers and some Greek mythology are describing the self as synonymous
with the soul, possessed by the soul, and others view the body and soul as one, having
two dimensions: thinking self and physical self. They discuss the self, or the person, as
being half body and half soul, and that the soul becomes a baby that has no knowledge
at all, only thoughts and emotions, which make up the human self. People have a
reason to be born in this world, enabling them to think deeply, including basic biological
needs, whereas spirit or passion drives their actions. The soul and body are intricately
connected, forming a unified whole that gives rise to consciousness. This connection
also fuels a deeper understanding of one's purpose and existence of the human.
MODULE 2:Sociological Perspective: The Self as a Product of Society
The Sociological perspective of the self based of on the assumption that human
behavior is influenced by a group life particularly view of oneself is formed through
interaction with other people groups or social institutions that have impact in our social
life and everyday life provide a pathway to self understanding of who we are and who
you are or what you are in this contemporary societies, According for sociologists such
Mead's and Cooley the self does not depend on biological predisposition rather it's a
product of social interaction sociology as a scientific study of social group and human
relationship generate a new insight into the interconnectedness between the self and
other people sociologists offer's theory to explain how the self emerge as a product of
social experiment by the looking glass self by Charles Horton Cooley and the theory of
social self by George Herbert are fully helpful in understanding how a person view
himself or herself to interact with the social environment or people which include the
family school peer groups and mass media.
The Mead's theory of social self explain the self are two division the eye and the me the
isa subjective element and active side of the self has represent the unique traits of an
individual is a objective element of the self that represent the attitude and demands of
other people and individuals awareness the eye and me are unity to represent the self
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
and develop only with social experiment in which language gesture and object are used
to communicate meaningfully and which may lead him or her to understand the world
from others point of view and create their own role in their world and to perform his or
her own particular role the self continue to change along with his or her social
experiment in other words the word shape a person not the world change you. Mead
have three stage process the preparatory stage 0 to 3 years old children are have daily
interaction in their parents without understanding or they have no sense of self and
children are just preparing for role taking during the play stage to three the five years old
children start to build them as well and they learn to communicate through their
language they have our symbol at the stage the self is developing, in the game stage or
begins the early school year children's understand not only their own social position but
the other people around them they about concern in their behavior attitude viewpoint the
other people demands and the expectation of the society that culture norms and values
that evaluating the oneself is now presented. According Gerry Lanuza the constitution of
the self discuss the relationship the society and the individual the self identity are freely
chosen they are no longer restricted by the traditions this new fall freedom offer infinite
possibilities for the self cultivation problems such as alienation, the individual to freely
work towards self-realization to dissolution of the traditional,values and communities in
modern society has to lead the individual to construct a solid and stable identity in the
modern society to individual welcomes all possibility to, improve themselves and the
society and change the demands of the social context or new information technologies
and globalization.
According to french sociologist Jean Baudrillard the postmodern individual achieves self
identity through the prestige symbol that the individual seek a position in society through
the quality of the symbol, that can afford to consume the postmodern people has
become a instantiable consumers and may never be satisfied in their lives that person
buys an expensive phone that because it useful to communicate but it's prestige symbol
or a desire to buy a new phone so may be a never ending search up prestige or
obsession in the postmodern societies.
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
MODULE 3: An Anthropology Conceptualization of the Self : The Self as
Embedded in Culture
Cultures are a construction of the self. Anthropology emphasizes the interconnection of
biological and cultural aspects of the human experience.Therefore people make sense
of their experiences as a ways of life as self and identity that have different cultures like
language and culture. There are two ways of self in different societies and eccentric and
sociocentric, eccentric are autonomous distinct individuals,Meanwhile sociocentric are
situation or social settings. The the different characteristic among the individuals in their
social identities, the identity toolbox refers to a person identity or she or he choose to
emphasize in constructing a social life like gender age such as personal appearance
and socioeconomic status personal naming a universal practice with numerous cross
cultural variation that established a child birth right and social identity a main is an
important device to individualize a person and legitimate him or her as a member of a
social group one's identity is not inborn something people continuously develop in life
such a birth puberty marriage and having a children's and death. One status or identity
are marked by three phase right of passage separation limitality and incorporation
separation phase people detach in their form identity to another like marriage in
philippines a person transition from one identity to another like a husband and wife
finally in the incorporation phase the change in one status in officially incorporated like
celebration of the wedding or the bride and the groom as husband and wife and write a
passage help a person to adjust from one social dimension of their partner. The self as
embedded in culture the culture as a system of inherited the conception of the people to
communicate perpetuate and develop their knowledge about the attitude towards life in
their experience so or that order in the world can be established considering human
being as cultural they are create the meaning of person behaviors emotions and their
different societies the cultural differences exist when the group of people are have
different meaning the life.
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
MODULE 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF
The psychological theories that influence the way people understand the william james
concept of self the me self and the eye self is divided into categories and i refers to self
know how he or she called the thinking self reflect the soul of a person or the mind
called the pure ego meanwhile the missile is refers to a person personal experience the
further divided into four subcategories the material self, social self and spiritual self, the
materials of individual physical attributes and material possession that contains one soft
image the social self refers a person how are she act in social situation james believe
the people have different social self depending in social situation the spiritual self
refresh the most important part of the self include purpose core values and moral
behavior that the path to understand the spiritual self requires introspection.
By Carl Rogers' soft theory the real and ideal self concept this refers image of oneself
by psychologist carl rogers define asap as a flexible changing perception of personality
identity he suggests the self developed from interaction with significant people and
awareness of one on characteristic human being are always striving for self fullment or
self actualization, the two component of self concept the real self and the ideal self the
result contains of all ideas including the awareness meanwhile the ideal self a person
conception of what one should be or what one aspire to be which is one goal or
ambition in the life.The true self and the full self are self understanding and adolescence
and coping with different subconscious among adolescence true self and false self the
function of the faucet is high to protect the true self for instances adolescence are more
likely to show their false of during dating situation and are likely to show their true self
when there are in their family close friends and other word adolescence display a post
safety and press others to develop different soft in various relational context.The self as
proactive and agentic according Albert Bandura, people are not only agents of action
but also self-examiners of their own functioning efficiency beliefs of human agency.
Self-efficacy refers to individual belief she or he is capable of performing a task and will
think in optimistically through self-enhancing the characteristic they have and belief also
to self-regulation, in which the individual controls his or her ability without having to rely
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
on others for help. The self as central archetype central to Carl Jung theory of the self
concept of archetype our universal model after which roles are pattern due suggests the
developed throughout life but it starts show us define form content during adolescence
for June there are four major archetype persona shadow animus or anima and self, the
persona refers to the social role for individuals to present to others the shadow refers to
repress thoughts that socially unacceptable The anima is the feminine side of the male
psyche where the animus is the masculine side of the female psyche, the ego is
individual conscious perception of the self and sigmund freud construction of self and
personality according to sigmund freud the mind is composed of three construct to the
personalities and inform the tree the id ego and superego the id refers the component of
personality characterized by it need to satisfy basic desire the ego refers to the operate
of one reality principle and control the id the superego reverse to the moral judge of one
conduct the id ego and superego are often conflict with each according erik erikson
theory and understanding the self identity formation is usually viewed as a process that
require adolescence to distance themselves from the strong expectation and definition
imposed by parents and other family member to achieve an individual identity must
create a vision of the self that authentic which lead his or her what is the meaning of the
ghost for the future or having a destiny to have a meaningful goal like status symbol
such a state of the art like designer bags clothes and other material possession erikson
theory proposed that have eight psychosocial stage of development of the ego is the
positive force that contribute to identity formation for certain strain and virtue in life such
a hope purpose and will love care and respect each stage has development task that
one need to accomplish to develop successfully during each stage an individual has
also to experience the life crisis which could have negative consequence if not properly
resolved.The 8 psychosocial stage of development are: infant basic trust have a drive
and hope the toddler have self control and willpower the preschooler have direction and
purpose and school ager have a method and competence the adolescence is have the
devotion and fidelity have affiliation and love the middle age production and core the
older adult is renunciation and wisdom. This chapter outlines the psychological theories
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
that influence the people to understand the self deeply and understanding of their self
by integrating the information into their lives by the guide of the psychologist to
understand more the self and make him or her a unique person and this world.
MODULE 5: The Western and Eastern Concepts of Self
The Western notion of the self is described as distinctive, limited, and evolving, marked
by analytical, individualistic, monotheistic, materialistic, and rationalistic frameworks.
This method highlights the distinction between people and prioritizes personal identity,
leading to self-awareness and personal satisfaction. Conversely, Eastern philosophies
such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism promote a relational or cosmic
view of the self, emphasizing that personal identity is linked to a larger reality.
Hinduism's Vedanta expresses the awareness of Atman as identical to Brahman,
whereas Buddhism highlights comprehending the delusion of self to reduce suffering via
the Eightfold Path. Confucianism emphasizes moral development and ethical
connections, while Taoism promotes living in harmony with nature. Every viewpoint
offers distinct insights into identity, mirroring wider cultural perspectives on individuality
compared to interconnectedness, ultimately enhancing our comprehension of the self
through a comparative examination of Eastern and Western philosophies.
MODULE 6: The Physical Self
The physical self encompasses the body, with both external and internal components
essential for functions like breathing, walking, and eating. Aging affects these
capabilities, with physical efficiency peaking in early adulthood and declining into middle
age. Development stages, as outlined by Elizabeth Bergner Hurlock, range from
prenatal to late adulthood. Puberty marks significant physical changes that impact
individuals’ behavior and body image, often leading to dissatisfaction influenced by
heredity and environmental factors such as nutrition and disease. Physiognomy
suggests that physical traits reflect personality, while William Sheldon categorized body
types into endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic, each associated with distinct
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
characteristics. Body image relates to self-perception influenced by social and cultural
factors, especially pronounced during adolescence, often leading to attempts to alter
appearance via diet, exercise, or cosmetic surgery. These changes, while aimed at
enhancing body image, can pose health risks, underlining the importance of a balanced
understanding of physical development and self-acceptance.
Iba't ibang kultura ang may kanya-kanyang depinisyon at pananaw tungkol sa
kagandahan. Madalas sabihin na ang kagandahan ay nasa mata ng tumitingin. Ang
katotohanan na maraming Filipina ang nagwagi sa mga pandaigdigang patimpalak sa
kagandahan ay nagpapakita na ang mga kababaihang Pilipino ay itinuturing na
pinaka-maganda sa buong mundo. Madalas na hinuhusgahan ng mga tao ang iba
batay sa kanilang pisikal na anyo, ngunit hindi sapat ang pisikal na hitsura lamang
upang makilala ang isang tao. Mahalaga ang karakter at ang mga saloobin at
damdamin ng isang tao. Ang tunay na kagandahan ay hindi lamang naisip sa panlabas
na anyo kundi pati na rin sa kabutihan at pagkatao ng isang tao. Ang hinahanap natin
ay hindi lamang ang panlabas na anyo kundi ang kabutihan at ang ganda ng kalooban
na nagpapatingkad sa isang tao.
MODULE 7: The Sexual Self
Understanding the self encompasses biological factors influencing sexual behaviors,
including reproductive systems and sexual characteristics differentiating males from
females. Adolescence often brings dating and risk factors like early pregnancy and
STIs, particularly prevalent in the Philippines. The reproductive systems, driven by
hormonal influences, involve physical changes and a four-phase sexual-response cycle:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.During the orgasmic phase, contractions
release semen with sperm. Post-orgasm, the body resets; men lose erections and
testes shrink, while women’s genitalia normalize. Adolescents form changing
relationships, with dating gaining significance. Social exchange theory views attraction
as a balance of rewards and costs. Sexual orientation includes heterosexuality,
homosexuality, bisexuality, and transgender identities, influenced by biological and
environmental factors. STIs spread primarily through sexual contact.HIV/AIDS spreads
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
through body fluids, weakening the immune system and leading to death. Gonorrhea,
caused by bacteria, and syphilis can affect the genital areas, with serious
consequences if untreated. Practicing safe sex or abstinence is crucial to prevent STIs
and avoid teenage pregnancy. The RH Law in the Philippines promotes contraception,
sexual education, and HIV prevention.
MODULE 8: The Material Self
William James defines the self as encompassing all possessions an individual claims as
"mine," including body, clothing, family, and reputation. The material self reflects
personal identity, shaped by relationships, possessions, and societal status, influencing
one's sense of self and drive for achievement.
Materialism can negatively impact self-identity, leading to issues like compulsive buying
disorder. Influenced by societal ideals, individuals may obsess over possessions,
causing anxiety and insecurity when lacking them. Critical self-reflection before
purchases is crucial, as consumer culture can both fulfill and distort personal values.
MODULE 9: The Spiritual Self
The spiritual self represents the inner essence that connects individuals to the sacred,
the supernatural, and the universe, facilitating a sense of oneness and purpose.
Nurturing this aspect is crucial and develops through interaction with family, schools,
and churches, starting from an early age and continuing throughout life. The term
"spirituality" is derived from the Latin "spiritus," meaning "breath" or "life force," and
implies a quest for the sacred. In early Christianity, spirituality was linked to the
experience of the Holy Spirit, characterized by reverence, faith, and admiration. Worship
practices, including prayer and sacraments, foster a relationship with God, enabling
understanding of divine salvation. While spirituality intersects with religion—structured
systems of ideas about the supernatural it also serves to fulfill social and psychological
needs, helping individuals cope with suffering and uncertainty. Through religious
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
practices, people often find comfort, security, and hope, making spirituality and religion
significant sources of love and emotional support in life.
MODULE 10: The Political Self
The family hierarchy significantly shapes the political self by dictating roles, obligations,
and associated power and status. This chapter begins by defining politics, exploring
political community, socialization, interaction, and citizenship. It emphasizes the political
self's development influenced by family, school, peers, church, and media. Politics is
presented as a social institution for acquiring and exercising power. Aristotle asserts
that politics fosters virtuous citizenship. The political self organizes relevant political
knowledge and embodies citizens' rights, freedoms, and obligations while reflecting
societal ideals and principles.Identity is a crucial aspect of the political self, with
citizenship serving as a foundation for this identity. Citizenship is a core identification
with a nation and connects individuals to the state through laws and policies. From
social and psychological viewpoints, claiming citizenship aligns individuals with others
who identify similarly. Institutions influencing citizenship values include family and
church, as the Philippine Constitution emphasizes parents' duty to educate children in
becoming responsible citizens. Schools also play a vital role in fostering patriotism and
moral values, preparing students for civic engagement.
MODULE 11: The Digital Self
To Filipino youth, the use of digital technology has become part of their "digital self,"
which describes their identity in online interactions on social networking sites. Here,
users typically share personal information such as their name, age, and characteristics.
This sharing can be linked to the desire to gain social approval and acceptance. The
reactions of others significantly influence how a person presents themselves in the
virtual space. Often, individuals edit their photos and showcase their achievements.
However, the desire for recognition comes with risks to safety and mental health, such
as identity theft and cyberbullying. Therefore, everyone should be careful with the
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
information they share. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 has been implemented to protect
individuals from the theft of personal information.
MODULE 12: Learning to be a Better Student
Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists define learning as a lasting change in behavior
or knowledge due to experience. This process fosters personal growth, adaptation to a
changing environment, and occurs throughout life, driven by both direct and indirect
experiences. Learning involves observation and imitation, essential for human survival
as it helps discover new knowledge and technology. In the brain, learning induces
structural and functional plasticity, particularly in the cerebral cortex, which processes
complex information. Neurons transmit impulses through synapses using
neurotransmitters. Although the brain develops over a lifetime, the number of neurons
and synapses generally decreases with age, influencing learning capacity.
MODULE 13: Setting Goals for Success
Motivation influences behavior toward specific goals, defined as conscious objectives
individuals aim to achieve within a given timeframe. According to Locke and Latham
(2006), goals focus attention and enhance performance strategies. Goal achievement
can yield satisfaction and increased motivation, while failure may lead to frustration.
Goals are categorized as short-term (achievable within days to a year) or long-term
(over a year). Needs are classified into physiological (like food and water) and
psychological (such as esteem and belonging). Maslow's hierarchy illustrates that
meeting basic needs leads to higher aspirations like love, esteem, and
self-actualization. Those with a growth mindset view challenges and feedback positively.
MODULE 14: Taking Charge of One’s Health
Stress is a response to events perceived as challenging or threatening to one's
well-being and is influenced by how individuals interpret situations. Stressors can vary
from daily challenges, categorized as eustress (positive adjustments) or distress
NAME : Sabadisto, Angela C. ZGE1108 _ 1CE - 1A
20221110072 December 3, 2024
(negative demands). Urgent demands, like meeting deadlines, pressure individuals,
while frustrations arise from unmet needs or goals, such as failing an exam or financial
hardships. Conflict, requiring choices between options, also contributes to stress; it can
manifest as approach-approach (attractive options), avoidance-avoidance (unpleasant
options), or approach-avoidance (mixed consequences). To cope with stress, people
often employ defense mechanisms, including denial, aggression, or escapism through
behaviors like substance use. Prolonged stress can deteriorate physical health,
impacting organs and possibly leading to mental health issues like depression or
suicidal thoughts. Overall, stress can have profound physical and psychological
implications for individuals.
