AREA OF OPERATION 1 – TASK C

Course Development, Lesson Plans, and

Classroom Training Techniques
Lesson Outline

LESSON OBJECTIVE
LESSON SOURCE(S)
To determine that the student or
instructor understands the teaching Aviation Instructors Handbook
process, can apply that knowledge, FAA-H-8083-9B
manage associated risks,
demonstrate appropriate skills, and
provide effective instruction.
Lesson Outline

LESSON ELEMENTS TIMEFRAME EQUIPMENT/TOOLS

Teaching 25 Minutes
Course of Training approximately Lesson Presentation
Preparation of a Lesson Whiteboard and Markers
Organization of Material Discuss Objectives FAA Sources and References
Training Delivery Methods Present and Review Material
Electronic Learning Student Questions
Instructional Aids and Technologies Conclusion and Quiz
Integrated Flight Instruction
Problem-Based Instruction
Planning Instructional Activity
Lesson Outline

INSTRUCTOR ACTIONS STUDENT ACTIONS COMPLETION STANDARDS

Present Objectives and Standards Participate in Lesson Student or instructor is able to properly
Teach Lesson from Presentation Take Notes select a teaching method, prepare
Ask and Answer Student Questions Ask and Respond to Questions instructional lesson plans that cover
Assign Homework Pass the Post Lesson Quiz aeronautical ground and flight
Check Student’s Post Lesson Quiz knowledge as appropriate to the learner
pilot.
TEACHING
Teaching is to instruct or train. Teachers or instructors have often
completed formal training and adhere to performance standards.

The Teaching Process

The teaching process organizes the material the instructor wishes to present
to the learner and consists of 4 steps (covered throughout this lesson):
1. Preparation
2. Presentation
3. Application
4. Assessment
TEACHING
Essential Teaching Skills

The 4 essential skills that good teachers/instructors have include:

1. People Skills
2. Subject Matter Expertise
3. Management Skills
4. Assessment Skills

People Skills Expertise Management Skills Assessment Skills

Effective instructors relate Effective teachers have a These skills include the Assessment of learning can
well to people. Remember, sincere interest in learning ability to plan, organize, be a complex process.
technical knowledge is and professional growth. lead, and supervise (to be Always be clear with your
useless if you cannot Always stay up-to-date on discussed throughout this learners about the purpose
communicate it effectively your knowledge base and lesson). Create well planned of assessments. They can
to a learner pilot. Ensure practical skills. lessons and use your time- be accomplished: before,
that you also actively listen management wisely. during, or after trainings.
to your learners.
COURSE OF TRAINING
Course of Training

In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies

leading to attainment of a specific goal. In other words, ground
and flight school lessons that lead to the achievement of a pilot
license, rating, or endorsement.

Training Syllabus

A syllabus is a summary or outline of an individual course of study

that generally contains multiple lessons. It is crucial to the success
and motivation of the learner that the flight instructor follow a
detailed training syllabus and keep the learner informed of their
progress and upcoming activities (lessons).
PREPARATION OF A LESSON
A determination of objectives and standards precedes instruction. For the
aviation instructor, the objectives listed in the syllabus are the starting point.

Performance Based Decision Based

These types of objectives define These types of objectives rely on a

exactly what needs to be done and more dynamic training
how it is done during each lesson. environment and are ideally suited
to scenario-based trainings.

Example Example

The performance of steep turns or other Student’s make decisions based on

flight maneuvers scenarios given by the instructor
PREPARATION OF A LESSON
How can you keep your student’s attention? By following a lesson plan
guideline and using the elements seen below.

Before the Lesson During the Lesson After the Lesson

• Decide on the topic. • Grab student’s attention. • Plan an ending.

• Determine the amount of time. • Maintain eye contact. • Summarize the main points.
• Write an outline. • Make learning goals. • Have a final task for students.
• Develop a flow. • Plan an activity for students. • Leave time for questions.
• Avoid overloading students. • Progress smoothly through. • Treat students with courtesy.
• Rehearse the lesson. • Use time efficiently. • Create accountability.
• Think about delivery. • Use multimedia in teaching. • Provide additional study
• Create a welcoming • Break up the lesson with tasks. resources.
atmosphere. • Move around during the lesson. • Encourage students to keep up.
• Be available before class. • Give the students time to • Be available to students.
• Set a positive tone for learning. answer your questions. • Critique your lesson.
ORGANIZATION OF MATERIAL
After determining objectives and standards, the instructor formulates a plan
of action to lead and teach the students through the lesson plan.

Lesson Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. There are 3 main
areas to focus on when creating your lesson introduction.

Attention Motivation Overview

The purpose of this Student’s need to feel Every lesson should contain
element is to focus your motivated to learn. In other an overview that tells the
student’s attention to the words they want to know group or student what will
lesson material. You may that what they are learning be covered (generally) in the
start by telling a story or a is important and will serve lesson you are about to
joke or showing a video to them in real life scenarios present. It should be a clear
the class. and situations. and concise road map.
ORGANIZATION OF MATERIAL
After determining objectives and standards, the instructor formulates a plan
of action to lead and teach the students through the lesson plan.

Lesson Development

This is the main part of the lesson. Here the instructor develops the subject
matter in a manner that helps students achieve the desired outcome.

Past to Present Simple to Complex Known to Unknown Most to Least Used

In this pattern, lesson In this organization pattern, With this technique an This organization flow is
elements are organized and lesson elements are instructor begins a lesson when the instructor begins
arranged in chronological organized and arranged reviewing things a student by teaching the most
order. starting with the most already knows and guides commonly used items and
simple elements first and them into new, unknown flows into elements that are
leading into more complex topics and elements. not used as frequently.
elements.
ORGANIZATION OF MATERIAL
After determining objectives and standards, the instructor formulates a plan
of action to lead and teach the students through the lesson plan.

Lesson Conclusion

An effective conclusion retraces the important elements of the lesson and

relates them to the objectives. New ideas should not be introduced in the
conclusion as this can confuse students.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Lecture Method

Pros Cons
In the lecture method, the instructor delivers
knowledge via lectures to learners who are
• Good for introducing new mostly silent participants. • Not good for attention to
topics. detail.
• Good for teaching large class • Not good for individualized
sizes. teaching.
• Can be easily combined with • Not good for finding out how
other training delivery much students understand.
methods.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Discussion Method

Pros Cons
This method modifies the pure lecture form
by beginning with a lecture and then having
• Good for introducing new a discussion to involve the learner. • Not good for large class
topics. sizes.
• Good for teaching smaller • Not good for mobility (all
class sizes. students must be in
• Good for learner involvement attendance simultaneously).
and participation. • Learners should be
• Encourages active listening monitored to ensure they are
and thinking skills in learners. not discussing incorrect
information.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Guided Discussion Method

Pros Cons
When students have a background in the
topic being taught, instructors can lead
• Good for individualized students through a discussion by asking a • Not good for introducing new
teaching. series of questions. ideas.
• Good for knowing how much • Students must have some
a student understands. foreknowledge of the subject
• Good for scenario-based matter prior to the lesson.
trainings.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Cooperative Learning

Pros Cons
This organizes learners into small groups
that can work together to solve problems,
• Good for scenario-based answer questions, and maximize • Not good for mobility (all
trainings. understanding. students must be in
• Learners tend to have better attendance simultaneously).
test scores, higher self- • Learners should be
esteem, improved social monitored to ensure they are
skills, and greater not discussing incorrect
comprehension of the topics information.
when learning this way.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Demonstration-Performance

Pros Cons
This is when an instructor demonstrates a
mental or physical skill and then the student
• Good for demonstration. attempts to reproduce that same skill in an • Not good for mobility and
• Good for introducing skills in effective manner. versatility.
flying maneuvers. • Not good for teaching
• Good for monitoring student multiple students or larger
performance. class sizes.
• Good for individualized
teaching.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Drill and Practice Method

Pros Cons
This is when an instructor has a student
practice the same skill or skill set in a
• Good for demonstration. repeated manner. Practice makes perfect! • Not good for mobility and
• Good for introducing skills in versatility.
flying maneuvers. • Not good for teaching
• Good for monitoring student multiple students or larger
performance. class sizes.
• Good for individualized
teaching.
TRAINING DELIVERY METHODS
There are multiple ways to deliver lessons. Each with their pros and cons.

Computer Assisted Method

Pros Cons
This is when students are able to study
multimedia (videos, pictures, diagrams,
• Good for mobility and audiobooks, podcasts, etc.) on a personal • Not good for knowing what a
versatility. computer or via the internet (e-learning). student understands or
• Good for introducing new seeing their progression.
topics and elements. • Can be difficult to
• Students can study at their individualize the lesson to a
own pace. particular student.
• Students can review
elements and topics.
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
Instructional aids can be extremely helpful in teaching students. They help
student to visualize and create a deeper understanding of the topic.

Instructional Aid Examples Guidelines for Use

• Whiteboard and Markers • Clearly establish the lesson objective.

• Supplemental Printed Material • Gather the necessary data by researching
• Mock Ups and Models for support material.
• Toy Airplanes • Organize the material into an outline or
• Flight Simulators lesson plan.
• Videos, Diagrams, and other Multimedia • Select the ideas to be supported with the
instructional aids.
INTEGRATED INSTRUCTION
Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which learners are taught to perform flight maneuvers
both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments.

Using It Effectively

For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of

instrument references should begin the first time each new
maneuver is introduced. No distinction in the pilot’s operation
of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether
outside references or instrument indications are used for the
performance of the maneuver.
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
Scenario based training is training that resembles real world experiences
and scenarios in various types of environments and settings.

What Makes a Good Scenario?

A good scenario:
1. Has a clear set of objectives.
2. Is tailored to the needs of the student.
3. Capitalizes on the nuances of the local environment.
BUILDING BLOCKS
The job of an aviation instructor is to transfer knowledge. Instructors help students meet and exceed
established standards and measure the student’s performance against those standards.

Building Blocks of Learning

After the overall training objectives have been established, the

next step is the identification of the blocks of learning which
constitute the necessary parts of the total objective. Just as
in building a pyramid, some blocks are submerged in
the structure and never appear on the surface, but each is an
integral and necessary part of the structure. Thus, the various
blocks are not isolated subjects, but essential parts of the
whole. While determining the overall training objectives is a
necessary first step in the planning process, early
identification of the foundation blocks of learning is also
essential.
TRAINING SYLLABUS
Instructors need a practical guide to help them make sure the training is accomplished in a logical sequence. A
well organized, comprehensive syllabus can fulfill these needs.

Format and Content Ground School

The format and organization of the syllabus may vary, but it

Flight Lesson
always should be in the form of an abstract or digest of the
Narrative
course of training. It should contain blocks of learning to be And Tasks
completed in the most efficient order. Since a syllabus is
intended to be a summary of a course of training, it should
Logbook Remarks
be fairly brief, yet comprehensive enough to cover
essential information. This information is usually presented in
Nightly Homework
an outline format with lesson-by-lesson coverage. Some
syllabi include tables to show recommended training time for
each lesson, as well as the overall minimum time
requirements.
TRAINING SYLLABUS
Instructors need a practical guide to help them make sure the training is accomplished in a logical sequence. A
well organized, comprehensive syllabus can fulfill these needs.

Using the Syllabus Ground School

Any practical training syllabus needs to be flexible and should

Flight Lesson
be used primarily as a guide. Under 14 CFR part 61, the order
Narrative
of training can and should be altered to suit the progress of And Tasks
the learner and the demands of special circumstances.When
departing from the order prescribed by the syllabus,
Logbook Remarks
however, it is the responsibility of the instructor to consider
how the relationships of the blocks of learning are affected.
Nightly Homework
LESSON PLANS
A lesson plan is an organized outline for a single instructional period. It is a necessary guide for the instructor
because it tells what to do, in what order to do it, and what procedure to use in teaching the material of a lesson.

Purpose of a Lesson Plan

An adequate lesson plan, when properly used, should:

• Assure a wise selection of material and the elimination of
unimportant details.
• Make certain that due consideration is given to each part
of the lesson.
• Aid the instructor in presenting the material in a suitable
sequence for efficient learning.
• Provide an outline of the teaching procedure to be used.
• Serve as a means of relating the lesson to the objectives
of the course of training.
• Promote uniformity of instruction regardless of the
instructor or the date on which the lesson is given.
LESSON PLANS
A lesson plan is an organized outline for a single instructional period. It is a necessary guide for the instructor
because it tells what to do, in what order to do it, and what procedure to use in teaching the material of a lesson.

Unity Content Scope

Each lesson should be a unified Each lesson should contain new Each lesson should be reasonable
segment of instruction. material. in scope.

Practicality Flexibility Instructional Steps

Each lesson should be planned in Degrees of flexibility should be Each lesson should include the
terms of the conditions incorporated according to following elements – preparation,
under which the training is to be student needs. presentation, application, and
conducted. evaluation.
Lesson Summary
In this lesson we discussed the importance of the TAKE LESSON QUIZ
teaching process. We discussed how to prepare
and deliver training lessons, how to organize
training materials, the various delivery methods,
and the use of instructional aids.

CLICK TO TAKE QUIZ

Additional Information
The ACS Knowledge Areas of this Task are covered in the lesson above. We may not have included some of the
Risk Management Topics due to length and organizational purposes. If you would like to add some of that
information to this lesson, we have reference and/or cross-referenced to it below.

Selection of Teaching Method Covered in the lesson above.