Faculty of Computing

CS220: Database Systems

Class: BSCS-14
Lab08: Single Row Functions

Date: April 19th (Makeup class: March 20th ), 2025

Time: 9:00-12:00

Instructor: Ms. Hirra Anwar

Lab Engineer: Sundas Dawood

SUBMITTED BY:NOOR FATIMA

CMS ID:520191

CS-14B

CS220: Database Systems Page 1

 Lab 8: Single Row Functions
Introduction
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a high level query language which has inbuilt operators and
functions for different presentation/manipulation of the data that is retrieved.

Objectives
After performing this lab students should be able to:

1. Design SQL queries to retrieve data using SELECT clause and using logical operators, SQL
operator precedence.
2. Explore and learn various inbuilt single row functions of SQL.

Tools/Software Requirement
 MySQL Community Server
 MySQL Workbench
 Sakila Database

Description
The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

In a table, a column may contain many duplicate values; and sometimes you only want to list
the different (distinct) values.

The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (different) values.

SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;

CS220: Database Systems Page 2

The SQL WHERE Clause

The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified criterion.

SQL WHERE Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
Example
The following SQL statement selects all the customers from the country "Mexico", in the
"Customers" table
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Mexico';

Text Fields vs. Numeric Fields

SQL requires single quotes around text values (most database systems will also allow double
quotes). However, numeric fields should not be enclosed in quotes
Example

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerID=1;

Single Row Functions

What is a function?

A function is similar to an operator in operation. A function is a name that performs a specific task. A
function may or may not take values (arguments) but it always returns a value as the result. If
function takes values then these values are to be given within parentheses after the function name.
The following is the general format of a function.

function [(argument-1, argument-2,...) ]

If the function doesn’t take any value then function name can be used alone and even parentheses are
not required.

Single-row functions return a single result row for every row of a queried table or view. These
functions can appear in select lists, WHERE clauses, START WITH and CONNECT BY clauses, and
HAVING clauses.

CS220: Database Systems Page 3

Arithmetic functions perform take numeric data; date functions take date type data and string
functions take strings. Conversion functions are used to convert the given value from one type to
another. Miscellaneous functions perform operations on any type of data. Group functions are used to
perform operations on the groups created by GROUP BY clause.

Character Functions
Character functions operate on values of dataype CHAR or VARCHAR.

Function Description

CHARACTER_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)

CONCAT Adds two or more expressions together

CONCAT_WS Adds two or more expressions together with a

separator

INSERT Inserts a string within a string at the specified

position and for a certain number of characters

LCASE Converts a string to lower-case

LEFT Extracts a number of characters from a string

(starting from left)

CS220: Database Systems Page 4

LOWER Converts a string to lower-case

LPAD Left-pads a string with another string, to a certain

length

LTRIM Removes leading spaces from a string

MID Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any

position)

POSITION Returns the position of the first occurrence of a

substring in a string

REPEAT Repeats a string as many times as specified

REPLACE Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a

string, with a new substring

REVERSE Reverses a string and returns the result

RIGHT Extracts a number of characters from a string

(starting from right)

RPAD Right-pads a string with another string, to a

certain length

RTRIM Removes trailing spaces from a string

CS220: Database Systems Page 5

SPACE Returns a string of the specified number of space
characters

STRCMP Compares two strings

SUBSTR Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any

position)

SUBSTRING Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any

position)

SUBSTRING_INDEX Returns a substring of a string before a specified

number of delimiter occurs

TRIM Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string

UCASE Converts a string to upper-case

UPPER Converts a string to upper-case

LOWER

Returns a given string in lower case.

select LOWER(first_name)

from actor;

CS220: Database Systems Page 6

UPPER
Returns a given string in UPPER case.

select UPPER(first_name)

from actor;

LENGTH

Returns the length of a given string.

select length(first_name)

from actor;

CONCAT(str1,str2,...)

Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. May have one or more arguments.

SELECT CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

MySQL

CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)

CONCAT_WS() stands for Concatenate With Separator and is a special form of CONCAT(). The
first argument is the separator for the rest of the arguments. The separator is added between the
strings to be concatenated. The separator can be a string, as can the rest of the arguments. If the
separator is NULL, the result is NULL.

SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name','Last Name' );

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| CONCAT_WS(',','First name','Last Name' ) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| First name, Last Name |

CS220: Database Systems Page 7

LPAD(str,len,padstr)

Returns the string str, left-padded with the string padstr to a length of len characters. If str is longer
than len, the return value is shortened to len characters.

SELECT LPAD('hi',4,'??');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| LPAD('hi',4,'??') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| ??hi |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

RPAD(str,len,padstr)

Returns the string str, right-padded with the string padstr to a length of len characters. If str is longer
than len, the return value is shortened to len characters.

SELECT RPAD('hi',5,'?');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| RPAD('hi',5,'?') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| hi??? |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

LTRIM(str)

Returns the string str with leading space characters removed.

SELECT LTRIM(' lecture');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| LTRIM(' lecture') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| lecture |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

CS220: Database Systems Page 8

REPEAT(str,count)

Returns a string consisting of the string str repeated count times. If count is less than 1, returns an
empty string. Returns NULL if str or count are NULL.

SELECT REPEAT('MySQL', 3);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| REPEAT('MySQL', 3) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| MySQLMySQLMySQL |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

RTRIM(str)

Returns the string str with trailing space characters removed.

SELECT RTRIM('barbar ');

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| RTRIM('barbar ') |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| barbar |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

SUBSTRING(str,pos)

SUBSTRING(str FROM pos)

SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)

SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)

The forms without a len argument return a substring from string str starting at position pos. The
forms with a len argument return a substring len characters long from string str, starting at position
pos. The forms that use FROM are standard SQL syntax. It is also possible to use a negative value
for pos. In this case, the beginning of the substring is pos characters from the end of the string, rather
than the beginning. A negative value may be used for pos in any of the forms of this function.
CS220: Database Systems Page 9
SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| SSUBSTRING('Quadratically',5) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| ratically |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| barbar |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6) |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

| ratica |

+---------------------------------------------------------+

MySQL Numeric Functions

Function Description

ABS Returns the absolute value of a number

ACOS Returns the arc cosine of a number

ASIN Returns the arc sine of a number

CS220: Database Systems Page 10

ATAN Returns the arc tangent of one or two numbers

ATAN2 Returns the arc tangent of two numbers

AVG Returns the average value of an expression

CEIL Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a

number

CEILING Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a

number

COS Returns the cosine of a number

COT Returns the cotangent of a number

COUNT Returns the number of records returned by a select

query

DEGREES Converts a value in radians to degrees

DIV Used for integer division

EXP Returns e raised to the power of a specified number

FLOOR Returns the largest integer value that is <= to a

number

CS220: Database Systems Page 11

GREATEST Returns the greatest value of the list of arguments

LEAST Returns the smallest value of the list of arguments

LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number

LOG Returns the natural logarithm of a number, or the

logarithm of a number to a specified base

LOG10 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 10

LOG2 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 2

MAX Returns the maximum value in a set of values

MIN Returns the minimum value in a set of values

MOD Returns the remainder of a number divided by another

number

PI Returns the value of PI

POW Returns the value of a number raised to the power of

another number

POWER Returns the value of a number raised to the power of

another number

CS220: Database Systems Page 12

RADIANS Converts a degree value into radians

RAND Returns a random number

ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal

places

SIGN Returns the sign of a number

SIN Returns the sine of a number

SQRT Returns the square root of a number

SUM Calculates the sum of a set of values

TAN Returns the tangent of a number

TRUNCATE Truncates a number to the specified number of decimal

places

MySQL Date Functions

Function Description

ADDDATE Adds a time/date interval to a date and then

CS220: Database Systems Page 13

 returns the date

ADDTIME Adds a time interval to a time/datetime and then

returns the time/datetime

CURDATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

CURTIME Returns the current time

DATE Extracts the date part from a datetime

expression

DATEDIFF Returns the number of days between two date

values

DATE_ADD Adds a time/date interval to a date and then

returns the date

DATE_FORMAT Formats a date

DATE_SUB Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and

then returns the date

CS220: Database Systems Page 14

DAY Returns the day of the month for a given date

DAYNAME Returns the weekday name for a given date

DAYOFMONTH Returns the day of the month for a given date

DAYOFWEEK Returns the weekday index for a given date

DAYOFYEAR Returns the day of the year for a given date

EXTRACT Extracts a part from a given date

FROM_DAYS Returns a date from a numeric datevalue

HOUR Returns the hour part for a given date

LAST_DAY Extracts the last day of the month for a given

date

LOCALTIME Returns the current date and time

LOCALTIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

MAKEDATE Creates and returns a date based on a year and

a number of days value

MAKETIME Creates and returns a time based on an hour,

CS220: Database Systems Page 15

 minute, and second value

MICROSECOND Returns the microsecond part of a time/datetime

MINUTE Returns the minute part of a time/datetime

MONTH Returns the month part for a given date

MONTHNAME Returns the name of the month for a given date

NOW Returns the current date and time

PERIOD_ADD Adds a specified number of months to a period

PERIOD_DIFF Returns the difference between two periods

QUARTER Returns the quarter of the year for a given date

value

SECOND Returns the seconds part of a time/datetime

SEC_TO_TIME Returns a time value based on the specified

seconds

STR_TO_DATE Returns a date based on a string and a format

SUBDATE Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and

then returns the date

CS220: Database Systems Page 16

SUBTIME Subtracts a time interval from a datetime and
then returns the time/datetime

SYSDATE Returns the current date and time

TIME Extracts the time part from a given

time/datetime

TIME_FORMAT Formats a time by a specified format

TIME_TO_SEC Converts a time value into seconds

TIMEDIFF Returns the difference between two

time/datetime expressions

TIMESTAMP Returns a datetime value based on a date or

datetime value

TO_DAYS Returns the number of days between a date and

date "0000-00-00"

WEEK Returns the week number for a given date

WEEKDAY Returns the weekday number for a given date

WEEKOFYEAR Returns the week number for a given date

YEAR Returns the year part for a given date

CS220: Database Systems Page 17

YEARWEEK Returns the year and week number for a given
date

CS220: Database Systems Page 18

Structure Query Language has been supported with many built-in functions. These functions
facilitate the developers for efficient query designing and retrieving data as per specific
requirement to build required reports.

LAB TASKS

 Consider the given list of functions from different categories, analyze their working
and test them on sakila data.

CS220: Database Systems Page 19

 FUNCTION 1:
LPAD:

INPUT:
SELECT LPAD(last_name, 10, first_name)

from customer;

OUTPUT:

FUNCTION 2:

RTRIM:

INPUT:
SELECT rtrim(city)

from city;

CS220: Database Systems Page 20

 OUTPUT:

FUNCTION3 :

CONCAT:

INPUT:
select concat(first_name,' ',last_name)

from actor;

OUTPUT:

CS220: Database Systems Page 21

Revision Tasks

 Write SQL queries for the following information needs. You should execute your
attempt
and make necessary corrections if needed.

Information needs:
a) Retrieve unique first and last names of actors.
INPUT:

select distinct first_name, last_name

from actor;

OUTPUT:

CS220: Database Systems Page 22

 b) Retrieve all payments over and above $10 made during 14-22 August 2005.
INPUT:

select *
from payment
where amount>10 and payment_date between '2005-08-14' and
'2005-08-22';

OUTPUT:

c) Find all films of more than two and half hour length and not rated PG-13.
INPUT:

select *
from film
where length>'150' and rating <> 'PG-13';

CS220: Database Systems Page 23

 OUTPUT:

d) Find ten lengthiest films featuring “Behind the Scenes”.

INPUT:

select film_id, title, special_features

from film
where special_features like 'Behind the Scenes'
order by film_id
limit 10;

OUTPUT:

e) List id, title, rental rate, and replacement cost of all films below $1 rental value.
Sort the list on descending order of replacement cost.
INPUT:

CS220: Database Systems Page 24

 select film_id, rental_rate , replacement_cost
from film
where rental_rate<1
order by replacement_cost DESC;

OUTPUT:

 Given is the Scenario for ERD: A University contains many Faculties. The Faculties in turn
are divided into several Schools. Each School offers numerous programs and each program
contains many courses. Lecturers can teach many different courses and even the same course
numerous times. Courses can also be taught by many lecturers. A student is enrolled in only
one program but a program can contain many students. Students can be enrolled in many
courses at the same time and the courses have many students enrolled.
NOTE: ERD concepts

Entities (strong and weak entities), attributes (composite, derived, multivalued, key attributes)
Relationships (1:1, 1:M, M:M) with cardinality and modality using crowfoot notation
 SCENARIO 1: UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A university wants to develop a system to manage its academic operations. The system will
store information about students, instructors, courses, and enrollments. Each student has a
unique student ID, name, email, and date of birth, while each instructor has an instructor ID,
name, and department. Students enroll in various courses, and each course is taught by one
instructor. In the enhanced ERD, students are further specialized into undergraduate and
graduate students. Undergraduate students are associated with a specific program and year,
while graduate students have a thesis topic and a supervisor. To simplify management, both

CS220: Database Systems Page 25

 students and instructors are generalized into a common superclass called Person, which
includes shared attributes like name, email, and date of birth.

ENTITIES:
 Student
 Instructor
 Courses

ATTRIBUTES:
ATTRIBUTES OF STUDENT:
 Student_Id(PK)
 Name(Composite attribute)
 Email
 Date of Birth
ATTRIBUTES OF INSTRUCTOR:
 Instructor_id(PK)
 Name(Composite Attribute)
 Email
 Date of Birth
ATTRIBUTES OF COURSES:
 Course_id
 CourseName

RELATIONSHIPS:
 Student-Enrolls in-Courses(M:N)
 Instructor-Takes-Courses(1:M)

ERD:

CS220: Database Systems Page 26

  SCENARIO 3: E-COMMERCE SYSTEM

An e-commerce company is building a platform to manage online shopping activities. The system
tracks customers, products, orders, and payments. Each customer has a unique ID, name, and
email, and can place multiple orders. Products are identified by a product ID, name, and price,
and can appear in multiple orders. Each order includes a date and total amount and is associated
with a payment. In the enhanced ERD, payments are specialized into CreditCardPayments and
PayPalPayments. Credit card payments include card number and expiry date, while PayPal
payments include a PayPal email. Furthermore, both customers and admin users are generalized
under a single User entity with common attributes like name, email, and address.

ERD:

CS220: Database Systems Page 27

Deliverable
Submit a PDF document including the SQL queries to answer above-mentioned information needs as
well as snapshot of their outcome when executed over MySQL using the Workbench.

CS220: Database Systems Page 28

Rubrics
Assessment Does not Meets Exceeds
meet Expectations expectations
expectations
(3/4) (5)
(1/2)
How well the student The student The student has The student has
is able to describe the poorly fair knowledge of in depth
problem and develop
describes the the tool and understanding of
solution using tools
for database problem and describes the the tools and use
design methods problem with appropriate tool
with poor logically to describe logical
understanding developed design methods
of the tool. methods. for databases.

Ethics and Adherence The student does The student partially The student clearly
to Laboratory Safety not demonstrate demonstrates demonstrates
Rules commitment to commitment to commitment to
professional ethics professional ethics by professional ethics by
by following following ethical following ethical
ethical norms norms applicable to norms applicable to
applicable to the the software industry the software industry
software industry such as referencing such as referencing
such as and and
referencing and acknowledgement acknowledgement
acknowledgement while using publicly while using publicly
while using available data/ code. available data/ code.
publicly available Does not disturb the Encourages others to
data/ code. lab environment, maintain lab
Disturbs the lab takes care of safety decorum, and alerts
environment, measures, and is them to follow safety
doesn’t take care punctual. measures.
of safety
measures, and/or
isn’t punctual.

CS220: Database Systems Page 29