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CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
General Introduction
Types of Construction Equipments
Selection of construction equipment
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Introduction
• Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles,
specially designed for executing construction-tasks,
most frequently ones involving earth work operations.
• They are also known as heavy machines, construction
equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
• They usually comprise five equipment systems:
implement, traction, structure, power train, control
and information
Introduction
• It is a common fact that we find a wide
varieties of construction machineries on every
construction site which makes the
construction job easy, safe and quicker.
• Depending on the application construction
machineries are classified in to varies
categories.
i. Earth moving equipment
ii. Construction vehicles
iii. Material handling equipment
iv. Construction equipment
Classification of construction
machineries
A) Earth moving equipment
Excavators
Backhoe
Loader
Bulldozer
Motor grader
Trencher
Motor scraper
Classification of construction
machineries
B) Construction vehicles
Dumpers
Tanker
Tipper
Trucks
C) Material handling equipment
Cranes
Conveyors
Forklifts
Classification of construction
machineries
D) Construction equipment
Tunneling equipment
Concrete mixers
Hot mix plants
Stone crushers
Pavers
Spraying and plastering machines
Heavy duty pumps
Types construction equipment
based on the type of works involved
• Earth works equipments,
Bulldozers, Shovels, Clamshells and Draglines,
Loaders, Graders, Scrappers, Rollers, Drills,
Grouting pumps, Pile driving and Hammers.
• Hauling and Hoisting Equipment's
Tractors, Normal and Dump trucks, Hoists,
Conveyors and Cranes.
• Pumping Equipments
Pumps, Hoses, Pipes, and Compressors.
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Contd.
• Aggregate Production Equipment,
Crushers, Screens, Conveyors, and
Feeders.
• Asphalt Mixing Plant
Aggregate Batchers, Bitumen Emulsifier,
and Mixers.
• Concrete Mixing Plants
Feeders, Mixers, and Silos
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EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
• The equipment which perform excavation,
digging of large quantities of earth, moving
them to distances, placement, compacting,
leveling, dozing, grading, hauling etc., are
called earth moving equipment
• Earth work includes:
Site preparation, excavation, loading, hauling
Embankment construction,
Backfilling, dredging,
Preparing base course,
Sub-base and sub-grade,
Compaction, road surfacing
• All the above works involve the use of a large
number of highly efficient and versatile
equipment.
Historical perspectives
• Until almost the twentieth century, one simple
tool constituted the primary earthmoving
machine: the hand shovel. This tool was the
principal method by which material was either
side cast or elevated to load a conveyance,
usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon
drawn by a draft animal.
• In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or
hoe and head basket—and masses of men—
were used to move earth to build civil works.
Historical perspectives
• Builders have long used the inclined plane,
levers, and pulleys to place solid building
materials, but these labor-saving devices did
not lend themselves to earthmoving, which
required digging, raising, moving, and placing
loose materials.
• The two elements required for mechanized
earthmoving, then as now, were an
independent power source and off-road
mobility, neither of which could be provided by
the technology of that time.
Contd.
• The late eighteenth-century, the
beginnings of the Industrial Revolution,
and the invention of the steam engine
promised a practical mode of power for a
wide range of applications, including
earthmoving.
• The first steam-powered shovel for moving
earth was invented by 25-year-old William
S. Otis of Philadelphia, who built a practical
working machine in 1838.
Contd.
• In 1904, 65 years after the invention of the
steam shovel, another seminal event in the
history of earthmoving equipment
occurred when Benjamin Holt, a Stockton,
California, manufacturer of steam traction
engines and combines, converted one of
his machines into an internal combustion
engine powered but workable track-type
(or crawler) tractor.
Operations involved in construction
of any project
• Excavation
• Digging of large quantities of earth
• Moving them to distances which are sometimes
fairly long
• Placement
• Compacting
• Leveling
• Dozing
• Grading
• Hauling
Selection of Equipment
• The Following are the main points which should be considered in the
process of equipment selection.
1. Suitability for Job Conditions- must meet the requirement of the
work, climate and working conditions
2. Size of the Equipment- it must be able to be used with other
matching units/equipment
3. Standardization- better to have the same type and size of
equipments
4. Availability of Equipment in the market
5. Availability of Spare Parts
6. Multipurpose Equipment's (Versatility)
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Cont…
7. Availability of Know-how- satisfactorily handled by available
operators and mechanics
8. Use in Future projects
9. The Economical Aspects.-cost of unit production must be
minimum
10. Reliability of the Equipment- must be reliable
11. Service Support- service must be available in area of project
12. Operating Requirements- easy to operate
13. Past performance- desirable to enquire about past performance
14. Warranty or guarantee offered by the manufacturer 18
Equipment's
A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump
trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a
dumper for short, is used for transporting materials (such as
dirt, gravel, or demolition waste) for construction as well as
coal.
Graders are commonly used in the construction and
maintenance of dirt and gravel roads. In constructing
paved roads, they prepare a wide flat base course for the
final road surface. Graders are also used to set native soil
or gravel foundation pads to finish grade before the
construction of large buildings.
Loaders make construction tasks easier, and they can also
move materials quickly from one point to another. These
machines are indispensable for activities that generate a lot of
debris, as is the case with excavation. For all these reasons,
they are often used for: Loading and adjustment in
excavations.
Excavators are popular earthmoving vehicles that feature a bucket, arm, rotating
cab and movable tracks. These components provide superior digging power and
mobility, allowing this heavy equipment to perform a variety of functions, from
digging trenches and breaking holes to lifting away waste and excavating mines.
Tractor-pulled scrapers are designed to load, haul, and dump loose materials. The
advantage of tractor- scraper combinations is their versatility. They can be used in a wide
range of material types (including shot rock) and are economical over a wide range of haul
lengths and haul conditions.
A dragline excavator is a heavy-duty excavator used in civil
engineering and surface mining.
A shovel is a tool used for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such
as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore.
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor-
type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations.
A bulldozer or dozer (also called a crawler) is a large, motorized machine
equipped with a metal blade to the front for pushing material: soil, sand, snow,
rubble, or rock during construction work.
Clamshell buckets are excavator attachments designed for material handling
and excavation tasks. They consist of two hinged buckets or jaws that open and
close to grab and lift materials.
Earth Work Equipments
------1. Dump truck
------2. Graders
------3. Loaders
------4. Draglines
------5. Scrapers
------6. Excavators
------7. Shovels
------8. Rollers
H
------9. Clamshells
------10. Dozers
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