BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES-CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

First Semester, A.Y.2023-2024

Course Number: CHEM 20

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CHEMISTRY IN ENGINEERING

What is Chemistry?
The most common definition of chemistry is that “Chemistry is a branch of
science that deals with the study of the structure, composition, and
properties of matter and the changes that matter undergo.” Since
everything on earth is a form of matter, therefore chemistry is the central
science.
Branches of Chemistry:

1. Inorganic Chemistry- study of the elements and their compounds

2. Organic Chemistry- study of carbon and its compounds.
3. Biochemistry- the study of the chemicals of life
4. Analytical chemistry- the study of the compositions of substances
5. Physical chemistry- the study of the laws that describe the behavior
of matter
6. Nuclear chemistry- the study of the atom, nucleus, and particles of
the atom.
7. Applied chemistry- the application of chemistry, industrial
chemistry, geochemistry, etc.
MATTER

- Is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter can be classified
according to composition or according to phase or state
Classification of Matter:

1. Solid- has a definite shape, as well as mass and volume.

2. Liquid- follows the shape of the container it is placed in
3. Gas- A gas has no definite shape or volume
 4. Plasma- consists of highly charged particles with extremely high kinetic
energy.
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate- used to study quantum mechanics on a
macroscopic level.
Changes in Matter:

1. Chemical Change- This will result in the formation of new

compounds.
i.e. Ripening of fruits, Rusting of iron

2. Physical Change- does not result in the formation of new

compounds.
i.e. Boiling water, chopping wood
3. Nuclear Change- refers to the conversion of the nucleus into two or
more nuclei it may be either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
Engineering and Technology
Engineering: is the application of science and mathematics to solve
problems. Engineers figure out how things work and find practical uses for
scientific discoveries. Scientists and inventors often get the credit for innovations
that advance the human condition, but it is engineers who are instrumental in
making those innovations available to the world.

• Civil Engineering: focuses on constructing, designing, and

maintaining physical structures
• Mechanical Engineering: Entails the development and production of
mechanical systems and other devices in motion.
• Electrical Engineering: uses electrical equipment and electronics.
• Chemical Engineering: deals with chemicals. These engineers design
and manufacture materials and products using scientific principles
from chemistry, biology, math, and physics. They may also come up with
innovative processes to use and transform energy.
• Industrial Engineering: which combines engineering with general
business practices to reduce costs, improve quality, and increase
efficiency
• Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ABE): refers to the
application of engineering science and designs to the processes and
systems involved in the sustainable production of safe food, feed,
fiber, timber, and other biological materials.
Chemical Composition:
Structure refers to the manner in which particles are arranged inside an
atom while the electrons or the arrangement of atoms in a compound.
Example:
The atoms of Water form a V-shaped arrangement and not linear.
Composition refers to the identification of both the qualitative and
quantitive nature of various substances.
Example: Water (H20) is composed of 88.89% oxygen and 11.11% Hydrogen.
Properties refer to characteristics of substances that are used in order to
describe or identify them. It can be either be physical of chemical, Example:
Color, size, temperature, mass, density, reactivity
Changes in Matter:

3. Chemical Change- it will result in the formation of new compounds.

i.e. Ripening of fruits, Rusting of iron

4. Physical Change- do not result in the formation of new compounds.

i.e. Boiling of water, chopping of wood
3. Nuclear Change- refers to the conversion of nucleus into two or more nuclei
it may be either nuclear fission of nuclear fusion.
ATOM

- Is the smallest particle in an element that can participate in a chemical

reaction
Fundamental/Subatomic Particles

1. PROTON- positively charged

2. NEUTRON- no charged
3. ELECTRON-negatively charged
PARTICLE SYMBOL CHARGE RELATIVE
MASS
PROTON p+ +1 1.007
0
NEUTRON n 0 1.009
-
ELECTRON e -1 1/1836

STRUCTURES OF ATOM
All atoms have the same structure consisting of a very small NUCLEUS of radius
about 10 –14 m which contains all the protons and neutrons.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL:
Bohr model (Neils Bohr, 1913) - A semi-classical treatment for hydrogen based
on quantization of orbital angular momentum for an electron orbiting a proton,
ala a planetary orbit around the sun. First successful quantum type model for
atoms or molecules; gave credibility to quantum theory.
Atomic Orbitals: A wave function for an electron in an atom. It also describes a
region of space in which there is a high probability of finding the electron.
Quantum Numbers:

1. Principal Quantum Number (n): n = 1, 2, 3, …, 8 . Specifies the energy

of an electron and the size of the orbital (the distance from the nucleus of
the peak in a radial probability distribution plot).

2. Angular Momentum (Secondary, Azimunthal) Quantum Number (l):

l = 0, ..., n-1. Specifies the shape of an orbital with a particular principal
quantum number.

3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml): ml = -l, ..., 0, ..., +l. Specifies the
orientation in space of an orbital of a given energy (n) and shape (l).

4. Spin Quantum Number (ms): ms = +½ or -½. Specifies the orientation

of the spin axis of an electron.
Electronic Configuration of an Atom
The electrons have to be filled in the s, p, d, f in accordance with the following
rule.
1. Aufbau’s principle: The filling of electrons should take place in
accordance with the ascending order of energy of orbitals:

• Lower energy orbital should be filled first and higher energy levels.
• The energy of orbital α(p + l) value it two orbitals have same (n + l)
value, E α n  Ascending order of energy 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,
3d, . . .
2. Pauli’s exclusion principle: No two electrons can have all the four
quantum numbers to be the same or, if two electrons have to placed in an
energy state they should be placed with opposite spies.
3. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: In case of filling degenerate
(same energy) orbitals, all the degenerate orbitals have to be singly filled first
and then only pairing has to happen.
INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIODIC TABLE:

The person whose name is most closely associated with the periodic table
is Dmitri Mendeleev (1836–1907), a Russian chemist.
The horizontal rows in the table are referred to as periods.
The vertical columns are known as groups or families.
• metallic elements – all elements on the left side and in the middle of the
periodic table.
• nonmetallic elements – elements on the periodic table that are divided
by a diagonal steplike line from boron to astatine.
• metalloids – properties of metals and nonmetals.
 where X is the symbol of the element, A is the mass number, and Z is the
atomic number.

Note: No. of Protons=No. of Electrons

Example:
Element Atomic Mass Number Number Number Number
number number of of of of
electrons protons Neutrons particles
Chlorine 17 35 17 17 18 52
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Element: It is the simplest complete chemical substances. It consists of

only one kind of atom. It cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter
either by physical or chemical means.
Example: Nitrogen(N2), Oxygen (O2), Hydrogen(H+)
Compound: It has unique and defined structure and it can either be
pure or impure substance. It consists of two or more different elements
bounded together. It can be broken down into a simpler type by
chemical means only.
Example: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Sucrose(C12H22O11)
Mixture: It is a material that is made up of two more chemical compounds
or substances that do not combine together chemically. It is actually the
physical combination of two or more substances that are able to retain their
identities while they are mixed in form of solutions, suspensions, or colloids. You
can separate them by physical methods.
Examples of Mixtures
• Smog is a mixture of Smoke and Fog.
• Cement is a mixture of Sand, Water and Gravel. 
Sea Water is a mixture of Water and Salt.
Types of Mixtures:
Homogeneous solutions are solutions with uniform composition and properties
throughout the solution.
Example: a cup of coffee, perfume, cough syrup, a solution of salt or sugar in
water etc.
Heterogeneous solutions are solutions with non-uniform composition and
properties throughout the solution.
Example: A solution of oil and water, water and chalk powder and solution of
water and sand etc.
a) Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that
are sufficiently large for sedimentation. It has particles with a diameter greater
than 1000 nm such that the particles are visible to naked eyes. In this type of
mixture, all the components are completely mixed, and all the particles can be
seen under a microscope. Examples: Muddy water, Milk of magnesia, Sand
particles suspended in water

b) Colloid: It is an intermediate between solution and suspension. It has

particles with sizes between 2 and 1000 nanometers. A colloid is easily visible to
the naked eye.

Types of colloidal solution are:

• Aerosols: Solid or liquid mixed with gas; Example: fog (liquid in gas)
• Sols: Solid mixed with liquid; Example: Paint
• Emulsion: Liquid with liquid; Example: oil and water
• Gel: liquid in solid; Example: Fruit jelly
The difference between suspension and colloids are tabulated below.

Suspension Colloid

It is a form of the heterogeneous

It is a form of a homogeneous solution
solution

Particle size greater than 1000 nm Particle size range from 1 and 1000 nm

Particles settle down well Particles do not separate

Can be separated by filtration Cannot be separated by filtration

Opaque Translucent

Easily visible through the naked eye Not visible through the naked eye

SOLUTION: It is a mixture of two or more different types of molecules, each of

which is distributed evenly into the other.
Solution components are:
Solute: is the substance being dissolved; present in less quantity.
Solvent: is the substance doing the dissolving; present in large quantity.