07 Alternative energy sources (solar energy)
always better to use the geothermal water directly if its chemical quality
permits us to do so, otherwise heat exchangers made of resistant
Solar energy
materials will be needed to isolate the geothermal fluid from the
heating fluid in order to avoid corrosion or scaling in the pipes and
radiators. The heat exchangers should be designed in such a way as to 04101399 A computational study on the performance of a
obtain a maximum temperature drop of the geothermal fluid. The solar air-conditioning system with a partitioned storage tank
paper also describes some heating system configurations, the charac- Li, Z. F. and Sumathy, K. Energy, 2003, 28, (15), 1683-1686.
teristics of geothermal heating systems and their automatic control This paper reports the performance of a modified solar powered air-
systems, as well as recommended geothermal field management and conditioning system, which is integrated with a partitioned storage
monitoring systems. The paper also includes a few examples of existing tank. In addition, the effect of two main parameters that influence the
projects to demonstrate what has already been achieved and what could system performance is presented and discussed. The study shows that
be done in the future; some suggestions are also made for new by partitioning the storage tank, the solar cooling effect can be realized
developments and innovations to make geothermal energy more much earlier and could attain a total solar cooling COP of 12% higher
generally attractive and useful worldwide. compared to the conventional whole-tank mode. Simulation results
also indicate that there exists an optimum ratio of storage tank volume
04•01396 Overview of Kizildere Geothermal Power Plant in over collector area.
Turkey
Gokcena, G. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (l), 83-98. 04•01400 An analysis of the Greek photovoltaic market
Achieving sustainable development is a target that is now widely seen Tsoutsos, T. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2004, 8,
as important in worldwide public opinion. In this context, the (l), 49-72.
utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar, geothermal The number of photovoltaic applications has increased slightly over the
and wind energy appears to be one of the most efficient and effective last 10 years in Greece, with a forecasted 40% increase in the annual
ways of achieving this target. Recently, power generation from rate of sales over the next few years, a target similar to the rest of the
geothermal energy has become of big importance in Turkey, which is EU Member States. This article: (i) presents an analysis of the current
located on the Mediterranean sector of the Alpine-Himalayan Tectonic situation on the photovoltaic market in Greece and attempts to
Belt and is among the first seven countries in abundance of geothermal segment this market; (ii) investigates the existing incentives policy, as
resources around the world. The main objective in doing the present well as the crucial barriers for the wide dissemination of the
study is twofold, namely: (a) to investigate Turkey's geothermal energy photovoltaic applications, and (iii) records the market actors' aspects
potential for power generation and (b) to overview the Denizli- and predictions for the future. Furthermore, in order to supply
Kizildere geothermal power plant (DKGPP) with an installed capacity essential information for business development, the current investment
of 20.4 MWe, which is at present the only operating geothermal power and legislative framework is presented.
plant of Turkey. Based on the drilling data, which have been gathered
to date, Turkey's geothermal energy potential for power generation is 04•01401 Catalytic hydrogenation for improvement of
determined to be 764.81 MWe. Electricity generation projections of GaAs/Ge solar cell efficiency
Turkey are also 500 MWe from Germencik, Kizildere, Tuzla and Tyagi, R. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells', 2003, 76, (3),
several of the other fields by the year 2010 and 1000 MWe by 2020. The 257 261.
Denizli-Kizildere geothermal field has an estimated capacity of 200 Hydrogen passivation on MOCVD grown p-GaAs epilayers on Ge
MWe. The DKGPP was put into operation in 1984 and has been substrate have been studied by plasma and catalytic hydrogenation and
operated since then. It produced an electrical energy of 89 597 MWh in the results were compared. The conversion efficiency of the GaAs/Ge
2001, representing an electric power of 10.6 MW~ in the same year. solar cells was found to increase by ~10% after catalytic hydrogenation
Present applications have shown that in Turkey, geothermal energy is a at AM1.5. This increase in efficiency is probably due to passivation of
promising alternative and can make a significant contribution towards surface dangling bonds.
reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. As the public recognizes
the projects, the progress will continue.
04101402 Characterisation of EVA encapsulant material by
thermally stimulated current technique
04101397 The Bad Blumau geothermal project: a low Agroui, K. and Collins, G. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,
temperature, sustainable and environmentally benign power 2003, 80, (i), 33-45.
plant The purpose of this investigation is to better define the thermal
Legmann, H. et al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (4-6), 497-503. behaviour of EVA-based encapsulant during photovoltaic module
The 250 kW geothermal project at Bad Blumau is the first geothermal encapsulation process and also in field exposure in desert climate using
project developed in Austria by the private sector following the the thermally stimulated current (TSC) technique. TSC experiments
deregulation of the electricity industry in this country. What makes the were conducted on E V A in the temperature range from -150°C to
project unique besides its private ownership structure is its ability to 70°C, the measurements were carried out on uncured and cured
generate electrical power and district heating for the Rogner Bad specimens of EVA and on EVA samples especially prepared using the
Blumau Hotel & Spa by using a low temperature geothermal resource. laminator equipment. When performing the measurements with the
Installed in the record time of less than a week, the air-cooled TSC instrument it was noted that the E V A exhibits two peaks assigned
O R M A T ® Energy Converter (OEC) CHP module has been in to dipole relaxation processes. The peak maximum current and the
commercial operation since July 2001. With an annual availability area under the TSC current peak were used for the determination of
exceeding 99%, between October 2001 and December 2002 the plant the glass transition temperature, activation energy and relaxation
delivered 1560 000 kWh to the local grid. The geothermal CHP module frequency. For original EVA, it was found that glass transition
utilizes brine at ~110°C, available from a 3000 m deep production well. temperature at constant polarization voltage and under different
Exiting the OEC unit at a temperature of ~85°C, the brine is then fed polarization temperatures remain unchanged and is located around
into the district heating system, providing heat for the Rogner Bad -38°C. Also, the activation energy has been determined using initial
Blumau Hotel & Spa. The geothermal brine is returned from the rise method to be about 0.32 eV. At gel content of 70%, the cured E V A
district heating system and injected into a 3000 m depth reinjection shows a reduced integrated area under the depolarization peak,
well. The system is a pollution-free, unattended operating power especially for the high temperature. The combined change in TSC
generation module, which has avoided more than 1100 kg of CO2 peak parameters of E V A encapsulant is correlated with the degree of
emissions over its first operating year. curing.
04•01398 The influence of heat exchanger performances on 04/01403 Characterisation of photovoltaic batteries using
the design of indirect geothermal heating system radio element detection: the influence and consequences of
Milanovic, P. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36, (1), 9-14. the electrolyte stratification
Geothermal water can be used for heating objects both by direct or Mattera, F. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 113, (2), 400-407.
indirect systems. Indirect heating system with supplementary heat In photovoltaic applications, electrolyte stratification is a common
source is analysed in this paper, and mathematical model that includes phenomenon, which favours the formation of irreversible lead sulphate
heat transfer in heat exchangers, heat emitting units and heat losses of especially at the bottom of the electrodes. This degradation leads to
object is established. Useful diagrams are also given to illustrate premature capacity losses. In this paper, the influence and the
mathematical model. consequences (in terms of electrodes degradation) of electrolyte
stratification have been studied using experimental cells. Firstly, in
order to measure local current and voltage, an experimental cell has
been realized, consisting of two identical systems with three electrodes
(two negative electrodes and one positive electrode) connected in
parallel and located one above the other in the same battery container.
A cycling procedure that favours acid stratification has been performed
on this experimental cell. After eight cycles, contrasting changes have
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 2004 191
