1. At equilibrium, ‘a. all reactions have ceased. b, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the Ke = (rate of the reverse reaction)x(rate of the forward reaction). the rate constant for the forward reaction equals the rate constant for the reverse reaction. Kc= (rate of the reverse reaction}/(rate of the forward reaction). 2. Atagiven temperature, the equilibrium constant for the following reaction is K= 1.3 x 107 Na(g] + 3Ho(a) & 2NHs(a) Calculate the values of K for the following two reactions: i. 1/2 No{g) + 3/2 Hol(g) = NHs{g) ii, 6 NHa{g) = 3 Na(g) +9 Hala) a O11 45x10? b. 65x10? 3.9 x 107 65x10" 4.3107 d. 0.41, 4.6% 10° e. O41 0.235 3, Ata particular temperature, 4.00 mole of NOCIis placed in a 1.00 L rigid container, and decomposes according to the reaction below. At equilibrium, 3.00 mol of NOCI Is present. Calculate the equilibrium constant K, for this reaction. 2NOCI(g) = 2NO(g) + Cla) 118 v6 29 2 28 4, Consider the reaction, below. If 3.00 moles of NHs, 2.5 moles of Oz and 4.00 moles of H20 are placed in a 1.00 L container (no NO is initially present). If x moles of NHs reacts, what is the equilibrium concentration of HO? 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) = 4 NO(g) + 6H,0(g) a. 6/4x bx 4.00+6x d. 400+ x e. 4.00+3/2x5 If 2.00 mole of HF(g), 0.500 mole of H,(g) and 0.750 mole of F,(g) are mixed in a 1.00 L flask, what is the equilibrium reaction quotient, and the net direction of the reaction? Halg) + F(a) = 2HF(g) Ke = 100 66; the system isin equilibrium. Q= 5,33; the system shifts to the right. 33; the system shifts to the left. Q= 2.66; the system shifts to the left. Q= 10.66; the system shifts tothe right If 1.50 mole CO; and 1.50 mole of H, are placed in a 0.750 L container at 395°C, and were allowed to react according to the reaction below. If Ke .802, what are the concentrations of CO; in the equilibrium mixture? COx{a) + Hola) # CO(g) + H20(9) 0.209 M 0.708 M 0.791 M 0.945 Mm 1,055 M Consider the following reaction: PH,BCl(s) = PHs(g) + BCy(a) Which of the following will shift the reaction to the right to reestablish equilibrium? |. adding more PHs8Cls Il. adding a catalyst increasing the pressure of the system by decreasing the volume Iv, adding BCls v, removing PHs » lit, and. Landi, land. only v. All five The conjugate base of HPO, Is HPO,? Po. HPO, H,PO, ow9. Based on the following data, order the conjugate acids of these five bases from weakest to strongest and indicate which isthe second strongest ‘Ammonia (NHs): Ky= 1.8 10° Aniline (CeHsNH2): 8x10" Ethylamine (CoHsNH.): 6 x 10* Methylamine (CH NH}: 38x10 Pyridine (CsHsN): 710° NH GoHSNH" CoH CHANHS CoH" 10. The following boxes represent aqueous’ solutions that are formed by dissolving an acid (HA) in water, The resulting solutions contain the acid, HA, and its conjugate base, A, In different proportions. Water molecules, OH and H,0" are also present, but are not shown in these pictures. No other ions are present in the solutions, Based on these diagrams, which of the following represents the solution of the strongest acid, and why? ea Oo Ga a. (i) because there are equal numbers of HA and A’ Zoo b. (li) because there are the largest fraction HA. Q SP, . ill) Because there is the largest fraction of A’ nae) d._(iv) because there is only HA present. ee @ | > o POG 11, At 40°C, Ky =2.92x10™. If lad 0.100 mol of NaOH to neutral water at 40 pOH = 1.000. OH Is slightly less than 1.000. POH is slightly larger than 1.000. OH Is 13,000, POH is roughly 13.000. 12, Of the following, how many will form basic solutions: NaF, HF, NHeF, NHaCl and NH, K,(NH,") = 5.6x10; K(HF) = 7.2x10 Only one will be basic 2 3 4 all § will be basic15, The pH of 0.25 M solution of chloroacetic acid is 1.72. Based on this, the K, 14, 15, 16. b, 4, e. for chloroacetic acid is 3.5x10% 6.3x10% Lexo* 72x10" saxo? A solution of 0.750 M sulfurous acid has a pH of 0.98. IF we assume [SO,”}=0, what is [},S0s] in this solution? Ks a 5x10” and K,2=1.0x 107. 0.0113 M 0.0940 M 0.656M 0.738 M 0.750 Calculate the pH of a 0.45 M NaF solution, Ky=7.2 x 10%. 174 5.60 8.40 11.20 12.26 When ammonium chloride is added to aqueous ammonia, the pH of the solution increases. the pH of the solution does not change. the pH of the solution decreases, the value of Ky increases. the equilibrium concentration of aqueous ammonia decreases.UW, CHEM 152C, W16 Table 7.2 Values of K, for Some Common Monoprotic Acids Formula Value of Ky HSO,- 1.2.x 10-2 HClO; Chlorous acid 1.2 x 107 HCH,CIO, Monochloracetic acid 1.35 x 10-9 HF Hydrofluorie acid 72% 104 HNO, Nitrous acid 4.0 x 10-4 HOH:Or Acetic acid 1.8 x 10 [AI(H,0),)°* Hydrated aluminum({Il) ion 14x 10" OCI Hypochlorous acid 3.5 x 10-8 HCN Hydrocyanic acid 6.2 x 10° NH,* Ammonium ion $6 X 10°" HOGHs Phenol 1.6 x 10-1 1A BA u EXTRA INFORMATION 2 H He ss GAS CONSTANT: R= 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K=8.3141/molK | 3A 4A SA 6A 7A |st0x0 2A, 4 || pH= pK, +log({AT/IHAl) ST e]7]e]9}o Bel) Ku = 2.020% at 25°C st | ior ida she [esc nn 12 B 4] is] i6 | 17] 18 Mg av} si| pe | s | ci] ar Laven [240%] 35 ap SB GB TBD SB SB AB ap [24s | ows boone sone | acca] see 19 | 20 | 21] 22] 23] 24] 25] 26] 27] 28 | 29] 30 | a1 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 30 K | ca| se| Ti | V | cr ]mn| Fe | co | Ni | cul zm | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr loons | om | stesso] arse | soous| soap [sapam | sims [snom [otan | cnas | comp [oom | moat [ocone| ase | om | th 37 [3a 39,40 | at | 42 | 43 44 | 4s | a6 | 47 | a8 | 49 | 50] st | 52 | 53 | 54 Rb | sr] y | zr | Nb|Mo| Te | Ru] Rh Pa | Ag| ca] m | sn | sb | Te | 1 | xe esis | soe | ston | soan | saat | soe tha | sa | wee [ie so | ae | am | ive | uree_[oadool_ 5 55 | 56 | 57| 2 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 7 | 78 | 79 | 0 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 cs | Ba] ta} ut | ta | w | Re | os |r | re | Au] mg | tt | eb | Bi | Po | At | Rn 87 | 88 | 89 | 104] 105] 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 - Fr | Ra | Ac Gay | am | an EXAM 1 VERSION A Page 8 of 81. Calculate [H30"] in 2 0.026 M solution of HCN (Ka= 6.2 x 107"), A) 62x 10M B) 26x 10?M ©). 15x 104M D) 40x 106M B) 25x 10°M 2. A 0,38-g sample of solid NaOH (39.997 g mol”) is placed in a 50.0 ml. volumetric flask. The flask is then filled with water to the mark. What is-the pH of the resulting solution? i 3. You are conducting an experiment on the chemical reaction below. At the temperature of your experiment, the Kp for the reaction is $0.0. PCI,(g) = PCh(g) + Cl(g) Ata certain point in your experiment, the partial pressures of the reactants and products are Pro, =5.0 atm, Pag, = 15.0 atm, and 2a, = 20.0 atm. Which of the following statements about this reaction system is TRUE? ‘A) the total pressure of the system will increase B) Pr, will decrease ea D) the system is at equilibrium will increase4. Consider the following diagram of gas-phase reaction where Ke = 17. What can you say about the reaction? ove = ee A) The reaction is not at equilibrium, and is heading towards reactants, B) The reaction is at equilibrium, ©) A decrease in volume will shift the reaction towards products. D) A decrease in the temperature will have no effect on the equilibrium. E)_ The reaction is not at equilibrium, and is heading towards products. 5. What is the equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction? Cu(s) + 2Ag*(ag) = Cu (ag) + 2 Ag(s) . (a ’ a on) B) (ea) ) IM — Is (46. Consider the autoionization of water: 21,00) = H,0*(aq) + OH" (ag) Ata particular temperature, Kw = 1.7 x 10°'8, What is the pH of pure water at this temperature? A) 7.38 B) 6.7 ©) 6.62 D) 6.58 FE) 7.00 8. You have 1.0 M solutions of each of the following weal acids and weak bases: Acid Ky Base Ky HOCL —-2.9x10% NEROH 9.1x10? HCHO: 1.8% 104 CsHN 13x10? Rank the solutions in order of INCREASING pH. A) HOC] < HCHO: < CsHuN < NH:OH B) CsHuN < NEbOH < HOCI < HCHO2 C) NELOH < CsHuN < HCHO: < HOC! D) CsHiN < HCHO: < HOC! < NH2OH E) HCHO, < HOCI < NE2OH < CsHuN 9. At 25°C, the Ks of NHB is 1.8 10%, What is the pH of a 0.25 M NH«CI solution at 25°C? A) 4.93 B) 2.67 © 11.33 D) 4.74 E) 9.07 EXAM 110. You have a buffer solution that is 1.0 M in nitrous acid (FINO2) and 1.0M sodium nitrite (NaNO2). Which diagram below represents the concentrations of the buffer species after 0:1 mol of HCl has been added to 1.0L the bufifer? Assume that the volume of the solution does not change. The Ka for HNOs is 4.5x 10+. A) 12 D) 42 5 os 14 = 5 : as i aa — i g cH = g 00° HNO, NO; B) 12 E) 5 coed 5 Be! i Bo. 8 RT Oo 2 2104 & og 4 : = eae 8 02 i— oo |i 12, 13. ‘The reaction below is occurring in a 10.0-L vessel at 25°C: N,(g) + 3H,(g) = 2.NH3(g) At equilibrium, there are 0.204 mol of Nz, 0.102 mol of H, and 0.409 mol of NHs. ‘What is Kp for the reaction? A) 463x107 B) 773 ©) 1.29 D) 7.73% 104 E) 129 Consider the following equilibrium for which Ke = 115: E(g) + Ha(g) = 2HF(g) Imagine the reaction is started with 2.0 M F2 and 1.0 M Ho (no HF is present initially). Which of the following diagrams best represents the concentration of each species at equilibrium? A) ° molarity: aaa Ee i ry | B) 5 D) molarity Fle ee He Consider the EXOTHERMIC reaction CO(g) + NOxg) = CO2(g) + NO(g) Which of the following would result in an increase in PRODUCT formation? A) Adding NO: to the reaction B) Increasing the volume of the reaction flask C) Increasing the temperature of the reaction D) Removing CO from the reaction E) Two of these14. Which of A-C is is the conjugate base of HsPOs? A) Por B) HPOT © HPO; D) All of these are conjugate bases of HsPOs. 15, A21.2-mL sample of a weak acid was titrated with a 0.215 M solution of KOH. It took 15.5 mL of the KOH solution to reach the equivalence point in the titration. What is the concentration of the original acid solution? The Ke of the acid is 2.0% 10°. A) 0215M B) 0.157M. C) 0.00333 M D) 0.00207M BE) 0.0906 M 16. A buffer solution is 0.650 M in NaOCl and 0.750 M in HOCI. The Ka of HOCI is 2.910, What is the pH of the buffer? A) 7.54 B) 7.48 Cc) 7.60 D) 3.84 E) 0.12 17. A sample of solid NH4NOs was placed in an evacuated container. When heated, about ‘two thirds of the NHiNOs decomposed according to the following reaetior NHINOs() —* N20(¢) + 2F20(8) At equilibrium, the total pressure in the container was found to be 2.05 atm at a temperature of 500°C. Calculate Ki. A) 187 B) 0.93 ©) 1.28 D) 2.05 B) 4.2018. Which of statements A through D is ALWAYS true for a reaction with Ke >> 1? A) equilibrium favors products B) equilibrium will be achieved rapidly C) equilibrium favors reactants D) equilibrium will be achieved slowly E) Two of statements A-D are true. 19, Which of the following salts will produce a basic solution when dissolved in water? | A) NaNO> 1 | B) KC C) NaClOs D) NHiNO3 BE) KHSOs 20. The gas-phase reaction 2COR(g) = CO,(g) + CR(g) has Kp= 4.0 at 1000°C. In a certain experiment, 0.80 atm of COF2 is placed in an empty container at 1000°C and allowed to react until the system reaches equilibrium. What is the equilibrium partial pressure of COs? A) 1.60 atm B) 1.79atm | ©) 0.36 atm D) 0.53 atm E) 0.32atm1. What is the hydroxide concentration of a pH 5.2 solution? A) 10x107M B) 63x10°M ©) 1.6 x10°M D) 32x10°M | B) 32x10°M | 2. Which of the following is true for a system whose equilibrium constant is relatively small (K< 0,04 0.0001)? ‘A) It will take a long time to reach equilibrium. B) The equilibrium lies to the right (products). C) It will take a short time to reach equilibrium, D) The equilibrium lies to the left (reactants). E) Two of these. 3. Consider the following reaction for which Ke = 2.0% 10" at 25°C: 200,(g) = 2C0(g) + 0,8) 1f 0.100 atm of CO2(g) is present initially, what will be the pressure of O2(g) at equilibrium? A) 7.9% 10% atm B) 16x 107 atm ©) 14x10? atm D) 23x 107 atm B) 46x 107 atm 4, ‘The reaction Ha(g) + h(g) = * 2H) has Kp = 45.9 at 763 K. In a particular equilibrium mixture, 2, = 4.30 atm, and Fy, = 0.215 atm. What is the partial pressure of Ia at equilibrium? A) [Link] B) 0.871 atm ©) 0.436 atm D) 0.215 atm E) 187 atm5. Ata particular temperature, the auto-ionization constant of water, Ky, is 2.8 x 10°. ‘What is the pH of pure water at this temperature? A) B) 2 D) E) 6.55 6.33 7.00 6.72 7.28 6. For formic acid, HCOOH, Ka= 1.8 x 10, Calculate the pH of 0.21 MHCOOH. A) B) ° D) E) 5.10 3.74 2.21 | 0.68 3.07 | 7. A sample of solid NHiNO3 was placed in an evacuated container. When heated, about half of the NHANOs decomposed according to the following reaction: NHiNOWs) =* N2O~) + 2 H2O(g) At equilibrium, the total pressure in the container was found to be 2.19 atm at a temperature of 500°C, Calculate K5, A) 2.19 B) 1.07 ©) 1.56 D) 4.80 EB) 2139. For a certain reaction at 25.0°C, the value of K is 1.2 x 10°, At 50.0°C the value of Kis 3.4.x 10", This means that the reaction is A) We need more information. B) unaffected by temperature C) exothermic D) endothermic 11. What is the pH of a 0.100 M solution of NaClO? For HCIO, Ke A) 4.26 B) 10.26 ©) 9.74 D) 3.74 E) 7.00 The equilbrium constant increases with increasing temperature, so products become more favored as temperature increases. Therefore, the reaction must be endothermic, 0 x 10°, 15. Th i hhe pH of a 2.1 x 10° M solution of a weak base is 9.87, Calculate Ke for this base, A) 26x 106 B) 12x 104 ©) 87x 1078 D) 64x 10%librium for which Ke = 115: 16. Consider the following eq E() + H(g) @ 2HF(g) Imagine the reaction is started with 2.0 M Fa and 1.0 M He (no HF is present initially). Which of the following diagrams best represents the concentration of each species at equilibrium? yk Oo oL z € e| £ a a FE Hy ‘HF F, H, HF B) | D) | 2| z a, e| A a A rd FH, HF 17. The gas-phase reaction CO(g) + H0(g) = CO,(g) + H,(g) has Kp= 31.4 at 588 K, In a certain experiment, 0.30 atm of CO and 0,30 atm of HzO are combined in an evacuated container at $88 K and allowed to react until the system reaches equilibrium. What is the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2? A) 0.15 atm B) 0.29 atm , { ©) 1.68 atm D) 3.07 atm E) 0.25 atm 18. The value of Kp for the reaction Ha(g) + O2(g) —=* H20x(g) is 2.3 x 108 at 580 K. Determine the value for Ke for this reaction at 580 K. A) L1x 10% B) 4.8% 10" ©) 43107 D) 11x 10° E) 23x 10620. Consider the following diagram of a schematic reaction where Ke~ 0.020. What can you say about the reaction? + 6 ee ove 5 hd 2 0.172 0.000 (4) ove ; => reaction is proceeding towards reactants ee ee =. ove ee A) An increase in temperature will shift the reaction towards products. B) A decrease in volume will shift the reaction towards reactants, C) The reaction is at equilibrium. D) The reaction is not at equilibrium, and is heading towards products. E) The reaction is not at equilibrium, and is heading towards reactants.