A STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

BY REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AND FINE

AGGREGETE WITH STEEL SLAG AND QUARRY DUST
MARUTLA VASEEMA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, vaseema2019@[Link]
NALLAJENNU SRAVANKUMARREDDY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, nsravan@[Link]
ARAVETI PEDIRAJU, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, peddiraju2920@[Link]
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Technology,
N.H 44, Hampapuram, Rapthadu, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh 515722

ABSTRACT
As time went on, people kept looking for ways to make concrete that could withstand more and more
abuse, hoping to find a solution that would work. The origins of high strength concrete (HSC) may be
traced back around 35 years. The development of water-reducing admixtures in the late 1960s paved
the way for high strength precast products, and structural components in beams were produced in situ
using HSC. Concrete grades M60 to M120 are routinely utilised when technology has matured. Under
controlled laboratory circumstances, concrete with a Mohs hardness of 200 and higher is feasible. High
strength concretes are defined in an evolving way. High strength concrete was defined at 34 N/mm²in
the 1950s, and by the 1960s, compressive strengths of 52 N/mm²in were being utilised commercially.
Recent years have seen the application of cast-in-place structures with compressive strengths close to
138N⁄mm2. The advent of pre-stressed concrete technology has provided a reason to produce highly-
strengthened concrete. Bridges that are pre-stressed using concrete with a strength ranging from
35N/mm² to 45N/mm² are constructed in India using high strength concrete. One of the flyovers in
Mumbai is now using concrete with a strength of 75 N⁄mm2. The Kaiga power project's containment
dome was built using High Strength Concrete (HSC) with silica fume as one of its constituents; the
strength of this concrete was 60MPa.
The gas, oil, nuclear, and power sectors are only a few of the many global users of high strength
concrete (HSC). Greater structural performance, environmental friendliness, and energy conservation
are driving the ever-increasing use of such concrete. Not only are these concretes often in danger of
fire, but they are also subjected to extreme heat and pressure for long periods of time.
Using 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% fly ash as admixtures per weight of cement, with a constant amount of
0.5% steel hook fibres added per volume of concrete, this study examined the effects of various
admixtures on the resistance, workability, durability, and compressive strength of concrete, as well as
their combined effects.
Important Terms: High Strength Concrete, Workability, Longevity, and Compressive Strength.
INTRODUCTION
impact. The lack of virgin aggregates, such as dirt and rubble, is especially acute in the alluvial plain
region.
The unparalleled quality of being formed in any desired shape makes concrete the most extensively
used man-made building material worldwide. The current infrastructure demands a material that is both
strong and long-lasting, and this material has quickly become the material of choice. Worldwide,
annual concrete use is close to five billion metric tonnes, which accounts for 25–30% of national
budgets. Due to its massive use in current building methods and the fact that per capita consumption
has reached over 2 kg, it is also an unavoidable substance in human existence. It was a wise choice for
India to invest in 21st-century infrastructure including fast highways, airports, ports, power plants, and
tourist attractions. Concrete is essential in the modern construction industry since it is used in every
part of building. Because of its many desirable qualities, including strength and longevity, concrete has
been the material of choice for all new infrastructure projects. There is a significant economic impact
from the ongoing depletion of natural resources and the energy needed to process them. However, there
is a way to recycle these particles and put them to use in new structural applications while reducing this
impact.
A wide range of concrete additives may be used to alter the material's characteristics, making it suitable
for a wide range of applications. Following India's independence, it saw extensive use in the country's
infrastructure development. In order to achieve the goals of radiation attenuation and resistance to
heavy machines, it is necessary to increase the mass of concrete per unit of area. This is because these
properties are density dependent and are unaffected by the kind of material used. The tensile strength
of concrete is negligible compared to its compressive strength, which is very significant. Because of
this, it is common practice to strengthen it with materials that are robust under stress, such as steel. The
freezing of stored water is one of numerous processes that may harm concrete. Another is the
permeability of the concrete composition. In order to counteract concrete's harm, high-quality
components must be employed in its mix. Concrete is the material of choice this century, but its
constituents are running low owing to its extensive use. As a result, producing high-quality concrete is
challenging owing to a lack of available resources; one possible solution is to recycle, reuse, or replace
the materials used. One of the better possibilities is recycling, and research on recovered aggregates has
already begun. The various components used to make concrete have strengths that are transferred to the
final concrete composite. Although recycled aggregates and other secondary materials may not initially
provide a large amount of aggregate, their usage in high-demand applications might significantly cut
down on the amount of natural aggregate needed by the building sector. Secondary materials may not
be able to solve the resultant aggregate shortage entirely, but they may help make it more manageable.
1.5.1 Goals
The primary goals of this study are:  to investigate the aggregate characteristics of ceramic debris.
In order to evaluate ceramic aggregate's qualities in comparison to those of natural aggregate.
Investigating the potential use of ceramic waste aggregate in concrete.
To investigate how acid affects ceramic aggregate concrete while it is still fresh. - To investigate how
acid affects ceramic aggregate concrete after it has hardened.
MATHEMATICAL QUALITIES
3.1 INTRODUCTION Cement, when combined with water, bonds fine and coarse particles together to
form concrete, an artificial substance. The revolutionary changes brought about by the concrete's
intrinsic properties are largely responsible for the material's meteoric rise to fame and ubiquity.
Part 3.2: The Used Materials' Characteristics.
Standard coarse and fine aggregate, steel slag, quarry dust, and 53-grade cement were all tested for
their qualities in accordance with the requirements of IS 2386:1963. Additionally, the table displays the
findings.

The project calls for M25 grade concrete.

The air-cooled slag utilised in this process is sourced from NELCAST PVT LIMITED in Atchudur,
S.P.S.R. NellORE district, and its properties are detailed in section 3.2.1.

One byproduct of the steelmaking process is the formation of steel slag. It is a ceramic substance that is
not metallic and is produced when flux, such calcium oxide, reacts with the inorganic, non-metallic
elements that are already in the steel waste.
In all our building projects, we prioritise environmental responsibility. By substituting steel slag for
the natural aggregates, we are able to reduce our impact on the environment and find a more long-term,
sustainable solution.
The technical features, low maintenance requirements, and high strengths of steel slag make it our
material of choice for many building projects. Furthermore, steel slag aggregates provide many
benefits, including improved durability, resistance to rutting, and excellent skid resistance. A longer
lifespan for the building is another benefit.
 by

PROPERTIESOFQUARRYDUST.
After rocks are extracted and processed to create tiny particles smaller than 4.75 mm, the resulting
residue, tailing, or other non-voluble waste material is called quarry dust. You may use this product to
make asphalt, replace sand, or fill up spaces around pipes. As a more cost-effective substitute for river
sand, quarry dust may be used.
The high shipping costs make common river sand a luxury item.
From natural sources ,also large scaledepletionofthesourcescreatesenvironmentalproblems.

We need to find a new product for the concrete industry since river sand is becoming less appealing
due to environmental concerns and other restrictions.
Quarry rock dust, instead of river sand, might be a more cost-effective option in this case.

PRELIMINARYTESTS ONMATERIALS

GENERAL
The characteristics of the concrete materials used in the experimental and mix design process are
covered in this chapter. Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, steel slag, and aggregates
from quarries were used in the experiments. The purpose of this chapter is to determine whether the
materials are appropriate for use in concrete by conducting tests on them, comparing the results to
standard values, and drawing conclusions.
 CEMENT
The following tests were conducted in accordance with IS: 8112 - 1989 on the ordinary Portland
cement 53 grade BHARATI that conforms to IS: 12269. In the concrete technology laboratory, things
like cement's specific gravity, fineness, normal consistency, and beginning and final setting times are
measured. Table 3.1 displays the outcomes of the experiments, which were compared with the IS
specification.
.

WORKABILITYOFCONCRETE
Workability
A concrete's workability is defined as its mixability, transportability, mouldability, and compactability,
which are four of the material's partial characteristics. In its early stages, new concrete has both
cohesiveness and consistency. One way to evaluate concrete's compactability and finishability is by
looking at its cohesiveness.

The consistency of the concrete is determined by the amount of water needed for mixing.
The workability of concrete, in broad strokes, is defined as the effort required to compress the material
in a certain mould. The required workability of a mix in reinforced concrete is affected by the kind of
compaction that is employed and the complexity of the reinforcing. Separation is undesirable in a
practical mixture. What follows is a discussion of the workability partial characteristics.

BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL SLAG &QUARRY DUST AGGREGATECONCRETE

UNDERCOMPRESSION

INTRODUCTION
After a thorough literature review, it was determined that steel slag coarse aggregate should replace
coarse aggregate in concrete production. This will allow future generations to have access to natural
aggregate and significantly lower the cost of producing concrete in areas where there is an abundance
of steel slag aggregate. Presented in Chapter 3 are the numerous components and their attributes that
have been suggested for this experiment. The experimental findings and thorough descriptions of the
tests used to determine how steel slag concrete behaves under compression are presented in this
chapter.
Mixproportion

Mix proportion of 0.48: 1: 1.53: 2.88ischosen according

toitsingredientsi.e.,water,cement,fineaggregateandcoarseaggregate.

Water:Locallyavailableborewellwaterwasused for mixingandcuring.

 Cement:OPC53gradeofBHARATHIcementwas used.

Fineaggregate:Locallyavailablesandpassingthrough4.75mmISsieveandretainingon2.36
mmISsievewas used.

Coarse aggregate: Locally available coarseaggregate and ceramic aggregate of size 12mmand
20 mm areused.

Thequantityofmaterialsusedforthe experimentation of work is tabulated intable5.1.

Curingofconcretespecimens
In order to regulate how quickly and how much water evaporates from concrete as the cement hydrates,
the process is called curing. Due to the fact that hydrating

Curing the cement for a fair amount of time is necessary for the concrete to reach its strength and
durability potential; this process might take days or even weeks instead of hours. Since the pace of
cement hydration is affected by temperature, controlling the temperature is also a part of curing.

Fig.5.5Cubemouldsalloweddryinginmoisturefor24 hours

Fig.5.6curingofconcretespecimensinwater
 RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS
Workabilityofconcrete
Workability of a concrete is a termwhich consists of the following four
partialpropertiesofconcretenamely mixability,transportability, mould ability, and compactability.
Cohesiveness and consistency bothare concurrent properties of fresh
[Link]
concrete's capacity and its finishability. The consistency of the concrete is determined by the amount of
water needed for mixing. The concrete's workability is affected by both its qualities and the specifics of
its application. Although it may seem that concrete in very dry conditions has poor workability and that

it has great workability in extremely wet conditions, none of these extremes is ideal for enhancing
concrete's desirable properties. Test findings, slump, and compaction factor when various ceramic
substitutes are used
aggregate and acidareshown in tables 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4.

Weight Loss
Testresultsofweightlossofceramicconcretewith5%acid&10%acidareshownin Table 7.9, 7.10,7.11,
7.12.
 Table 7.9 Weight Loss of Ceramicconcretewith 5% acid for7 days

Weightlossat28days
8600
8400
8200

8000 5%Hcl
7800
050100150
%ofCeramic

6.3Closure
The slump of conventional concrete with 5%and10%Hclwasfoundtobe150mmand
[Link] of conventional concrete with 5% and10% Hcl was
found to be 0.93 and 0.89.
Theslumpvalueandcompactionfactorgraduallydecreasedwithincreaseinreplacement of coarse
aggregate by ceramicaggregate both at 5% and 10% Hcl. The 28days compressive strength of
conventionalconcrete with 5% and 10% Hcl was found [Link]
28dayscompressivestrengthofconcretewithreplacementofcoarseaggregatebyceramicwasteaggrega
tewith5%Hclatan

intervalof20%from0to100%wasfound
tobe42.07,41.78,41.33,40.74,35.41MPa
respectively.The28dayscompressivestrengthofconcretewithreplacementofcoarseaggregatebyceramicw
asteaggregatewith10%Hclatanintervalof20% from0to100%wasfoundtobe
41.78, 41.33, 40.74, 40.15, 34.67 MPa
[Link] concrete
wasmainly because ofitsshape,Surfacetexture,andwaterabsorption.
CONCLUSIONS
Workability
Workabilityofceramicaggregateconcrete is decreased when the aggregate isreplaced with ceramic
waste and when thenormal water is replaced with hydrochloricacid.
Slumpvalue
The slump value has been decreased from150mmto120mmat5%[Link] 10% addition of Hcl
, the slump has beendecreasedfrom 130 mm to 90 mm.
Compactionfactor
Compactionfactorhasbeendecreasedfrom
0.93 to 0.85 at 5% addition of Hcl. At 10%addition of Hcl the compaction factor hasbeendecreased
from 0.89 to 0.81.
7daysCompressivestrength
The average 7 days compressive strength ofreference mix at 5% Hcl is 36.67 Mpa.
Theaverage7dayscompressivestrengthofreferencemixat 10%Hcl is 31.55 Mpa.
At5%Hcl
Whennormalaggregateisreplacedwithceramic aggregate at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%and 100% , the
compressive strength showsas35.11,32.89,29.04,25.78and23.41
Mpa. These values show that compressivestrengthisreducedto32.32%at100%replacementwith
ceramicwaste.
At10%Hcl
Whennormalaggregateisreplacedwithceramic aggregate at 20%, 40%, 60%,
80%and100%,thecompressivestrengthshowsas29.77,28.14,26.67,24.74and23.11
Mpa. These values show that compressivestrengthisreducedto22.37%at100%replacementwith
ceramicwaste.
28daysCompressivestrength
The average28dayscompressivestrengthof reference mix at 5% Hcl is 43.33
Mpa.Theaverage28dayscompressivestrengthofreferencemixat10%Hcl is42.44 Mpa.
 At5%Hcl
Whennormalaggregateisreplacedwithceramicaggregateat20%,40%,60%,80%

and 100%, the compressive strength showsas42.07,41.78,41.33,40.74and35.41Mpa.

Thesevaluesshowthatcompressivestrengthisreducedto15.83%at100%replacementwith ceramicwaste.
At10%Hcl
Whennormalaggregateisreplacedwithceramic aggregate at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%and 100%, the
compressive strength showsas41.78,41.33,40.74,40.15and34.64
Mpa. These values show that compressivestrengthisreducedto17.09%at100%replacementwith
ceramicwaste.
Weightloss
At5%Hcltheweightlossofceramicaggregateconcreteat7days and
28dayswasfoundtobe0.96%and6.02%respectively. At 10% Hcl the weight loss ofceramic aggregate
concrete at 7 days and 28dayswasfoundtobe4.62%and2.76%respectively.
REFERENCES
1. "Concrete Technology, Theory and Practice" by M.S. Shetty (2012), published by S. Chand
Publications, pages 136, 158-163, 222, 227, 421-423 [online].
2. "CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY" by A.M. Neville and J.J. Brooks (2012), published by Pearson
Research, pages 15–17.
3. On page 154 of "Concrete Technology, Theory and practice" published by McGraw Hill in 2009,
M.L. Gambir makes a statement.
4. In "Concrete Manual" by M.L. Gambhir, published by Dhanpat Rai Publications, pages 121–126 and
140.
5. The New Delhi-based Bureau of Indian Standards has published IS: 456-2000, a code of practice for
plain and reinforced concrete. Handbook on Concrete Mixes, ISSP: 23-1982. New Delhi. Bureau of
Indian Standards.
6. Coarse and Fine Aggregate Specifications (IS: 383-2970).
ISSN 516-1965 A Technique for Evaluating Concrete's Strength.
8. In the September 2012 issue of the International Journal of Science and Technology, B.
Madhusudhana Reddy, H. Sudarsana Rao, and M.P. George published an article titled "Effect of
Hydrochloric Acid on Blended Cement and Silica Fume Blended Cement and their Concretes."