Workflow Management For Beginners
Workflow Management For Beginners
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Table of Contents
3 Introduction
12 Workflow Examples
22 Next Steps
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This paper is an introduction to the “what,” “why,” and “how” of workflow manage-
ment. Getting started with workflow management doesn’t have to be a massive
undertaking, or even an IT project. Instead, we want to tell a simple story about
simple workflow management.
This paper is for managers and employees of all The five sections in this paper cover what you
kinds who are interested in ways to help their need to know to get workflow management
teams work together effectively. You don’t need up and running. More details about each of
a technical background to understand workflow the following topics can be found by clicking
management, because the concepts and prac- the following links:
tices are first about how people work and only • What workflow management is
then about possible IT support. • Why you should consider workflow
management in your organization
• Business process software
• How to choose which process to
automate first
• Getting process models up and running
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We’ll start with an explanation of what workflow Hiring a job candidate requires a number of
management is, because reading academic or pieces of information, such as the candidate’s
technical explanations or looking for some kind name and CV and details of the job vacancy.
of official definition isn’t going to help you under- Some tasks will generate (involve gathering)
stand how to get started in practice. Once you additional information during the hiring process:
have a practical idea of what workflow manage- who performed interviews and when, their
ment is, you’ll be ready to understand how you individual evaluations, practicalities such as
can realize its benefits. the candidate’s availability date, and the final
decision to hire the candidate or not. This
WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT BY EXAMPLE information must be captured, made available
Before getting too abstract, let’s start with an to the right people in time, and archived.
example. Consider what’s involved in hiring new
employees to join a company. When an HR team or recruitment department is
hiring a number of new employees, management
Hiring a new employee is an example of work will coordinate this work to achieve a number of
done in an organization that has a clear business goals. Managers want to select high-quality
goal: a new employee who has passed the appro- employees at reasonable cost without avoidable
priate selection process becomes a member delays, presenting a professional company image
of staff. To achieve this goal, hiring managers, to all candidates.
recruiters, and HR staff work together on a
number of tasks.
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This hiring process example includes most of Workflow management is concerned with the
the elements we need to explain what workflow work people do, but tasks may also be auto-
management is in general. mated and performed by IT systems – computer
software. Workflow management can therefore
WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT IN A NUTSHELL include IT systems integration to share data
Workflow management is the coordination of between workflows and other IT systems within
tasks that make up the work an organization an organization.
does. By “workflow” we mean a sequence of
tasks that are part of some larger task; it is The visibility of the work that comes with work-
sometimes synonymous with “business process.” flow management tends to lead to awareness of
The purpose of a workflow is to achieve certain how to improve these workflows. Business pro-
results, and the purpose of workflow manage- cess improvement is a natural part of workflow
ment is to achieve better results according to a management. This is also one reason why work-
certain set of goals. flow management is a management discipline
and not just software. Process improvement is
about changing how people do their jobs, which
is more difficult than reconfiguring software.
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You should consider introducing workflow man- Visibility adds value because it provides the infor-
agement into your organization because of the mation you need to identify and solve problems,
value it can add to the way people in your organi- continuously improve, and provide transparency
zation work. This value translates to concrete to build trust within a team. Workflow manage-
benefits in the short and long term. ment creates visibility of the type, volume,
assignment, and rhythm of the work being
HOW WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT ADDS VALUE carried out in your organization:
Workflow management adds value by introducing • Type – what tasks exist
two things: better communication among people • Volume – how much there is to do
working together on shared tasks and better visi- • Assignment – who is doing what
bility of how tasks in your organization get done. • Rhythm – how long things take and where
waiting happens
Better Communication
When a group of people are working together, a What these four kinds of visibility have in
large part of that work is in the communication common is that they are visibility into how work
between group members. They need to commu- flows between tasks and people. This is literally
nicate to agree on overall goals, agree on who what we mean by “workflow.” Crucially, workflow
works on what and in what order, keep each other visibility adds value when it is a natural by-
up to date on progress, and share new informa- product of doing the work. Other management
tion about the work as needed. approaches could generate the same visibility,
but only at great cost and inconvenience.
Communication isn’t a problem if you work only
with the person sitting next to you, but many Focus on the Really Important Topics
kinds of office work rely on e-mail or direct Workflow can help you spend your time on the
messaging platforms. It could be worse (paper most important topics by automating repetitive
memos, telephone, or fax), but these methods tasks and providing tools for management by
of communication are a mixed blessing – too exception. Defining standard processes allows
many distracting notifications or an in-box full of you to perform recurring work more quickly, and
unread messages are common problems. These workflow management automates much of the
challenges are exacerbated by the increased coordination and handovers between people
prevalence of remote work, where direct, face- working on shared tasks. At the same time,
to-face communication is not an option. task reminders, due dates, and escalations help
identify exception cases.
Workflow Visibility
Talking to each other isn’t all that is needed for
people to work well together. They also need to
be able to see what is going on, so they can know
what to do without always having to interrupt
each other. In other words, being able to see
what’s actually happening requires visibility.
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Teams can offer better service to their internal Together, these benefits reduce costs, increase
and external customers by completing work team productivity, and delight customers. These
more quickly as a result of: benefits are highly likely to help you achieve your
• Finding and removing bottlenecks business goals. That’s why you should consider
• Performing certain tasks in parallel workflow management in your organization.
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There are many ways to apply a process model. However, ad hoc solutions using spreadsheets
Implementing a process in computer software is or sticky notes on whiteboards quickly become
just one possible application. After all, a lot of unwieldy, error prone, and expensive when more
work gets done without using computers to tell people handle a larger number of cases. Also,
people what they need to work on. since there is no explicit workflow, quality suffers
when people forget to do things. Spreadsheets
If you do implement a process model in a soft- aren’t a great tool for shared use by multiple
ware system, there is more than one kind of end people, whiteboards only work when everyone is
result. You might end up with any one of the in the same room, and getting too many e-mails
following: can be just as time consuming as writing docu-
• An ad hoc solution using basic office software ments out by hand.
• A simplified workflow using a dedicated work-
flow management tool When you want better access to shared informa-
• Full BPM using a heavy-duty BPM system tion and automated notifications, it’s time to
(BPMS) consider a workflow tool.
• Some form of custom application software
SIMPLIFIED WORKFLOW
These approaches have different benefits and The next kind of process software is a lightweight
costs. It is not the case that one size fits all, so workflow solution that executes a simple process
each one deserves a closer look. But regardless model with a standard user interface and basic
of the automation efforts you choose, keep integration capabilities. In the case of the
your ultimate aim in mind: end-to-end process SAP® Signavio® Process Governance solution,
management is the goal. the software runs in the cloud and provides a
Web interface.
AD HOC SOLUTIONS
The most basic kind of process software is an A workflow tool gives you a user interface for
ad hoc solution using office tools, principally specifying a repeatable process, such as an order
spreadsheets and e-mail. This is by far the most fulfillment process, and executing cases, such as
common approach, and it lets you get started handling customer orders. Instead of using a
with tools you already have. spreadsheet to enter information, you define
forms for entering order details in the Web inter-
face. Instead of entering status information man-
ually, completing tasks automatically updates the
workflow status and records dates in a timeline.
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Once you have selected the approach that will • The trigger that starts the process
work most effectively for your business – bearing • Actions that correspond to the steps in the
in mind it may be some combination of the four process, with a process diagram
options listed in the previous section – it is time • Roles that people adopt to complete those
to model your business processes so you can steps
execute them using a workflow management • Fields that appear on forms to capture and
system. show information about each case
Approve Approve
vacation
request
X Plan vacation X
Reject
Change
vacation plans
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Approve Archive
X Review
document X approved
document
Notify author
Document approved
Reject
Update
document
List rejected
items
Reject terms
Approve claim
Approve claim X X Pay expenses
Expenses submitted Expenses paid
Reject claim
Claim rejected
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Reject
Engage
Notify external
external recruiter
recruiter
Notify hiring
manager
Requisition rejected
Reject
X Send rejection
Offer rejected
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Send
confirmation
Sample Calculate
X X X
Calculate claim Classify claim Process simple payment
value completely claim amount
High value?
Claim received
Complex
Investigate
high-value claim X Process
complex claim Task
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Wait for
available stock
Hold
Accept
X Check
purchase order X Ship products Invoice
customer
Order received
+
Reject
Send rejection
notification
Order rejected
Correct
X Check invoice X Send invoice
Check for
payment X
Invoice ready Payment terms Invoice closed
Errors
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Send friendly
response
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After you’ve documented your processes in a An important point to remember is the necessity
process model, the next step is execution: run- of process optimization. Before a task can be
ning the process to try it out. Getting started automated, it needs to be optimized. After all,
quickly is important because it means you can if the quality of the underlying process being
experiment and get immediate results. automated is poor, you risk still doing the wrong
things – just more quickly and cheaply. In prac-
Instead of committing to one plan from the start tice, this means removing or reducing waste,
and being stuck with it, the following steps are an that is, tasks or activities that are redundant or
iterative approach to discovering how you can outdated.
best apply your processes by performing experi-
ments and learning what works: PICK A PROCESS TO APPLY FIRST
1. Pick a process to apply first – do one thing at Before you start, you need to choose what to
a time automate, as discussed earlier. It isn’t easy to
2. Start with SAP Signavio Process Governance – choose the first process to automate, and the
start simple choice will have a big impact on your first work-
3. Use the process builder in SAP Signavio flow management pilot project.
Process Governance – start small
4. Run the process in SAP Signavio Process Again, it is crucial to remember that the process
Governance – learn from experiments you select should be one that is fully optimized,
5. Iterate the process model – use what you that is, it has been refined into its most efficient
learn and build things up and effective form. Of course, using process
6. Evaluate the results – choose the best way to modeling software to create models of your pro-
automate the process cesses is an especially useful way of highlighting
waste that can be removed, as well as identifying
This is agile BPM, which has a lot in common with and removing bottlenecks or redundant steps.
agile software development. Once you have the
process running, you can refine the process to
incrementally improve your application. Discov-
ering a useful process is a good goal for your first
experiment, proof of concept, pilot project, or
whatever you want to call it.
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