Laguna College

ASSESSMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT BRANDS AS CONCRETE BINDER BASED

ON SELECTED PROPERTIES USING VIKOR ANALYSIS

A Thesis Presented to
The Civil Engineering Department
Laguna College
San Pablo City, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By
Earl Joshua S. Bacting
Kaye Ann Marie Bautista
Neil Aldwin G. Garcia
Krizlyn Lou F. Kalaw
Maryell L. Mercado

Engr. Glen Patrick O. Enriquez, RCE, RMP, SO2

Thesis Adviser

May 2025
 Laguna College II

APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis hereto titled Assessment of Portland Cement Brands as Concrete Binder
Based on Selected Properties Using VIKOR Analysis prepared and submitted by Earl
Joshua S. Bacting, Kaye Ann Marie Bautista, Neil Aldwin G. Garcia, Krizlyn Lou F.
Kalaw and Maryell L. Mercado in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering has been examined. It is recommended for
acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

Engr. Glen Patrick O. Enriquez, RCE, RMP, SO2

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

with a grade of ______________ on _____________

______________________
Mrs. Beda L. de Pedro
Chairman

_________________________ ___________________ ___________________

Engr. Patrick Louie Jay R. Mrs. Niela G. Maghirang Ms. Connie Fagsao
Federizo, MSCE
Statistician Grammarian
Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering degree.

_____________________________________ _______________________
Engr. Patrick Louie Jay R. Federizo, MSCE Mrs. Beda L. de Pedro
CE Project Coordinator Dean, Student Affairs
 Laguna College III

ABSTRACT
Selecting the right building materials is crucial in constructing strong and long-lasting buildings. The aim of
this research was to determine which brand of Portland cement shall be utilized as a binder in construction
project in San Pablo City. Various brands are sold in the market and it is difficult to determine which brand has
a good quality and good performance. The researchers used the VIKOR method, a type of MCDM tool to
make an accurate comparison. The researchers evaluated the Portland Cement brand in San Pablo City
based on their performance in different properties such as compressive strength, fineness, setting time,
specific gravity, and consistency using standardized laboratory procedures in accordance with the ASTM
code. VIKOR analysis was used to rank the cement brands according to their performance in each property
and closeness to the ideal solution. Furthermore, Kruskal Wallis H-Test and Mann Whiteny U-Test were used
to determine if there is significant difference between the properties of the Portland cement brands. In the
VIKOR result, Fortune brands got the highest performing brand among those tested, making them the best
options for use as a concrete binder in San Pablo City construction projects. In the hypothesis results, there
were significant differences between the cement brands based on compressive strength, fineness, and setting
time, while there was no significant difference in their specific gravity. This study offers constructive information
to the construction industry as well as household owners who prefer to select a cement brand that has a better
performance. The use of VIKOR ensures that decisions are based on accurate results. This approach can
also be applied in future research and in the selection of other construction materials for various types of
projects.

Keywords: Portland cement, VIKOR, Binder

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God, who
served as one of the major sources of strength and foundation of this study, making its
completion possible. Even when problems arose, researchers were able to find ways to
overcome those through hard work, perseverance, and prayer.
Next, the researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to their
research advisor, Engr. Glen Patrick O. Enriquez, for his unwavering support and
guidance throughout the completion of this study.
To our research instructor, Engr. Patrick Louie Jay Federizo, thank you for all
the reminders and for teaching the step-by-step process of creating a full research paper.
We are deeply thankful for the constant reminders and encouragement that helped the
researchers continue working on their paper.
To our panelists: Dean Beda L. de Pedro, Engr. Mary Grace Rosales-Magalona,
Ms. Connie Fagsao, and Mrs. Niela Maghirang, thank you for providing both positive
and constructive feedback that helped improve the study. Without the help of these
professionals, this research would not have been successful.
The researchers also extend their gratitude to the professionals who contributed
and became instruments in producing reliable results during data collection. Special
thanks as well to the staff and to Mr. Neil Allen S. Jaurigue and Engr. Renato Jhun M.
Silva of Teravera Corporation for assisting and guiding the researchers during the testing
of cement properties. The kindness showed by the staff played a significant role in the
research, as it gave value and direction to the study. To Ms. Solejaena D. Herrera, MIT
our in-depth gratitude for her invaluable assistance in conducting the statistical analysis
of this study.
Lastly, the researchers would like to thank their families, friends, and loved ones
who gave their full support and understanding throughout the entire journey of conducting
the research whether financially or emotionally. Thank you so much, this research would
not have been possible without all of you!

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College V

TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET..................................................................................................... .II
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. .III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………...VIII
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... IX
LIST OF EQUATIONS ................................................................................................. X
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................. XI
DEFINITION OF TERMS……………………………………………………………………..XII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 2
1.3 Objective of the Study ........................................................................................ 3
1.3.1 General Objectives ........................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................ 3
1.4 Significance of the Study.................................................................................... 4
1.5 Scope and Limitation ......................................................................................... 5
1.6 Assumptions of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.7 Hypothesis ......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1 Review of Literature ........................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Portland Cement ........................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Properties of Cement .................................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Concrete Binder ............................................................................................ 9
2.1.4 Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Method ........................................... 9
2.2 Related Studies.................................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Compressive Strength Analysis of Different Cement Brands. ....................... 11
2.2.2 Comparative Study of Two Cement Brands (Sanidad, 2019) ....................... 12
2.2.3 Cement Brand............................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Quality of a Brand ......................................................................................... 13
2.2.5 Influence by Others ....................................................................................... 14
2.2.7 VIKOR Methodology Application in Materials Selection ................................ 15

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College VI

2.3 Synthesis ........................................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................... 17
3.2 Research Locale ................................................................................................ 18
3.3 Research Design ............................................................................................... 18
3.4 Laboratory Materials .......................................................................................... 19
3.5 Data Collection and Laboratory Procedures ....................................................... 19
3.5.1 Compressive Strength ................................................................................ 19
3.5.2 Fineness ..................................................................................................... 20
3.5.3 Setting Time ............................................................................................... 20

3.5.4 Specific Gravity ........................................................................................... 21

3.5.5 Consistency ............................................................................................... 22
3.6 Data Analysis....................................................................................................... 22
3.6.1 Entropy Method ......................................................................................... 22
3.6.2 H-Test ........................................................................................................ 23
3.6.3 VIKOR Analysis ......................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Portland Cement Brands Availability in San Pablo City ...................................... 27
4.2 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................... 28
4.2.1 Compressive Strength ................................................................................ 28
4.2.2 Fineness .................................................................................................... 28
4.2.3 Setting Time .............................................................................................. 29
4.2.4 Specific Gravity .......................................................................................... 29
4.2.5 Consistency ............................................................................................... 30
4.3 Entropy Method ................................................................................................. 30
4.4 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................ 32
4.4.1 Normality Test ............................................................................................ 32
4.4.2 Kruskal-Wallis H Test and Pairwise ............................................................ 34
4.4.3 Pairwise Comparison using Mann-Whitney U Test .................................... 36
4.5 Effects of Kruskal-Wallis H-Test on the VIKOR Analysis .................................... 38
4.6 VIKOR Analysis ................................................................................................ 39

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College VII

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary .......................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 42
5.3 Recommendation ............................................................................................... 43
LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 45
Appendix A: NOMINATION FORM ............................................................................. 50
Appendix B: GANTT CHART ...................................................................................... 51
Appendix C - RECOMMENDATION LETTER ............................................................. 53
Appendix D: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT .................................................. 54
Appendix E: FINENESS ............................................................................................. 58
Appendix F: SETTING TIME ...................................................................................... 59
Appendix G: SPECIFIC GRAVITY .............................................................................. 60
Appendix H: ASTM C39 .............................................................................................. 61
Appendix I: IS 4031-1 ................................................................................................. 66
Appendix J: ASTM C191 ............................................................................................ 71
Appendix K: ASTM C188 ............................................................................................ 78
Appendix L: ASTM C143 ............................................................................................ 80
Appendix M: LETTER FOR TESTING ...................................................................... 84
Appendix N: REQUEST LETTER FOR THE LIST OF REGISTERED HARDWARE ... 86
Appendix O: PHOTO DOCUMENTATION .................................................................. 87
CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………………………………..101

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College VIII

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Input-Process-Output
Figure 4.1: Portland Cement Brand Availability Appendices
Figure p.1 Data Collection
Figure p.2 Equipment
Figure p.3 Materials
Figure p.4 Preparation of Material
Figure p.5 Weighing the Material
Figure p.6 Mixing the Material
Figure p.7 Pouring the Mixture in the 6 X 12 Molder
Figure p.8 After 7 Days, Still Curing
Figure p.9 After 27 Days, The Cement was Taken Out.
Figure p.10 Testing of Compressive Strength using Compression Testing Machine
Figure p.11 Performing Fineness
Figure p.12 Raw Result of Fineness
Figure p.13 Mixing the Cement with Water for Setting Time
Figure p.14 Result of Setting Time using Vicat Apparatus
Figure p.15 Performing Specific Gravity using Le Chatelier Flask
Figure p.16 Result of Specific Gravity

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College IX

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: List of MCDM Description

Table 4.1: Results of the Compressive Strength

Table 4.2: Results of the Fineness

Table 4.3: Results of the Setting Time

Table 4.4: Results of the Specific Gravity

Table 4.5: Results of the Consistency

Table 4.6: Entropy Method Normalized Value

Table 4.7: Entropy Measure

Table 4.8: Calculated Weight

Table 4.9: Summarized results of Normality Test

Table 4.10: Results of Compressive Strength H Test

Table 4.11: Results of the Fineness H Test

Table 4.12: Results of the Setting Time H Test

Table 4.13: Results of the Specific Gravity H Test

Table 4.14: Results of the Pairwise of Compressive Strength

Table 4.15: Results of the Pairwise of Fineness

Table 4.16: Results of the Pairwise of Setting Time

Table 4.17: VIKOR Analysis

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College X

LIST OF EQUATIONS

Equation 3.1 Weight Retained on Sieve

Equation 3.2 Initial Setting Time (𝑇𝑖𝑖 )

Equation 3.3 Final Setting Time (𝑇𝑓 )

Equation 3.4 Specific Gravity (𝑆𝑔)

Equation 3.5 Normalized Value (𝑃𝑖𝑗 )

Equation 3.6 Entropy Value (𝐸𝑗 )

Equation 3.7 Degree of Diversification (𝑑𝑗 )

Equation 3.8 Weights (𝑊𝑗 )

Equation 3.9 H-Test Statistic (𝐻)

Equation 3.10 Degrees of Freedom (𝑑𝑓)

Equation 3.11 Group Utility (𝑆𝑖 )

Equation 3.12 Individual Regret (𝑅𝑖 )

Equation 3.13 VIKOR Index (𝑄𝑖 )

Equation 3.14 Acceptability Threshold (𝐷𝑄)

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College XI

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
BPS/TC - Bureau of Product Standards’ Technical Committee
COPRAS - Complex Proportional Assessment
ELECTRE - Élimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realité
ICC - Imported Commodity Clearance
MAUA - Multi-Attribute Utility Analysis
MAUT - Multi-Attribute Utility Theory
MCDM - Multi-Criteria Decision Making
OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement
PNS - Philippine National Standard
PROMETHEE - Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation
PSI - Preference selection index
VIKOR - VIsekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje
WPM - Weighted Product Model
WSM - Weighted Sum Model

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College XII

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Binder - Serves as primary materials that act as bonding agent when mixed with
aggregate and water. It is responsible for holding the mixture together, to guarantee the
durability of a structure.

Frequency - Refers to how often a Portland cement brand is available in hardware stores
in San Pablo City.

H-Test - Used by the researchers to test the hypothesis of the study.

Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) -To assess and determine the best Portland
cement based on various criteria, such as its properties like compressive strength,
fineness, consistency and setting time is essential in concrete binder for the construction
industry. VIKOR is a form of MCDM that determines which cement brand is best suited for
residential construction in San Pablo City.

Portland cement - Is the most used type of cement in construction because of its binding
property that makes it the primary component for most strength and durability of concrete.
This research assesses Portland cement to identify which one performs best in terms of
compressive strength, fineness, consistency and setting time in construction of buildings
at San Palo City.

Type I Portland Cement - It is classified as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is

used when the primary requirements for the construction are strength and durability,
making it suitable for the most common construction projects like residential buildings.

VIsekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) - Is a multi-criteria decision-

making method. This tool is applied in choosing the best from a number of alternatives
through several criteria. In this research, VIKOR is utilized to rank different brands of
Portland cement based on factors.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 1

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION

This chapter lays the foundation of the study as it provides the overview of its
context and rationale. This chapter also introduces the research problem emphasizing its
relevance and the need for investigation, while also outlining the study's objectives to
clarify its intended outcomes. Part of this chapter as well are the significance of the study,
scope and limitations, assumptions and hypothesis.

1.1 Background of the Study

In the construction industry, the selection of construction material particularly in
cement is important to ensure structural integrity. Its quality is an important requirement
and has to be taken into account to ensure the durability and quality of the construction
project (Siddique & Khan, 2011). In San Pablo City, choosing an optimal brand is also
consider as essential step in construction.
The quality and performance of cement in concrete applications must be carefully
examined to guarantee that structures remain structurally sturdy throughout time,
especially given the local climate with its seasonal rain and humidity. The quality of cement
may differ from plant to plant due to changes in raw material properties, kiln temperatures,
as well as fineness upon grinding. In fact, these changes may significantly affect the
properties of the concrete when different and various cements are used (Olonade, 2015).
In addition, cement plays a vital and critical role in construction as binder, so poor
quality materials may inevitably be the reason for a collapsed building. For instance, as
Neville (2011) mentioned, cement brands composed of higher proportions of tricalcium
silicate (C3S) tend to exhibit better early strength development, while brands with higher
dicalcium silicate (C2S) content contribute to long-term strength gain.
However, the market offers a variety of Portland cement brands, each differing in
various aspects. According to Halkias (2016) and Kotler (2009), the availability of the
brand cement found in the market causes problems for customers' choice and decision.
Aside from availability, consumers also choose based on the services and good ratings of
the product (Hinson, 2006 & Solomon, 2014). Also, various researchers discussed that
customers identify all the characteristics and then compared it to the others before making
a final decision (Balabanis & Siamagka, 2017 & Basavaraj, 2015). Therefore, the selection
of appropriate cement brand and type must account for structural requirements, and

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 2

economic factors when constructing residential buildings (Siddique & Khan, 2011).
Material selection problems with different units and several conflicting attributes
can be properly tackled by employing multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques;
one of the methods of this is VIsekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR)
(Karande, 2017). This method presents a ranking index based on how close an alternative
is to an ideal solution using a certain criterion (Wei & Lin, 2008). According to Taherdoost
and Madanchian (2023), the VIKOR technique is applicable in a variety of domains,
including engineering, supply chain, and healthcare, as it seeks to determine the best
option by weighing the ideal and nonideal solutions.
This study applied the utilization of VIKOR method to select the best performing
Portland cement brand as concrete binder based on the selected evaluated properties
such as compressive strength, fineness, setting time, and specific gravity.
Meanwhile, this research intends to benefit the construction industry who are
seeking reliable and high-quality Portland cement brands. Moreover, this research may
provide detailed and data-driven insights to make a wise decision when selecting materials
like Portland cement brands.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In construction of any type of building, selecting Portland cement brand for
concrete binder plays an important role. There are various available brands in the market,
each varying in quality, availability, and performance characteristics. It is important to
choose the optimal cement brand according to the client’s choice that fits the standards.
Portland cement is one of the materials used in concrete as binder due to its
strength properties. The composition of this cement influences the performance of
construction material in all manner. According to Neville (2011), some of the key properties
such as compressive strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity and consistency of
cement determine how appropriate it is in construction. Additionally, the production of
cement in its chemical composition may impact the long-term performance of the buildings
or structures.
Despite of the numerous numbers of Portland cement production and what it could
offer, this still gives confusions on what brand to choose by builders, engineers, and
contractors. For usual reasons, material selections for construction of buildings are made
based on price and what brand is usually viewed as best without considering a thorough

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 3

assessment of its overall performance. If disregarded, this can lead to suboptimal material
choices that may result in higher maintenance, reduced building lifespans, and even safety
risks. Correspondingly, to ensure the structural integrity of the building selecting material
brand is critical (Lea, 2004).
To address the problem, ranking and comparing Portland cement brands is
necessary to perform. In several studies, the VIKOR method has been applied. For
instance, Shanian and Savadogo (2009) used VIKOR in material selection of metallic
bipolar plates used in electric vehicles.
This study addressed the main problem of determining which Portland cement
brand best performs for the construction of buildings as a concrete binder in San Pablo
City, through VIKOR analysis. This identified the properties of Portland cement brands
available in the market, and interpreted how these properties influenced the performance
of the concrete binder in construction. Moreover, brands were ranked and results of the
study helped ensure that the chosen cement brand not only meets the technical
requirements for strength, contributing to the development of safer buildings, by VIKOR
method application.
Along with the VIKOR method, this study also incorporated H-test in determining
and testing the hypothesis on how individual properties influenced the selection of
Portland cement brand. This statistical approach helps determine the properties that are
tested such as compressive strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity, and
consistency significantly impact the choice of the best cement brand for building
constructions.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective
The main objective of the study is to assess the performance of the
Portland cement brands in selected properties as concrete binder.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1. To evaluate the properties of Portland cement brands as a concrete
binder using experimental process of the following properties:
1.1 Compressive Strength;
1.2 Fineness;
1.3 Setting Time;

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 4

1.4 Specific Gravity;

1.5 Consistency;
2. To determine the criteria weightage of the properties through the Entropy
Method;
3. To determine if there is significant difference in the selected properties
of the Portland cement brands using H-Test method in terms of:
3.1 Compressive Strength;
3.2 Fineness;
3.3 Setting Time;
3.4 Specific Gravity;
3.5. Consistency;
4. To rank and select the best performing Portland cement brand based on
the results of the evaluation using VIKOR method.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Assessing the various Portland cement brand quality as concrete binder in the
construction of buildings, provides a significant value on the construction industry.
Through the utilization of VIKOR, this study provides a methodical and objective way of
comparison of the multiple cement brands based on several criteria such as its properties.
Moreover, the findings of the study are beneficial to the following:
Construction professionals (Engineers, Architects, and Contractors). The
results of this study help construction professionals identify the most high-performing
Portland Cement brands as concrete binder in the construction of buildings. Through the
use of VIKOR, these professionals may balance crucial concerns on construction in terms
of properties such compressive strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity and
consistency. This ensures a more precise and most suitable selection of materials, which
can improve the structural integrity of structures.
Cement Manufacturers and Suppliers. Through the findings of this study,
manufacturers and suppliers may be educated on how their brands perform in the selected
properties. Moreover, the results of the study can help them improve the quality and
consistency of their products by addressing the specific material properties.
Academic and Research Communities (Students, Professors, and School
Institutions). This research could impact the growing knowledge in the application of this

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 5

method such as the VIKOR method in decision making for material construction. This
research may have limits to the said locality; however, the various regions may also utilize
this kind of method for broader applications in construction projects. Also, this research
may also serve as the foundation to widen and explore other materials or develop more
refined decision-making models for future researchers.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The researchers identified the available Portland cement brands in San Pablo City
through a survey conducted among local hardware. Additionally, to test the properties, the
researchers used American Society for Testing and Materials for Standard Specification
of Portland cement procedures and analysis of the results. On the other hand, this study
is limited to Type I Portland cement brands available in San Pablo City, identified through
survey questionnaires, while excluding brands utilized locally but not available in the
market. A limited number of properties of Portland Cement were only tested such as
compressive strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity, and consistency due to
constraints in available equipment, which may not fully represent all the factors influencing
cement performance in construction. This study adopted a standardized Class A concrete
mixture ratio, [Link], which is widely used in various structural elements like columns,
beams, footings, slabs, and stairs. The result of the study intended specifically for San
Pablo City may not apply to other areas with different construction practices or material
availability.
Moreover, this study is conducted for educational purposes only and does not aim
to cast any brand in a negative light. Additionally, the researchers do not intend to promote
any specific brand, just ranking the brands according to its properties. Rather, the findings
serve to provide valuable insights and recommendations based on objective criteria and
thorough analysis.

1.6 Assumptions of the Study

The researchers assumed that VIKOR Method is a reliable tool in determining
which among the Portland cement brands are the best based on selected properties, as
this tool allows for a more structured and effective evaluation of various criteria.
Additionally, the researchers assumed that each Portland cement brand maintains
consistent quality regardless of where it is purchased. The researchers assumed that the

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 6

tool used such as: VIKOR method helped them identify and rank the cement brands based
on the selected properties by utilizing Entropy method in calculating the weightage of each
property; and non-parametric statistical test is assumed as supporting tool to determine
whether there was a significant difference among the cement brands based on selected
properties. Lastly, homeowners and professionals such as engineers, architects, and
contractors, may have their own preference on what brand to use, it is assumed that the
results of this study provide a more objective basis in selecting the best brand for
construction projects.

1.7 Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference in the Portland cement brands based on its
properties for building construction in San Pablo City.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the Portland cement brands based on its
properties for building construction in San Pablo City.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 7

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is composed of related literature and studies significant to the
foundation of this research. Also, this chapter is divided into two sections: the Review of
Related Literature, consisting of concepts from various sources and the Related Studies,
which examines previous empirical research directly relevant to this research. The
literature discussed the broader theoretical underpinnings of material selection, the
performance of Portland cement, and decision-making methodologies like VIKOR.
Whereas, the related studies emphasize particular results from numerous accomplished
studies that closely correspond with the goals of this research.

2.1 Review of Literature

2.1.1 Portland Cement
As stated by Anitha and Maliqjan (2023), a nation's progress in the cement
sector greatly contributes to infrastructure. Any kind of glue used in civil
engineering and construction is referred to as cement. It describes a material that
can be used to solidify aggregates such as sand, shattered stone, or other
materials mass. Cement, one of its types, Portland cement, is one of the main
building materials, is a binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to various
building materials, including bricks, tiles, and stones.
Additionally, for broader understanding of Portland cement, according to
Philippine National Standard Specification for Portland, cement PNS 07:2005
was prepared by the Bureau of Product Standards’ Technical Committee on
Cement and Lime (BPS/TC 3) and was approved for adoption as a Philippine
National Standard.
Former Philippine Bureau of Standards published this standard in 1968,
amended in 1972 to modify certain sections in the definitions, and then revised in
the succeeding years, in 1980. 1983, and 1992 to incorporate necessary
provisions appropriate for the period mentioned. These standards cancel and
replace the one issued in 2000. This fourth revision of the standard introduced the
following changes:
1. Exclusion of minor and trace oxides, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and
phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) in reporting alumina (Al2O3).

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 8

2. Enhance the marking requirement to add the following:

a. Product quality mark for local brands and ICC mark and number for
imported Portland cement.
b. Batch identification number and manufacturing date for product
traceability.
c. Shipping information for cement shipped in bulk.
3. Addition of provisions for manufacturer’s statement on the processing
additions used and manufacturer’s certification on compliance to this standard.
4. Revision of the reference test methods to align with the current version
of ASTM.
For the standard to be prepared, ASTM C 150-02a (published 2003), the
consideration for Portland cement was standardized by the American Society for
Testing and Materials. To standardize the Portland cement, ASTM C 150-02a
enables the specification of the products of such as its proportions, its chemical
properties and physical properties. Also, the following are the Portland cement
classification and designation:
1. Type I - For use when the special properties specified for any other type
are not required;
2. Type II - For general use, more especially when moderate sulfate
resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired;
3. Type III - For use when high early strength is desired;
4. Type IV - For use when a low heat of hydration is desired;
5. Type V - For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.

2.1.2 Properties of Cement

Different blends of cement used in construction are characterized by their
properties. Some key parameters control the quality of cement. According to the
American Society for Testing and Materials for Standard Specification of Portland
cement, some of the properties of good cement are based on:
Compressive Strength. It is the most frequent strength assessment. A
test sample is taken and placed under a compressive load until it fails. The loading
sequence needs to occur between 20 seconds and 80 seconds. To test, the
standard test is provided by ASTM C39.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 9

Fineness. The fineness of cement refers to the size of its particles. The
necessary fineness of quality cement is obtained by grinding the clinker during the
final stage of the cement manufacturing process. The hydration rate of cement is
closely linked to the size of the cement particles, making the fineness of cement
crucial. To determine the fineness of the cement brand, the standard test is
provided by IS 4031-1.
Setting Time. Cement solidifies and becomes firm when water is mixed in.
The setting time can differ due to several factors, including the cement's fineness,
the ratio of cement to water, chemical composition, and any admixtures used. To
test the setting time of the cement brand, a standard test is provided by ASTM 191
through the use of VICAT apparatus.
Specific gravity. It is typically utilized in calculations for proportioning
mixtures. Portland cement has a specific gravity of 3.15, whereas other cement
types (such as Portland-blast-furnace-slag and Portland-pozzolan cement) can
hav specific gravities around 2.90. ASTM C188 provides the standard for the
specific gravity test for cement.
Consistency. Slump test is a method used in identifying the consistency
of concrete, which indicates the how easily the concrete can flow and be placed.

2.1.3 Concrete Binder

As defined by Gillot and Coutelas (2018), it is to be noted that the terms
“binder” and “cement” are frequently used interchangeably. However, in its more
restricted sense, “cement” only refers to a specific type of binder, produced with
modern equipment and technologies. Moreover, it should also be specified that
mortar and concrete are similar in composition. Concrete is also composed of
water, a binder, and a filler. It may, however, be regarded as a distinct material,
since it contains both fine and coarse aggregates.

2.1.4 Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Method

According to Kumar and Ray (2014), mistakes in selection of materials for
construction could results into the dissatisfaction of both customers and
manufacturers. Also, this may put a failure to the assembly and reduction of the

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 10

performance of the product, thus productivity and profitability may be impacted

adversely.
To solve this problem, as mentioned by Kabir (2014), a different technique
called Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method could be applied. MCDM
provides a systematic approach that utilizes decision criteria for both benefit and
cost information for the decision makers when selecting optimum alternatives or
responses. Few of the popular MCDM tools that have been utilized by various
researchers for material analysis are AHP, VIKOR, MAUT, ELECTRE, and
TOPSIS. Below is the table of the different tools of MCDM. and TOPSIS. Below is
the table of the different tools of MCDM. Below shows the various list of MCDM.
Table 2.1: List of MCDM Description (Oghenenyerovwho and Emovon, 2020)

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 11

2.2 Related Studies

2.2.1 Comparative Analysis of Compressive Strength of Different Cement
Brands
Concrete is widely used around the world as a building material for both
structural and non-structural usage. According to Okonwor (2012), it is defined as
concrete composed of a mixture of Portland cement, water, air, and aggregate.
Also, Sharma (2018) noted that concrete ingredients are cement, water, fine and
coarse aggregates, and additives in a heterogeneous mixture.
Furthermore, in a broad sense, cements are substances that stick and
combine solid matter particles to create a long-lasting mass with enough strength.
When cement is mixed with water, it produces a binding agent. Cement plays
critical roles in building are permanence of construction, load bearing capacity, and
rate of setting time as discussed by Duggal (2009). The quality of the cement has
a big impact on the properties of concrete (Oyenuga, 2001). Concrete resists fire
and has a high compressive strength but since tensile strength only makes up 10%
of compressive strength, current research attempting to improve concrete's overall
strengths have focused on this property. Furthermore, when choosing which brand
of cement to use on projects, most construction firms base their decision on
availability, cost, and experience. As a result, quality control is now a big deal and
an essential part of making cement (Ede, 2011).
To solve such problems, a comparative analysis on compressive strength
of different cement brands in Pakistan were accomplished. Five cement brands
were chosen for analysis: Lucky Cement, DG Khan Cement, BestWay Cement,
Maple Leaf Cement, and Pak Land Cement. Okoli, (2008) requires that the
physical characteristics of Portland cement samples be assessed for soundness,
fineness, compressive strength, and setting time. Every one of these elements
affects how well cement performs in concrete.
After several tests, Bestway Cement consistently demonstrated the highest
compressive strength across all specimen types and curing periods, followed
closely by Maple Leaf Cement and Pak Land Cement in certain scenarios. DG
Khan Cement showed competitive performance but with variability across different
specimen types and curing durations.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 12

2.2.2 A Comparative Study of Two Cement Brands: Ordinary Portland

Cement and Pozzolana Cement a Basis for its Application (Sanidad, 2019)
A study accomplished by the students of University of Perpetual Help
Calamba Campus focusing on comparing two different type of cement such as
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) by
testing its properties such as consistency, compressive strength, flexural strength
and water absorption.
The study utilized Class A concrete mix with a ratio [Link] of cement, sand
and gravel. Each type of cement has four brands to be tested. For Ordinary
Portland Cement, brands are Holcim, Buffalo, Island (Cemex), and MEGGA.
Whereas, Holcim, Rizal (Cemex), Eagle and Republic for Portland Pozzolana
Cement.
Slump tests on concrete mixes with varying mix ratios were used in the
study to assess the consistency of different cement brands. The findings showed
that the brands' slump values differed, indicating variations in consistency and
workability.
Meanwhile, for compressive and flexural strength tests, the researchers
have meticulously conducted at specific curing intervals such as 7th day, 14th day,
and 28th day to comprehensively assess the material's strength development over
time. The tables below show the results of the compressive and flexural strength.
Also, the researchers evaluated the porosity and permeability of concrete
specimens using water absorption tests to determine the concrete's resilience to
environmental conditions and overall lifetime. In order to ascertain the rate at which
water penetrates the concrete, researchers specifically submerged oven-dried
samples in water for a predetermined amount of time and recorded the mass
increase. Table below provides the results of the said test.
To encapsulate, among the brands that went into testing on various
properties, Holcim OPC led. To cite, Holcim OPC consistently topped the brands
in terms of: compressive strength, accumulating 16.23 MPa; flexural strength with
10.22 MPa; and lastly, with water absorption of 7.4%. The results have shown that
this brand has the mixture behaves satisfactorily and produces good cement.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 13

2.2.3 Cement Brand

To study the consumer brand choice, consumer brand preference is an
important step, as perceived by the marketers. A study done by Horsky (2006),
displays the essentiality of including the information about brand preference into
the brand choice model. Moreover, Overby and Lee (2006), also stated that brand
preferences represent consumer dispositions to favor particular brands. As well
as, it is a behavioral tendency of the consumers to purchase the other one over
another (Hellier, 2003).
Meanwhile, in the construction industry, according to Anitha and Maliqjan
(2023), it is significant to regard a cement brand for concrete production. In
addition, their study has demonstrated to explain the overall factors to consider
when purchasing a cement brand, its durability and strength, brand name that are
readily available in the market, simple to use, and well packaged and word of
mouth has significant impact on consumer preferences.
Consequently, Ghosh and Das (2015) found that most of the respondents
whom they interviewed strongly agreed that brand plays an important role on
cement purchase in their research locality. While vendors deal with the ultimate
consumers, the cement brand should not be ignored.
A study done by Mishra, and Sharestha (2019) has gathered percentages
such as 70%, 26.67%, and 3.33% from the consumers that their choice for cement
brand mainly depends on quality, brand image, and years of establishment.
On the other hand, as preferred by the construction industry, for cement to
be used in huge projects, they rely more on experience, availability, and cost in
selecting the brand. Therefore, quality control has become an important and critical
factor in cement production (Elbagermia, 2014).

2.2.4 Quality of a Brand

According to Bhamere (2016), cement in the market has a wide range of
availability, inevitably subjected to physical and chemical properties testing for
appropriate suitable grade and type before being put into actual work. Failed and
collapsed structures are usually attributed to incorrect selection of material
amongst other factors.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 14

Celik (2009) researched how cement strength development is affected by

surface area and particle size distribution. He concluded that there is a significant
impact of fineness on two-day strength by observing a correlation between
variation in cement fineness and strength based on particle sizes. The impact of
higher particle concentration on strength in old age is more significant than that of
lower particle concentration. Celik further examined how cement strength is
influenced by surface area, chemical composition, and particle size distribution of
cement. He linked particle size distribution, chemical composition, and surface
area, then employed simulation modeling to enhance clinker grinding.
Additionally, scientists examined the impact of cement particle
transportation on the functionality characteristics of materials made of Portland
cement (Aginam, 2013). Although coarse grains have lower moisture content, they
require more time to harden, he explained. Initially, coarser cement releases heat
at a slower rate and gains strength more slowly than fiber cement. The writers also
advocated for the utilization of a rougher cement in making high-quality concrete.
According to the research conducted by Yahaya (2014), in terms of details,
examined the strength under compression of four different cement brands:
Ordinary Dangote, Eagle cement, Unicem, and Ibeto cement. Determined that
Eagle cement shows the strongest compressive force after 28 days.

2.2.4 Influence by others

According to Mwikali and Kavale (2012), they concluded from their
research that choice of supplier in terms of cost criteria is a crucial element. Their
profile, quality of materials, and technical powers are things to consider when
choosing a supplier.
Furthermore, Maity (2014) found that the factors to consider when choosing
a cement brand is influenced by the engineer’s choice, and occasionally positive
feedback from the industry and market. Also, mass marketing that helps them link
to brands, and when the suppliers are known and popular.
In addition, Tadesse and Tessema (2020) have drawn conclusions and
recommendations that the consumer preference for cement products, among
product qualities, quality and price are the most important factors to consider, with
service second. The profiles of the products have the lowest average market price,

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 15

are of standard quality, use of papers as packaging, and offer well and respectable
service and have the highest utility value in terms of profile preferences.
However, exploratory research carried out by Maity (2014) determined that
the engineers have more sway to decide than neighborhood cement vendors, next,
rumors, and lastly, the mason.

2.2.5 VIKOR Methodology Application in Material Selection

The compromise ranking method, also called as VIKOR, this is a popular
and very effective Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tool which is used to
select the best option among several options by just considering a number of
criteria (Taherdoost & Madanchian, 2023). This method presents a ranking index
based on how close an alternative is to an ideal solution using a certain criterion
(Wei & Lin, 2008). Moreover, according to the researchers, the VIKOR technique
is applicable in a variety of domains, including engineering, supply chain, and
healthcare, as it seeks to determine the best option by weighing the ideal and anti-
ideal solutions.
In the study of Kiani (2018), they used a decision-making technique called
the VIKOR method in order to select the most suitable materials for fixing structural
concrete, Epoxy mortar, polyester mortar, acrylic mortar, SBR modified, and
OPC/sand mortar are the six materials used in the study for concrete repair.
Mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength, tension modulus, poison ratio,
bond strength, shrinkage, and creep are used to analyze materials.
Because of the current bond strength and shrinkage, Material A is
consequently the ideal option when it comes to concrete restorations. On the other
hand, Materials B and G that present a poor bond of strength and shrinkage, which
leads to bond failure and subpar performance. By minimizing choice conflict and
increasing the effectiveness of the selection process, VIKOR aids in the ranking of
possibilities.
According to the study of Shanian and Savadogo (2006), to select the
materials for metallic bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) the
VIKOR method was used in electrical vehicles. The study evaluates twelve
alternative materials based on eleven criteria, such as low gas permeation,

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 16

mechanical strength, low electrical conductivity, thermal compatibility, corrosion

resistance, lightweight, compactness, manufacturability at low cost/high volume,
and low material cost. Shanian and Savadogo (2006) combined the revised Simos
method and entropy approach to determine the significance of the criteria, while
Rao only used the entropy approach. The study compares the proposed model
with traditional VIKOR using consistent weight assignments.
The VIKOR method was used by Chatterjee (2009) in order to choose the
materials for a sailing boat mast that was intended to be a hollow cylinder. The
study assesses the materials according to its particular standards and goals. Then
the suggested model and conventional VIKOR were compared using the same
weights given to the criteria in order to maintain consistency. According to
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the results show an 82% agreement
between the two approaches, with the top four ranked choices being identical.

2.3 Synthesis
The researchers utilized various related studies and literature in defining the
Portland cement, its performance, and the material ranking through the VIKOR Method. In
compliance with American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Specification, the
country Philippines, has followed its terms and specification of Portland cement, a critical
material in construction that may serve as concrete binder. The literature also highlights
the utilization of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods such as VIKOR.
On the other hand, numerous studies were considered in the section of related
studies. The VIKOR was used to evaluate the cement brand and construction materials
assisting decision-makers in the selection process by ranking and measuring each choice
against an ideal standard. For instance, a comparative study done in compressive strength
and durability of various researchers in different countries, results have shown that brands
such as Bestway and DG Khan outperformed the other brands, considering factors such
as availability and consumer preferences playing a role in material ranking.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 17

CHAPTER III – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the methodology employed in the study to comprehensively
select Portland cement brands as concrete binders for construction project in San Pablo
City, utilizing the VIKOR. This chapter is composed of the research design, research
locale, methodology, laboratories, and other tools to analyze the study further.

3.1 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Data Collection
• Survey of Portland • VIKOR Analysis
• Ranked Cement
cement brands • Kruskal-Wallis H Brands
• Criteria for • Recommendation
Test
evaluation • Hypothesis
• Pairwise Conclusion
Comparison

Figure 3.1: Input-Process-Output

The study's conceptual framework adopted the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model,

as illustrated in Figure 3.1. To guide the research according to the general objectives,
cement brand data and criteria evaluation were the main resources in the input section.
The process involved criteria weighting using VIKOR Analysis, validate the data using
Kruskal-Wallis H-Test and Mann Whitney U-Test to identify the significant difference.
Finally, the output refers to the expected outputs, which are the rankings of cement brands
concerning their results and are objectively measured with the requirements. This
framework acts as a systematic guide to how the objectives of the study will be achieved.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 18

3.2 Research Locale

The research was conducted in the City of San Pablo, in the Province of Laguna,
Philippines. San Pablo is one of the oldest cities in the Philippines. It is a 1st class city
located in the Southern Portion of Laguna Province. In terms of land area, San Pablo can
be said to be the largest city in the province of Laguna (Heritage Zone). Additionally, the
demand for building construction in Region IV- A CALABARZON, a region where City of
San Pablo is part of, has been emerging (Bondoc, 2021). The demand is driven by various
types of building projects that vary in size, budget, aesthetic, making the cement selection
brand to be a major factor for stakeholders to consider without disregarding the strength.
The researchers are interested to contribute a helpful guide and basis for selection of
Portland cement brand in the mentioned city to ensure a quality constructed residential
building.

3.3 Research Design

The researchers employed a quantitative methodology to the study to
systematically and objectively assess Portland cement brands available in the City of San
Pablo for building construction applications. The quantitative method allows for exact
measurements and structured analysis, enabling the assessment of each cement brand
based on rigorous, data-driven criteria. Moreover, this method fits the study to suitably
evaluate and compare various brands against measurable criteria, formulating a
structured analysis essential for informed decision-making in the construction industry.
Particularly, a multi-criteria decision-making tool such as VIKOR has been utilized
by the researchers in processing the quantitative data on factors such as compressive
strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity and consistency. By assigning weights
and scores to each criterion through entropy, the approach VIKOR enabled to reliably and
correctly rank the brands of cement based on their calculated proximity to an ideal solution.
Utilizing this structured and systematized approach ultimately generates clear and data-
backed recommendations for selecting the optimal Portland cement brand for building
construction projects in San Pablo City.
In experimental procedures, the researchers conformed the standards of the
ASTM. Moreover, the data that were gathered during the laboratory test were analyzed to
evaluate and select the best performing Portland cement brands.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 19

3.4 Laboratory Materials

Compression Testing Machine. The compression testing machine was utilized
in determining the compressive strength of the Portland cement brands. Conducting this
test helped assess the quality and reliability of each cement brand by ensuring compliance
with the required standards for the construction process. Furthermore, it facilitates the
comparison of the performance of different Portland cement brands in terms of their ability
to withstand compressive forces.
Sieve. A 90-micron sieve was the instrument used in the study to measure the
fineness of the Portland cement brands. It allows small particles to pass through the mesh
and keep the larger ones.
Vicat Apparatus. To determine the setting time of the Portland cement brands
included in the study, VICAT Apparatus is used. This test is essential in evaluating the
time required for the cement to transition from a plastic to a solid state, ensuring
compliance with industry standards and suitability for construction applications.
Le Chatelier flask. The Le Chatelier flask is an equipment used in determining the
specific gravity of the cement. The specialized apparatus to measure the volume of the
cement which is the key to the test.
Weighing Balance. A weighing balance equipment helped in determining the
specific gravity of the cement. It was used to accurately measure the mass of the flask,
flash with cement, flask with cement and kerosene, and the weight of flask with kerosene.

3.5 Data Collection and Laboratory Procedures

To rank and compare the performance of Portland cement brands, the researchers
have conducted a series of laboratory tests based on ASTM and IS codes. It includes
step-by-step procedure on how the test was done based on the selected properties such
as compressive strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity, and consistency. The
data collected from these tests served as the basis to evaluate the performance of
Portland cement brands through VIKOR method utilizing Entropy method, and non-
parametric statistical test.

3.5.1 Compressive Strength

The researchers followed the steps of the ASTM C39 standards. Using the
[Link] mix ratio of Portland cement, sand, aggregates and water, concrete which

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 20

was transferred into a 6x12 molds layer, compacted through rodding and tapping
to remove air voids. Then, concrete samples were cured by immersion in water,
ensuring they remain fully submerged throughout the 28-day curing period. Based
on the ASTM C39 standards, the compressive strength for this shall range from
17- 28 MPa. Figures below show the process of the test.

3.5.2 Fineness
According to the IS 4031-1, the Portland cement undergoes a sieving
process using 90-micron sieve. A total of 100 g Portland cement is sieved for 15
minutes manually. Weight retained was calculated afterwards.
𝑊
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆 = 𝑊2 × 100 (eq-3.1)
1

Where:

W1 = sample weight

W2 = weight of the residue retained on the 90-micron sieve

As based on the Indian standards, the accepted residue cement mass

retained shall not exceed by 10%. Figures below show the process of the test.

3.5.3 Setting Time

The setting time of Portland cement follows the ASTM C191, the test
determined the setting of hydraulic cement using the VICAT apparatus. The test
evaluates the cement's workability and setting characteristics. The VICAT needle
apparatus measured how fast the cement hardens. Samples were evaluated by
the initial and final setting time measurement.
Using the Vicat apparatus the initial setting time of a cement is reached
when the needle stab to a depth of 25 mm. For the final setting time continue doing
penetration until the needle fails to make a complete impression. The VICAT
apparatus was equipped with a 1.0mm diameter needle, measured to 300± 0.5
grams. As per ASTM C187, a mixture of 400 grams of cement with water to achieve
a normal consistency. To calculate the initial and final setting time:

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 21

𝐻−𝐸
𝑇𝑖𝑖 = ( 𝐶−𝐷 ) × (𝐶 − 25) + 𝐸 (eq-3.2)

Where:

Ti = initial setting time (min)

H = time in minutes first penetration less than 25 mm

E = time in minutes of last penetration greater than 25 mm

C = penetration reading at time E

D = penetration reading at time H

𝑇𝑓 = [90 + (1.2 × 𝑇𝑖 )] (eq-3.3)

Where:

Ti = initial setting time

Tf = final setting time

Figures below show the process of the test.

3.5.4 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of Portland cement was determined following a
standardized procedure to ensure accurate measurement. The empty dry flask
was taken and weighed with its weight denoted as initial weight (W1). 50 grams of
cement was added to the flask to fill it halfway, and weighed again with the stopper
and labeled as W2. Followed by, kerosene was added to fill the flask up. Kerosene
was selected because it does not react with the cement. The mixture was stirred
very well so that there will be no air bubbles because these may interfere with the
measurements. Once all air bubbles are removed, the flask containing the cement
and kerosene were weighed, noted as W3. A flask was emptied and filled with
kerosene only and weighed in order to obtain W4. These measurements provided
data from which the specific gravity of the Portland cement sample was then
calculated. Usually, values for Portland cement should be about 3.15. The specific
gravity was calculated using the formula:

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 22

𝑊2 −𝑊1
𝑆𝑔 = (𝑊−𝑊 (eq-3.4)
1 2 )−(𝑊3 −𝑊4 )∗0.79

Where:
Sg = specific gravity
W1 = weight of flask
W2 = weight of flask with cement
W3 = weight of flask with cement and kerosene
W4 = weight of flask with kerosene

3.5.5 Consistency
Slump test is a method used in identifying the consistency of concrete,
which indicates the how easily the concrete can flow and be placed. For the
method to be done, slump cone and measuring scale or ruler were used.
Standard procedure (as per ASTM C143) as setting the cone and base
plate should be moistened, then place the cone on the base plate and hold it firmly
in place. Fill the cone in three equal layers (by volume) then tamp each layer in 25
times using the tamping rod. Use a uniform motion to equally fill the entire section
of cone. After the third layer, strike off and flatten the top surface to make it level
with the top of the cone. Carefully lift the cone vertically and slowly in 5 to 10
seconds without any sideways or twisting motion. Place the cone next to the
concrete and used measuring scale or ruler to measure the vertical distance
between the top of the cone and the highest point of the slumped concrete (not the
lowest).

3.6 Data Analysis

3.6.1 Entropy Method
Step 1: Normalize the Decision Matrix
For each value 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , compute:

𝑥
𝑃𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑚 𝑖𝑗𝑥 (eq-3.5)
𝑖=1 𝑖𝑗

Where:
𝑖 = brand index (eagle, fortune, republic, rizal)

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 23

𝑗 = criterion index (compressive strength, fineness, setting time, specific gravity,

consistency)
𝑚 = number of alternatives (4)

Step 2: Compute Entropy Value

𝐸𝑗 = −𝑘 ∑𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖𝑗 . ln (𝑃𝑖𝑗 ) (eq-3.6)
Where:
1
𝑘 = ln (𝑚)

𝑚 = number of alternatives (4)

Step 3: Compute Degree of Diversification (1 − 𝐸𝑗 )

𝑑𝑗 = 1 − 𝐸𝑗 (eq-3.7)

Step 4: Compute Weights (𝑊𝑗 )

𝑑𝑗
𝑊𝑗 = ∑𝑛 (eq-3.8)
𝑗=1 𝑑𝑗

Where:
𝑛 = number of properties

3.6.2 H-Test
After analyzing the data, the researchers examined the data distribution to
assess if it satisfied the assumptions needed for parametric statistical analysis. To
determine and evaluate, the Shapiro-Wilk test was utilized on each dataset related
to the five chosen characteristics of Portland cement: compressive strength,
fineness, setting time, specific gravity, and consistency. Due to the number of
sample sizes of the specimen, this tool can effectively identify deviations from a
normal distribution. Individually, the properties were analyzed and the outcomes
were assessed with a significant difference threshold of 0.05. If data was deemed
normally distributed, p-value should exceed the p-value of 0.05. If p-value is equal
or lower 0.05, the data is non-normally distributed. This test served as a support
for the result in VIKOR analysis, which signify the reason whether there is a

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 24

significant difference or there is no significant difference between the Portland

cement brands based on the evaluated properties.
After thorough findings, the researchers discovered that multiple datasets
did not meet the normality test. Since the data did not satisfy the criteria for
parametric tests, this led the researchers to perform non-parametric methods for
additional analysis. In particular, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was employed to assess
if there were significant statistical differences among the four brands of Portland
cement for each property being examined.
Additionally, the purpose of using the Kruskal-Wallis test was also to
support the use of the VIKOR method, which is a decision-making tool that ranks
the brands by comparing their performance across different criteria. Before ranking
the brands, it is important to know if the brands are really different from each other
based on their test results. If the brands have significant differences, the VIKOR
method can be used to find out which brand is the most suitable for building
construction. Below are the steps on how to perform the said test.
a. Define Null and Alternative Hypothesis
b. Collect and organize the data
c. Combine and rank all data.
c.1. Combine all the data into one list.
c.2. Rank all values from smallest to largest where smallest number is the
number 1.
c.3. If two or more values are the same, assign them then average their
rank.

d. Calculate the Test Statistic (𝐻)

12 𝑇2𝑖
𝐻 = 𝑁(𝑁+1) (∑ 𝑛
)− 3(𝑁 + 1) (eq-3.9)

Where:

𝑁 = Total number of tests

𝑇𝑖 = Sum of ranks per brand

𝑛 = Number of tests per brand

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 25

e. Determine the Degrees of Freedom (𝑑𝑓)

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑘 − 1 (eq-3.10)

Where:

𝑘 is the number of brands

f. Find the Critical Value or p-value

1. Use Chi-square table

g. Make a Decision
• If p≤α, reject the null hypothesis.

• If p>α, fail to reject the null hypothesis

h. Post Hoc Test (if needed. If the null hypothesis is rejected, perform a
Kruskal Wallis h-test to identify which groups differ.

3.6.3 VIKOR Analysis

a. Create a decision matrix of the result of the properties of Portland
cement brands.
b. Identify the best and worst results for each property of the Portland
cement brands. For beneficial factors, the highest value is considered
the best, while the lowest value is the worst.
c. Afterwards, calculate the Si (group utility) and Ri (individual regret).
𝑋 + −𝑋
𝑆𝑖 = ∑𝑚 𝑖 𝑖𝑗
𝑗=1(𝑊𝑗 ∗ 𝑋 + −𝑋 − ) (eq-3.11)
𝑖 𝑖

𝑋 + −𝑋
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑗 (𝑊𝑗 ∗ 𝑋𝑖+−𝑋𝑖𝑗− ) (eq-3.12
𝑖 𝑖

d. Calculate for the Qi (VIKOR Index), below is the formula to use.

𝑆𝑖 −𝑆 ∗ 𝑅𝑖 −𝑅∗
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑣 ∗ + (1 − 𝑉) ∗ (eq-3.13)
𝑆 − −𝑆 ∗ 𝑅− −𝑅∗

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 26

e. Rank it from ascending form. The lowest value indicates the best value
and the highest value means the worst choice. However, the ranking
will only be valid once the conditions below are satisfied. If one of these
conditions are not satisfied, there shall be two compromise solutions
which are the two top choices based on Qi.

Condition 1:

𝑄(𝐴2 ) − 𝑄(𝐴1 ) ≥ 𝐷𝑄

Where:

1
𝐷𝑄 = 𝑗−1 (eq-3.14)

j = number of alternatives

Condition 2: When the best choice consistently ranked first in VIKOR

Index and Si or and Ri.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 27

CHAPTER IV – RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results and discussion of the study, analyzing properties
of Portland cement brands using VIKOR Analysis. The findings, based on compressive
strength, fineness, setting time, and specific gravity of the Portland cement brands were
tested for its application in construction. Lastly, this chapter includes the hypothesis to
confirm whether significant differences exist in the properties of the brands.

4.1 Portland Cement Brands Availability in San Pablo City

Portland Cement Brand Availability

30

25 27
24
20
Frequency

15

10

5
4 3
0
Eagle Republic Fortune Rizal
Portland Cement Brand

Figure 4.1 Portland Cement Brands Availability

Figure 4.1 shows the available Portland cement brands in all hardware stores in
San Pablo City. It indicates that Eagle Cement is the most prevalent brand, with a
frequency of 27, closely followed by Republic Cement at 24. These two brands are the
most commonly sold in local hardware stores, suggesting strong distribution, higher
demand and reliable supply across the mentioned city. On the contrary, Fortune and Rizal
cement are much less available, with frequencies of four and three respectively, indicating
a more limited presence in the market.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 28

4.2 Results and Discussion

4.2.1 Compressive Strength

Table 4.1 Results of the Compressive Strength

The Table 4.1 above shows the results of the compressive strength of four
Portland cement brands. The higher the compressive strength of a concrete
binder, the greater its capability to endure loads in structural elements like
foundations, beams, columns, and slabs. According to ASTM standards, the
typical compressive strength requirement for general-purpose concrete ranges
from 17 MPa to 28 MPa. Among the brands, Fortune accumulated the highest
compressive strength at 28.23 MPa, as shown in the table above, making this
brand a more reliable choice for load-bearing applications. Meanwhile, brands
such as Eagle, Republic, and Rizal, have met also the strength requirement as
based on the ASTM.

4.2.2 Fineness
Table 4.2 Results of the Fineness

According to IS 4031-1, fineness of the cement affects the rate of hydration

and strength development, with finer cement particles leading to better bonding
and improved strength. Additionally, a higher fineness also provides to a more

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 29

cohesive mix, reducing segregation and improving the overall workability of

concrete binder.
As per the standard, the retained weight on a 90-micron sieve shall not
exceed 10%. Based on the fineness test results, the Fortune brand recorded a
retained weight of 7.333%, which passes the standard limit of 10%. This indicates
good hydration efficiency and supports its effectiveness as a concrete binder.

4.2.3 Setting Time

Table 4.3 Results of the Setting Time

Setting time, one of the properties tested, is also a key factor to consider
when choosing a cement brand. This property plays a crucial role in balancing
times such as initial and final setting to provide adequate time for mixing, placing,
and finishing, while also ensuring that the concrete attains its optimal strength in a
timely manner. Based on ASTM, the standard setting time should range between
45 minutes and 600 minutes. Rizal recorded the quickest setting time of 154.8
minutes, which is well within the acceptable range.

4.2.4 Specific Gravity

Table 4.4 Results of the Specific Gravity

ASTM C188 explains that the cement specific gravity influences the density
and consistency of the concrete mix. To achieve a more stable concrete structure,

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 30

specific gravity ensures the proper balance of cement, aggregates, and water ratio.
According to the standard, the specific gravity of cement is typically around 3.15.
Based on the table, Eagle has shown a favorable specific gravity of 2.5725,
indicating a more proportioned mix that could positively impact the overall
performance of the cement as a concrete binder. However, all brands did not meet
this standard, which may affect the stability and consistency of their concrete
mixes.

4.2.5 Consistency
Table 4.5 Results of the Consistency

The table 4.5 above shows the consistency results of the four brands,
confirming that Republic has the highest consistency with 5.33 in while Eagle,
Fortune and Rizal with 5mm. Since all of the results were in the range of 4 to 6 in
which is the standard consistency based on ASTM C187, this indicates that all the
brands indicate a good workability of the components with water.

4.3 Entropy Method

Table 4.6 Entropy Method Normalized value
Compressive Specific
Brands Consistency Fineness Setting Time
Strength Gravity
Pij
Eagle 0.230181471 0.24590168 0.263922 0.276924059 0.262691159
Fortune 0.259471538 0.262294961 0.272941 0.241025314 0.270371555
Republic 0.269659312 0.24590168 0.043137 0.2353433 0.072734933
Rizal 0.240687679 0.24590168 0.42 0.246707327 0.394202353

This table shows the normalized values for each cement brands across five
performance criteria. Normalization ensures that all criteria, regardless of their original
units were converted to a common scale, allowing fair comparison. For instance, the

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 31

values show that Republic cement has the lowest normalized value in Fineness, while
Rizal scores the highest, indicating strong variation among brands on this aspect. This
table sets the foundation for entropy analysis by showing how each brand performs
relative to others.
Table 4.7 Entropy Measure
Compressive Specific
Brands Consistency Fineness Setting Time
Strength Gravity
Pij*LN(Pij)
Eagle -0.338110634 -0.344956655 -0.35157 -0.355573805 -0.351159299
Fortune -0.350055196 -0.35102557 -0.35441 -0.342943667 -0.353634675
Republic -0.353414395 -0.344956655 -0.1356 -0.340473501 -0.190633422
Rizal -0.34280066 -0.344956655 -0.36435 -0.34527987 -0.366959389
Sum = -1.384380885 -1.385895534 -1.20593 -1.384270843 -1.262386786

Ej 0.998619719 0.999712307 0.869895 0.99854034 0.910619578

The table represents the entropy values (Pij * ln Pij) which are computed to assess
the diversity of data in each criterion. The higher entropy value indicates more uniformity
across brands, meaning that the criterion contributes less to differentiation. Fineness and
Setting Time show more variation (lower entropy), making them more significant in
decision-making. Meanwhile, Compressive Strength, Consistency, and Specific Gravity
have values closer to 1, suggesting they are less impactful in determining between brands.

Table 4.8 Calculated Weight

Compressive Specific
Consistency Fineness Setting Time Sum
Strength Gravity
1-Ej 0.001380281 0.000287693 0.130105 0.00145966 0.089380422 0.222613
Wj 0.006200373 0.001292347 0.584444 0.006556951 0.401506554 1

This table translates entropy values into objective weights, showing the relative
importance of each criterion. Fineness has the highest weight (0.5844), indicating it plays
the most crucial role in differentiating cement brands. Setting Time follows as the second
most influential factor, while Compressive Strength, Consistency, and Specific Gravity
carry minimal weights due to their low variability. These weights will be used in further
analysis to evaluate and rank the cement brands more accurately.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 32

4.4 Statistical Analysis

4.4.1 Normality Test
Table 4.9 Summarized Results of Normality Test

The Shapiro-Wilk Test results for the normalcy test are summarized in the
table above. This statistical test yields a W-static and a p-value for each dataset
and is used to determine whether the sample is representative of a normally
distributed sample. It is appropriate for small sample sizes (n < 50). The data is
considered normally distributed if the computed p-value is higher than 0.05,
signifying that there is no discernible departure from a normal curve. On the other
hand, data is regarded as not normally distributed if the p-value was less than or
equal to 0.05.
To cite, the Eagle Cement brand's fineness was the only property that failed
the Shapiro-Wilk test. As a result, the fineness is below the 0.05 cutoff, with 0.049
indicating a minor departure from normalcy. As a result, it is impossible to assume
that this data is normally distributed. Despite the fact that the majority of the data's
variables were found to be normally distributed; this supported the necessity of
using non-parametric statistical techniques. This suggests that while the majority
of Eagle's test results followed a normal distribution, the fineness exception

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 33

suggests that the property's quality control varied. Therefore, even with small
deviations, the analysis is still dependable when non-parametric tests are used.
The majority of the variables in the Fortune Cement brand were found to
be normally distributed. Therefore, in order to guarantee robust analysis, non-
parametric tests had to be used. Using non-parametric techniques minimizes
potential biases by providing a consistent statistical treatment across all test
parameters, even though there is only one non-normal variable (Specific Gravity
with p = 0.000).
All of the variables in the Republic cement brand, however, were
discovered to be regularly distributed. The use of non-parametric tests for validity
and consistency across all properties was justified by the existence of such results.
Despite the fact that Republic's test results were normal, the choice to use non-
parametric analysis for all brands improves the evaluation process's comparability
and equity.
Finally, the specific gravity of the Rizal cement brand might not have been
considered normal, but this supported the significance of non-parametric statistical
testing. Notably, because there was no variance for the consistency variable, the
normality test was not run. The test was unable to evaluate distribution because
all of its findings were the same within those brands.
The findings have significant implications for the analysis as a whole. The
reliability and suitability of employing parametric statistical methods are directly
impacted by the existence of non-normal data for a number of variables, the
extremely small sample size, and the inability to compute normality for some
variables.
If assumptions like normality and equal variances are violated, the
parametric test's sensitivity may result in conclusions that are not accurate.
Consequently, these results provide compelling evidence for the application of
non-parametric statistical methods like the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-
Wallis H test.
Based on the data, Eagle and Rizal each displayed at least one variable
that did not follow a normal distribution, namely fineness and specific gravity,
respectively, whereas Republic Cement was the only brand with all variables

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 34

normally distributed. Additionally, Fortune Cement did not pass the specific gravity
normally test. Further restricting statistical treatment, consistency (slump) data for
the Eagle, Fortune, and Rizal brands revealed zero variance. These trends support
the uniform use of non-parametric techniques for all brands in order to guarantee
reliable comparative analysis.

4.4.2 Kruskal-Wallis H Test and Pairwise

Table 4.10 Results of Compressive Strength H Test

The H Test of the compressive strength revealed a significant difference in

compressive strength among the four Portland cement brands, with H equals to
10.38, and p-value of 0.02. This result indicates that at least one brand’s
compressive strength differs significantly from the others. However, due to number
of sample size, the results could not specific what specific brands are different.
These findings suggest variability in compressive performance, supporting the
need for further analysis through post hoc testing.

Table 4.11 Results of Fineness H Test

The table above revealed the results of the H-Test of fineness. The result
indicated that among four Portland cement brands, one is found significantly
different from one another with H of 9.36 and p of 0.02. However, the test does not
specify which specific brand pairs are different.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 35

Table 4.12 Results of Setting Time H Test

The table above shows the results of Setting Time H-Test. This result
indicated differences among the four cement brands in terms of setting time. The
results showed a statistically significant difference, H (3) = 9.84, p = 0.02, indicating
that at least one brand differs from the others in this aspect. Eagle had the highest
mean rank (Mr = 10.50), followed by Fortune (Mr = 8.50), Republic (Mr = 5.00),
and Rizal (Mr = 2.00), suggesting that Eagle generally exhibited longer setting
times.

Table 4.13 Results of Specific Gravity H Test

The Kruskal-Wallis H test was conducted to examine differences among

the four cement brands in terms of specific gravity. The results showed no
statistically significant difference, H(3) = 3.63, p = .31. Although the mean ranks
varied, with Eagle (Mr = 8.50) and Rizal (Mr = 8.00) showing higher values
compared to Fortune (Mr = 3.67) and Republic (Mr = 5.83), the overall test
indicated that these differences were not statistically meaningful. Given the lack of
significance in the overall test, no post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed,
as further testing is not warranted when the omnibus test does not indicate group
differences. This result suggests that the observed differences in ranks across the
brands are likely due to random variation rather than actual differences in
performance.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 36

4.4.3 Pairwise Comparison using Mann-Whitney U Test

Table 4.14 Results of Pairwise of Compressive Strength

This table above shows pairwise comparison among the brands to

determine specifically which among of them differs to one another. Follow-up
pairwise comparisons, using the Mann-Whitney U test, did not yield any statistically
significant differences between specific brand pairs. All exact significance values
were equal to .100, which is above the Bonferroni-adjusted alpha level of .0083
used to control for Type I error across six comparisons. Although the mean ranks
varied across groups, with Fortune having the highest (Mr = 11.00) and Eagle the
lowest (Mr = 2.00), no pairwise comparison demonstrated a significant difference.
The lack of significant results in the post hoc tests may be attributed to the small
sample size (n = 3 per group), which limits statistical power. Therefore, while an
overall difference among the brands is evident, the specific pairwise differences
could not be identified with statistical certainty.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 37

Table 4.15 Results of Pairwise of Fineness

The post hoc pairwise comparisons using the Mann-Whitney U test

revealed no statistically significant differences between any specific brand pairs in
fineness. All exact significance values were greater than the Bonferroni-adjusted
alpha level of .0083, with most comparisons showing p = .100. The only exception
was the comparison between Eagle and Republic, which yielded a p-value of
1.000, clearly indicating no difference. None of the pairwise results reached
statistical significance. This inconsistency between the overall Kruskal-Wallis
result and the individual Mann-Whitney tests may be due to the small sample sizes
and the conservative nature of Bonferroni correction, which reduces the likelihood
of detecting significant differences in follow-up tests. Thus, while a general
difference in particle fineness exists among the brands, no specific pairwise
difference could be confirmed with statistical confidence.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 38

Table 4.16 Results of Pairwise of Setting Time

Despite the overall significance, pairwise comparisons using the Mann-

Whitney U test with Exact significance values and Bonferroni correction revealed
no statistically significant differences between any specific brand pairs. All Exact
p-values were greater than the adjusted alpha level of .0083, with the lowest being
.100. The most notable contrast appeared between Eagle and Republic as well as
Eagle and Rizal, both yielding U = 0.00 and p = .100, yet still not meeting the
threshold for significance. These findings suggest that while there is evidence of
variation in final setting time among the cement brands, the specific brand-to-brand
differences could not be confirmed statistically, likely due to the limited sample size
and conservative nature of the correction method.

4.5 Effects of Kruskal-Wallis H-Test on the VIKOR Analysis

In summary, the Kruskal-Wallis H tests showed that the four Portland cement
brands had significant differences in fineness, setting time, and compressive strength. On
the other hand, there are no differences in consistency and specific gravity. This shows
that each brand has its strengths and weaknesses, and none of them stands out as the
best in every area.
Therefore, in order to identify which brand performed well across all the tests
conducted, the VIKOR method was applied. The VIKOR method considers all the
important performance factors together, which helps provide a fair and complete

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 39

comparison of the cement brands. This makes it easier to see which brand stands out
overall and is most suitable for building construction.

4.6 VIKOR Analysis

Table 4.17 VIKOR Analysis
Ranked based
Brands Si Ri Qi
on Qi
Eagle 0.587139612 0.342395261 0.581387 2
Republic 0.610488315 0.356382989 0.605562 3
Fortune 0.007849298 0.006556951 0 1
Rizal 0.996557884 0.584443776 1 4
S* & R* 0.007849298 0.006556951
S- & R- 0.996557884 0.584443776

Conditions Remarks
Acceptable advantage 0.581387 > 0.333333333
Acceptable stability in decision making Ranked first consistently in Si and Ri

The VIKOR Analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate and rank the
Portland cement brands based on their compressive strength, fineness, setting time,
specific gravity and consistency. These properties are one of the crucial factors in cement
performance as concrete binder.
As shown in Table 4.17 the results of the VIKOR analysis, among the four brands
tested, Fortune emerged as rank 1 with Qi value of 0, indicating its well-balanced
performance across the evaluated properties. This suggests that this brand offers optimal
performance between the selected properties evaluated, making the best choice as a
concrete binder.
Additionally, as the VIKOR indicates to its method for a clear best option to be
accepted, two conditions must be met: acceptable advantage and consistent ranking as
the best in both the S and R indices. In this case, both conditions were satisfied as shown
in the calculation above.
Eagle cement ranked second with a Qi value of 0.581387 making it a competitive
alternative as well. Its placement as the second-best alternative reflects that, while it may
not have led every individual factor, it has maintained its consistency and scored relatively

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 40

close to the ideal solution. This balanced among the factors technically sound option for
construction projects.
Meanwhile, Republic and Rizal brands, placed third and fourth, with Qi values of
0.605562 and 1, respectively, indicating that these two brands may not have the same
level of workability and efficiency in construction compare to the other brands. The
disparity in ranking emphasizes the importance of careful consideration of cement brands,
especially the aim of a construction is its structural integrity and long-term durability.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 41

CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter provides a summary of the study’s main findings, analysis-based
conclusions, and suggestions for further study and application. In addition to offering
insights to promote better decision-making in building practices, this chapter revisits the
study’s objective of using VIKOR approach to choose the best Portland cement brand for
construction in San Pablo City.

5.1 Summary
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and select the best performing
Portland cement brands available in San Pablo using Multi Criteria Decision Making
method, VIKOR. Alongside VIKOR, to test the hypothesis of the study, statistical test such
as Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U-Test were employed.
To accomplish this study, an experimental methodology was accomplished,
minding on five selected properties of Portland cement by the researchers. The standard
testing procedures were followed based on the ASTM specifications. To test the
compressive strength, the researchers used ASTM C39, 6 by 12 sample, which defines
the process for testing concrete specimen under compression. For fineness to evaluate,
IS 4031-1 is used, setting time in accordance with ASTM C191, and specific gravity as
based on ASTM C188, ensuring that these tests adhered to standardized specifications.
Meanwhile, VIKOR results showed that among the brands that went into
meticulous procedures and testing, Fortune Cement ranked first with Qi value of 0,
followed by Eagle accumulating a Qi value of 0.581387, Republic with 0.605562, and Rizal
with 1 of Qi value.
Lastly, the study also used statistical tests such as Kruskal Wallis and Mann
Whitney U-Test to assess whether significant differences exist in the properties among
the cement brands. As based on the results, three of the properties such as compressive
strength, fineness, and setting time showed significant differences. In specific gravity, no
significant difference is found. While, in consistency, due to consistent results of the
experimental, no necessary statistical is performed.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 42

5.2 Conclusion
This study aims to select the best performing Portland cement brand for residential
buildings in San Pablo City. The researchers used the VIKOR analysis method for multi-
criteria-decision-making to rank the cement brands based on the five properties used in
the study. The following are the conclusions drawn by the researchers:
1. According to the evaluated properties:
• Among the brands in compressive strength and fineness, Fortune
accumulated the highest results with 28.23 MPa and 7.333%, respectively.
This suggests that this brand has superior load-bearing capacity, making it
a strong choice for use in structural element components where strength
and durability are critical. On the other hand, the fineness of the cement
enhances the hydration process, which could lead to an improved early
strength development and better overall bonding with other components
such as aggregates.
• In setting time, Rizal has exhibited the fastest time with 154.8 minutes. This
indicates that this brand sets up more quickly compared to the other brands,
which can be an advantage in construction projects requiring turnaround
time.
• In specific gravity, Eagle has shown a favorable result with 2.572483333.
This indicates of the cement density, which could affect its overall quality
and composition.
• In consistency, all the brands’ results range in the standard consistency of
the cement.
2. The entropy analysis shows that fineness with a weight of 0.5844 and setting
time with a weight of 0.4015 are the most important criteria for differentiating
cement brands due to their high variability. Meanwhile, compressive strength
with a weight of 0.0062, specific gravity with 0.0066, and consistency with
0.0013 have minimal impact. Thus, cement selection should focus mainly on
fineness and setting time for better decision-making.
3. The H-test showed that there were significant differences in the properties of
the cement brands, such as compressive strength, fineness, and setting time.
On the other hand, specific gravity and consistency were found no significant
differences. This means that not all brands perform equally.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 43

4. According to VIKOR Analysis, Fortune ranked first with Qi value of 0, followed

by Eagle in second place with 0.581387, Republic placed third with 0.605562,
and Rizal came in fourth with Qi value of 1, reflecting their overall performance.
Thus, the significant results from the H-test support the choice of Fortune as the
best cement brand based on the VIKOR ranking.

5.3 Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, the researchers offer the following
recommendations for future research and practical applications:
1. Best Performing Cement Brand based on VIKOR Analysis
Fortune and Eagle cement brands emerged as the preferred brands for
construction in San Pablo City due to its performance across the evaluated
criteria. Therefore, these two brands are recommended for use in construction
application by developers, construction firms, and homeowners to guarantee
quality and reliability in construction.
2. Expanded Brand Assessment
While this is limited to brands available in San Pablo City, future researchers
are encouraged to broaden the scope to include other brands from different
regions. This will help identify other potentially high-performing cement options
that may be overlooked in localized studies.
3. Extended Analysis of Cement Properties
To further the depth of analysis, future studies may consider including
additional properties of Portland cement beyond the four tested properties in
this research. Doing so will allow for a more understanding and comprehensive
assessment of cement performance in various construction contexts.
4. Exploration of other Cement Types
The researcher recommends exploring the other type of cements that can be
used in construction practices, which could provide insight into the suitability of
different types of cement in different construction applications.
5. Optimization of Other Mix Ratios
To enhance the findings of the study, the researcher recommends that future
researchers explore the different ratios of materials to observe the impact on

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 44

compressive strength. Testing other ratios can help to find the best
combination to improve the strength and quality of the concrete.
6. Number of Samples Sizes
In future studies, increasing the number of samples is recommended by the
researchers in order to enhance the reliability, accuracy, and statistical power
of the results.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 45

REFERENCES
Aginam, C. H., Chidolue, C. A., & Nwakire, C. (2013). Investigating the effects of coarse
aggregate types on the compressive strength of concrete. International Journal of
Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1140-1144.

Anitha, T., & Maliqjan, N., (2023). Brand Preference Towards Cement Industry. ComFin
Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 6–10.
[Link]

Balabanis, G., & Siamagka, N. T. (2017). Inconsistencies in the behavioral effects of

consumer ethnocentrism: The role of brand, product category and country of origin.
International Marketing Review, 34.2, 166–182.

Basavaraj, G., Rao, P., Lagesh, L. A., Pokharkar, V. G., Gupta, S. K., & Kumar, A. (2015).
Understanding trait preferences of farmers for post-rainy sorghum and pearl millet
in India: A conjoint analysis. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(l), pp.
130–143.

Bhamere, S. (2016). Comparison of compressive strength of various brands of cement.

International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering ,pp. 2394-
2827.

Bondoc, J.R. (2021). Unlocking residential opportunities in Laguna.

[Link]
laguna.

Celik, I. B. (2009). The effects of particle size distribution and surface area upon cement
strength development. Powder Technology, 188(3), 272–276.

Chatterjee, P., Athawale, V.M., & Chakraborty, S. (2009). Selection of materials using
compromise ranking and outranking methods.
[Link]
3Dihub.

Department of Trade and Industry. (2020). Philippine construction industry roadmap 2020-
2030. [Link]
2020-2030/.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 46

Duggal, S. (2009). Building Material: Built Environment, Engineering and Technology.

[Link]
materials-duggal.

Ede, A. N. (2011). Measures to reduce the high incidence of structural failures in Nigeria.
Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(1), 153–161.

Elbagermia, M. A. (2014). Chemical analysis of available Portland cement in Libyan

market using X-Ray fluorescence.
[Link]
ilable_Portland_Cement_in_Libyan_Market_Using_X-Ray_Fluorescence.

Ghosh, D., & Das, B. (2015). Brand and its impact on buying behavior for cement in India.
International Journal of Research in Finance and Marketing, 5(4), pp. 1005.

Gillot, C., & Coutelas, A. (2018). Cements, Mortars, Binders.

[Link]

Halkias, G., Davvetas, V., & Diamantopoulus, A. (2016). The interplay between country
stereotypes and perceived brand globalness/localness as drivers of brand
preference.[Link]
042X.

Hellier, P. K., Geursen G.M., Carr, R.A., & Rickard J.A. (2003). Customer repurchase
intention: A general structural equation model. European Journal of Marketing,
37(11/12), 1762–1800.

Hinson, R., Mohammed, A., & Mensah, R. (2006). Determinants of Ghanaian bank service
quality in a universal banking dispensation. Banks and Bank Systems, 1(2), 69–
81.

Horsky, D., Misra, S., & Nelson, P. (2006). Observed and unobserved preference
heterogeneity in brand-choice models. Marketing Science, 25(4), 322–335.
[Link]

Kabir, G., Sadiq, R., & Tesfamariam, S. (2014). A review of multi-criteria decision-making
methods for infrastructure management. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 47

10(9), 1176–1210. [Link]

Karande, P., & Chakraborty, S. (2017). Applications of utility concept and desirability
function for materials selection. Materials & Design, 43, 443–454.
[Link]

Kiani, B., Eslami, M., & Nematzadeh, M. (2018). Material selection for repair of structural
concrete using VIKOR method. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8, 489–
497. [Link]

Kotler, P., & Armstrong, (2009). Marketing Management. Pearson Education Limited.

Kumar & Ray, (2014). Selection of material for optimal design using multi-criteria decisionn
making, Procedia Mater. Sci. 6. 590–596.

Lea, F. M. (2004). The chemistry of cement and concrete, 83-88. Retrieved from
[Link]
ncrete/v1JVu4iifnMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lea,+F.+M.+(2004).+The+chemistry+o
f+cement+and+concrete.+Elsevier+Science.&printsec=frontcover

Maity, A. (2014). Impact of external influences recommendation in purchase behavior

process of selection of cement for construction. International Journal of Business
and Management Invenon, 3: 1-11

Mishra, A. K., & Sharestha, B. (2019). Assessment of consumer influencing factor in

decision making for selecting cement brands. South Asian Research Journal of
Business and Management, 1(3), 91–105.
[Link]

Mwikali, K., & Kavale, S. (2012). Factors affecting the selection of optimal suppliers in
procurement management. International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science, 2(14): 189-193

Oghenenyerovwho, O.S., & Emovon, I., (2020). Application of MCDM method in material
selection for optimal design: A review. Retrieve
from5ekXwAJg6rj6S7R2xULi9VTws_aem_rJ69jacHT7IwA6phzaTgaA.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 48

Okoli, O. G., Ezeokonkwo, J. U., & Anya, C. U. (2008). Assessment of early compressive
strength development of concrete with selected ordinary Portland cement.
Nigerian Journal of Construction Technology and Management, 9(1), 18–24.

Olonade, K. A., Adeoye, T. F., & Ajibola, A. (2015). Comparative quality evaluation of
cement brands used in South West Nigeria. Academy Journal of Science and
Engineering, 9(1), [Link]
ajse/article/download/105/70.

Overby, J. W., & Lee, E. J. (2006). The effect of utilitarian and hedonic online shopping
value on consumer preference and intentions. Journal of Business Research,
59(10), 1160-1166

Oyenuga, V. (2001) "“Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design", 2nd Ed. Lagos: Asros
Publishers.

Philippine National Standards (PNS). (2016). PNS 07:2005 ICS 91.100.10 Portland
cement – Specification. [Link]. [Link]
2005-ics-91.100.10-portland-cement-%E2%80%93-specification

Shanian, A., & Savadogo, O., (2009). A methodological concept for material selection of
highly sensitive components based on multiple criteria decision analysis. Expert
Syst Appl 2009; 36:1362–70.

Sharma C., (2018). "Effects of particle size on the compressive strength of concrete,"
Undergraduate Thesis-Environment Sciences-Pennsylvania State University.

Siddique, R., and Khan, M., (2011). Supplementary Cementing Materials. Retrieved from
[Link]

Solomon, M. R. (2014). Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being (10th ed.).
Pearson.

Tadesse, Y., & Tessema, K., (2020). A Multidimensional Economic Assessment of Africa.
Springer Singapore.

Taherdoost, H., & Madanchian, M., (2023). Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)
methods and concepts. Encyclopedia. 3(1), 77-87W0CMTEAAR2BsteLoaAl-

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 49

INYP2o7K9Tmp4jaDJ6lKU_0-pd-c MdInaIHh_DxSqXUIg_aem_ZLYtju1fot0vzO-
nQMGA7g.

Wei, J., & Lin, X., (2008). The multiple attribute decision-making VIKOR method and its
application. 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications,
Networking and Mobile Computing; Dalian. New York: IEEE. p. 1-4.

Yahaya, B. S., Lawal, A. A., & Abdulwahab, R. (2014). Comparison of the compressive
strength of concrete made with different brands of cement. International Journal of
Engineering and Innovative Technology, 4(3), 36–39.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 50

APPENDIX A – NOMINATION FORM

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 51

APPENDIX B – GANNT CHART

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 52

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 53

Appendix C - RECOMMENDATION LETTER

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 54

Appendix D - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 55

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 56

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 57

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 58

Appendix E – FINENESS

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 59

Appendix F – SETTING TIME

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 60

Appendix G – SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 61

Appendix H – ASTM C39

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 62

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 63

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 64

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 65

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 66

Appendix I – IS 4031 -1

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 67

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 68

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 69

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 70

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 71

Appendix J – ASTM C191

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 72

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 73

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 74

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 75

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 76

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 77

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 78

Appendix K – ASTM C188

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 79

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 80

Appendix L – ASTM C143

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 81

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 82

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 83

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 84

Appendix M – LETTER FOR TESTING

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 85

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 86

Appendix N – REQUEST LETTER FOR THE LIST

OF REGISTERED HARDWARE

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 87

Appendix O – PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 88

Figure p. 1 Data Collection

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 89

Figure p. 2 Equipment

Figure p. 3 Materials

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 90

Figure p.4 Preparation of materials

Figure p. 5 Weighing the material

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 91

Figure p. 6 Mixing

Figure p. 7 Pouring the mixture in the 6 x 12 molder

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 92

Figure p. 8 16 pcs of 6 x 12 cement mixtures

Figure p. 9 Unmolding the 16 pcs cement samples

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 93

Figure p.7 Submerging of the samples after 24 hours

Figure p.8 After 7 days, still curing

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 94

Figure p.9 After 27 days

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 95

Figure p.10 Testing of compressive strength using Compression Testing Machine

Figure p. 11 Performing Fineness

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 96

Figure p. 12 Raw Results of Fineness

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 97

Figure p. 13 Mixing the cement with water for Setting Time

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 98

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 99

Figure p. 14 Result of Setting Time using Vicat apparatus

Figure p. 15 Performing Specific Gravity using Le Chatelier flask

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 100

Figure p. 16 Result of Specific Gravity

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 101

CURRICULUM VITAE

EARL JOSHUA S. BACTING

Brgy. Paule 1 Rizal, Laguna, Philippines – 4003

+639763893731
ejaybacting@[Link]

EDUCATION College: Laguna College

Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
Year of Graduation: 2025 (Expected)

Senior High School: Liceo de San Pablo

Program: Academic Track – Science Technology
Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Year of Graduation: 2021

Junior High School: Cristobal S. Conducto

Memorial Integrated National High School Year of
Graduation: 2019

ORGANIZATIONS Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

Member S.Y. 2021 – present

TRAINING AND SEMINARS Engineering Congress 2024

University of the Philippines Los Baños,
Laguna
March 23, 2024

National Civil Engineering Symposium 2024

University of the Philippines Diliman September 20,
2024

COSH-Safety Officer 02 (40 hours), Think safe

training, consultancy and services corporation.,
January 28,2024

WORK EXPERIENCE On-The-Job Training (240 hours)

Operation, July 01 - August 01 2024
D.M. Consunji Inc.

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 102

KAYE ANN MARIE BAUTISTA

Purok IV Batobalani Subdivision,

Concepcion, San Pablo City Laguna, 4000
09663542944
kayeannmariebautista@[Link]

EDUCATION College: Laguna College

Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
Year of Graduation: 2025 (Expected)

Senior High School: San Pablo Colleges

Program: Academic Track – Science Technology
Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Year of Graduation: 2021

Junior High School: San Jose Integrated High

School
Year of Graduation: 2019

ORGANIZATIONS Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

Member S.Y. 2021 – present

TRAINING AND SEMINARS Engineering Congress 2024

University of the Philippines Los Baños,
Laguna
March 23, 2024

COSH-Safety Officer 02 (40 hours), Think safe

training, consultancy and services corporation.,
January 28,2024

WORK EXPERIENCE On-The-Job Training (247 hours)

Engineering Department, June 24 – July 26, 2024
M – Concept Architectural Design Hub or Konsepto
de Arkitektura

Work Immersion (80 hours) Creotec Philippines

Inc., March 2021

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 103

NEIL ALDWIN G. GARCIA

San Pablo City, Laguna

0995 - 330 - 6510
garcianeilaldwin@[Link]

EDUCATION College: Laguna College

Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
Year of Graduation: 2025 (Expected)

College: Batangas State University - Alangilan

Campus - TNEU
Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
Year: 2021 - 2023

Senior High School: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

San Pablo
Program: Academic Track – Science Technology
Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Year of Graduation: 2021
Award Received: With High Honors

Junior High School: Colonel Lauro D. Dizon

Integrated High School
Year of Graduation: 2019
Award Received: With High Honors

ORGANIZATIONS Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

Member S.Y. 2021 – present

TRAINING AND SEMINARS National Civil Engineering Symposium 2024

University of the Philippines Diliman September 20,
2024

WORK EXPERIENCE On-The-Job Training (240 hours)

Construction Service Unit: Project Management
Office June 24 – July 26, 2024
Teravera Corporation

Sangguniang Kabataan Councilor

Brgy. San Lucas 2, San Pablo City, Laguna
2023 – Present

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 104

KRIZLYN LOU F. KALAW

38 Kamagong St. Villa Lozada Subdivision,

Brgy-III-E San Pablo City, Laguna 4000
09163900254
kalawkrizlyn@[Link]

EDUCATION College: Laguna College

Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
Year of Graduation: 2025 (Expected)

Senior High School: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

San Pablo
Program: Academic Track – Science Technology
Engineering and Mathematics Strand
Year of Graduation: 2021

Junior High School: Liceo de San Pablo

Year of Graduation: 2019

ORGANIZATIONS Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

Member S.Y. 2021 – present

TRAINING AND SEMINARS Engineering Congress 2024

University of the Philippines Los Baños,
Laguna
March 23, 2024

COSH-Safety Officer 02 (40 hours), Think Safe

Training, Consultancy and Services Corporation.,
January 28,2024

WORK EXPERIENCE On-The-Job Training (247 hours)

Engineering Department, June 24 – July 26, 2024
M – Concept Architectural Design Hub or Konsepto
de Arkitektura

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 105

MARYELL L. MERCADO

106 F. Platon St. Poblacion Brgy. 2, Tanauan

City, Batangas Philippines 4232
+639319514168
maryell.mercado05@[Link]

EDUCATION College: Laguna College

Degree Program: Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
Year of Graduation: 2025 (Expected)

Senior High School: Our Lady of Assumption

College
Program: Academic Track – Science Technology
Engineering and Mathematics
Year of Graduation: 2018

Junior High School: Bernardo Lirio Memorial

National High School
Year of Graduation: 2016

ORGANIZATIONS Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

Member (A.Y. 2021 – present)

TRAINING AND SEMINARS International Agriculture 4.0 Webinar

(Accelerating Digital Technologies in Food and
Agriculture Sector)
January 16, 2022

Cadet Officer Qualifying Course

C/2LT Maryell Mercado 4CL
Tanauan City College
November 16 - 18, 2018

On-the-Job Trainee, Engineer (CE Construction

Corporation)
Immersion Training
Northgate Cyberzone Filinvest Alabang, Muntinlupa
City
July 10 - September 06, 2017

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)
 Laguna College 106

Engineering Congress 2024

University of the Philippines Los Baños,
Laguna
March 23, 2024

COSH-Safety Officer 02 (40 hours), .,

December 19, 2024

WORK EXPERIENCE Generation One Resources

Jollibee Victory Mall Tanauan
Service Crew
December 2018 – March 2020

ANC Halili Foods Management Inc.

Jollibee Victory Mall Tanauan
Senior Crew (Regular)
March 2020-May 2022

ResultsCX-Lipa
Customer Service Representative
Results Associate (Financial Account)
June 2022-October 2024

On-The-Job Training (240 hours)

Engineering Department, June 24 – July 26, 2024

Design and Build Construction Inc.

San Pablo City, Laguna
Site Engineer
September 2022-Present

Assessment of Portland Cement brands Bacting E., Bautista K., Garcia N.,
as ………….. Using VIKOR Analysis Kalaw K. & Mercado M. (2025)