Solution

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES WORKSHEET

Class 11 - Physics
2 2

1. E = 2π 2
mr v
2 2
=
2π mr

2
T

m = 0.2 kg, r = 0.01 m, t = 4s

2 2
2π ×0.2×(0.1)
∴ E = = 0.00246J
2
4

2. Given, Potential energy = Kinetic energy

i.e, mω x = mω (A − x ) [ω , A, m and x are angular velocity, mass and displacement respectively]
1

2
2 2 1

2
2 2 2

x2 = A2 - x2⇒ x =
A
⇒
√2

Now, x = A sinωt = A sin( 2π

T
)t

A t
So, = A sin 2π
8
[since T = 8 s(given)]
√2

πt 1 π
or sin 4
= = sin
4
√2

πt π
or 4
=
4

or t = 1 s
3. Displacement, y = sin2 ωt
dy
Velocity, v = dt
= 2 sin ωt × cos ωt × ω

= ω sin 2ωt
Acceleration, a = dv

dt
= ω × cos 2ωt × 2ω

= 2ω cos 2ωt
2

As the acceleration a is not proportional to displacement y, the given function does not represent SHM. It
represents a periodic motion of angular frequency 2ω .
∴ Time period, T =
2π 2π π
= =
Angular frequency 2ω ω

4. x1 = 5 sin (2πt + π/4) ∴ A1 = 5

–
x2 = 5√2(sin 2πt + cos 2πt)
= 10 sin (sin 2πt cos π

4
+ cos 2πt sin
π

4
)

or x2 = 10 sin (2πt + π

4
)

∴ A2 = 10
A1
Hence =
5

10
=1:2
A2

5. K. E. = Kinetic energy = 16J

Now, m = Mass = 5.12kg
ω = Angular frequency

a = amplitude = 25cm or 0.25m

The Maximum value of K. E. is at mean position which is= 1

2
2
mw a
2

So, 16 = 1

2
mω a
2 2

2 2
16 × 2 = mω a

2 2
32 = 5.12 × ω × (0.25)

2 −4
32 = 5.12 × ω (625 × 10 )

32 2
= ω
−4
5.12×625×10
32 2
= ω
−2−4
512×625×10
32 2
= ω
320000×10

10 -4+6 = ω 2

100 = ω 2

w = 10 rad/sec
Now, T = Time Period 2π

w
=
2π

10
=
π

5
sec

1 / 17
 6. Here, mass(m) =10 g, time period(T) = 6 s
ω =
2π

T
=
2π

6
=
π

3
rad s-1(angular frequency or velocity)
When t = 1 s, v = 6 cm s-1; now putting these values in the general equation of velocity of a particle executing SHM we get,
π π π ∘
6 = A× cos × 1 = A× cos 60
3 3 3
π 1 πA 36
= A×
3
×
2
=
6
or A = π
cm

Total Energy, E = 1

2
mA ω
2 2

2 2
36
=
1

2
× 10 × (
π
) × (
π

3
) = 720 erg
Kinetic energy = 1

2
mv
2
=
1

2
× 10 × 6
2
= 180 erg
Potential energy = Total energy - Kinetic energy
= 720 - 180 = 540 erg
7. Consider a SHM. x = A sin ωt
dx
v = = Aω cos ωt
dt

For V max cos ωt = −1

∴ vmax = Aω
dv 2
a= = −Aω sin ωt
dt

For a max sin ωt = −1

2
amax = Aω
amax 2
Aω ω
∴ = =
vmax Aω 1

8. Here, T = 0.314s; m = 1 kg
−− 2

Now, T = 2π√ m

k
or k = 4π

2
m

= 400 Nm-1
2 4×(3.14) ×1
or k = 4π ×1

2
=
2
(0.314) (0.314)

When spring is loaded with a weight 1 kg:

mg = kl
mg
or l = k

or l = 1×9.8

400
= 0.0245 m = 2.45 m
9. i. The motion of an artificial satellite around the earth is periodic as it repeats after a regular interval of time. But it cannot be
taken as S.H.M. because it is not a to-and-fro motion about any mean position.
ii. Time period of simple pendulum,
−
−
T = 2π√ l

g
i.e., T ∝ √l

Clearly, if the length is increased four times, the time period gets doubled.
10. A pendulum of time period (T) of 2 sec is called second pendulum.
−−
le 2 le
Te = 2π√
ge
⇒ Te
2
= 4π
ge
...(i)
−
−−
lm ge
Tm = 2π√ ∵ gm =
gm 6

lm ×6
∴
2
Tm = 4π
2
g
...(ii)
e

For second pendulum T e = Tm = 2 sec

2
4π 6lm
2 2
Tm ge (2) 6lm

2
=
le
or 2
=
le
le = 1m
T 2 (2)
e 4π
ge

1 6lm 1
= ⇒ lm = m
1 1m 6

11. When the trolley is displaced from the mean position, it stretches one spring and compresses the other by the same amount. The
restoring forces developed in the two springs are in the same direction. If the trolley is displaced through distance y, then total
restoring force is
F = F1 + F2 = - ky - ky = - 2 ky
If k' is the force constant of the combination, then
F = - k'y
Clearly, k' = 2k = 2 × 600 = 1200 Nm-1
Also, m = 3.0 kg
amplitude, A = 5.0 × 10-2 m

2 / 17
 i. Period of oscillation,
−−
T = 2π√ m

′
k
−
− −
−
= 2 × 3.14√ 3.0

1200
= 0.314 s
ii. Maximum speed,
−−
′
k
vmax = ωA = √ × A
m

−
− −
−
=√ 1200

3.0
× 5.0 × 10
−2
= 1.0 ms-1
iii. Total energy dissipated as heat = Initial maximum K.E. of the trolley
1 1
= 2
2
mvmax = 2
× 3.0 × (1.0)
2
= 1.5 J

12. Here mass m = 2.5 kg, force constant k = 1000 Nm-1 and amplitude of oscillation A = 5.0 cm = 0.05 m.
−−
i. The oscillation period T = 2π√ m

−
− −
−
2.5
= 2 × 3.14 × √ 1000
= 0.314 s
ii. The acceleration amplitude a = Aω 0
2

=A× 4π

2
T
2

= 20 ms-2
0.05×4×(3.14)
= 2
(0.314)

iii. The velocity amplitude v = Aω 0

=A× 2π

= 0.05×2×3.14
= 1 ms-1
(0.314)

13. The bob of the simple pendulum will experience the acceleration due to gravity and the centripetal acceleration provided by the
circular motion of the car.
Acceleration due to gravity = g
2
v
Centripetal acceleration = R

Where,
v is the uniform speed of the car
R is the radius of the track
Effective acceleration (a ) is given as: ef f
−−−−−−−−−
2
2
2 v
aef f = √g + ( )
R

−−−
Time period, T = 2π√
l

aeff

Where,l is the length of the pendulum

−−−−−
∴ Time period, T = 2π
l

√ 2 v4
g +
R2

14.

15.

Let AB be the imaginary tunnel dug across a diameter of the Earth and O its centre as shown in. Let P be the Free Videos section

3 / 17
 at any instant of the body dropped from one end of the tunnel, where OP-x The Earth can be considered to be made of two parts.
Its outer shell-I does not exert any force on the particle. The gravitational force on the particle is only due to the sphere-ll of radius
x. If p is the density of the Earth,
The acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the earth surface is given by:
d R−d
gd = g (1 − ) = g( )
R R
g
=
R
x where x is distance from centre of earth g d ∝ x

As acceleration is proportional to displacement Hence the motion is S.H.M

−−−−−−−−
displacement
T = Time period = 2π√
acceleration
−−
x
= 2π√
gd

−
−
R
= 2π√
g

16. Change in work done is given by

dW = F . dx and dW = dU ,

where, F is restoring force.

Then,
dU (x)
dU = F ⋅ dx or F = −
dx
(here restoring force is opposite to displacement)
−d −d
∴ F = [ U0 (1 − cos αx)] = [U0 − U0 cos αx]
dx dx

⇒ F = − [0 − U0 (− sin αx) ⋅ α]

⇒ F = −αU0 sin αx

For an SHM, αx is small and

For small angle, sin αx ≈ αx …(i)
∴ F = −αU αx = − α U x …(ii)
2
0 0

where α, U0 are constants.

∴ F ∝ −x

Since force is directly proportional to the displacement and also in a direction opposite to it, so motion is SHM.
Comparing with the general equation of SHM, F = -kx,
We get from (ii), k = α U 2
0

U0
∴ mω
2
= α U0 ⇒ ω
2 2
= α
2

m
(since k = mω )2

2
2π U0 m
2 2 2
⇒ ( ) = α ⇒ T = 4π
T m 2
U0 α
−−
−
2π m
T = √ . . . . (iii)
α U0

So time period is given by equation (iii). From equation (i), we conclude that this time period is valid for small angle ax.
17. Let y be the extension in the length of the spring when both m1 and m2 are suspended.

Then
F = (m1 + m2)g = ky
( m1 + m2 )g
or y = k

Let the extension be reduced to y' when is removed, then

m2g = ky'
m2 g
or y' = k

( m1 + m2 )g m2 g m1 g
∴ y - y' = k
−
k
= k

4 / 17
 This will be the amplitude of the oscillation of m2.
m1 g
∴ Amplitude, A = k
=
1.0×10

12.5
= 0.8 m
Angular frequency,
−
−− −−−
ω = √
k

m2
= √
12.5

0.5
= 5 rad s-1
18. If T = Time Period of simple pendulum
m = Mass
k = Spring constant
Then, time period of simple pendulum is given as:
−−−−−−−−
inertia factor
⇒ T = 2π√
spring factor
−−
m
⇒ T = 2π√
k

2
4π m
⇒k =
2
T

For first spring :​​

2

⇒ k1 =
4π

2
m
let T = t1
t
1

For second spring :​​

2

⇒ k2 =
4π

2
m
let T = t2
t
2

When springs is connected in parallel, effective spring constant, k = k = k1 + k2

2 2
4π m 4π m
⇒ k = +
2 2
t t
1 2

If t = total time period

2 2 2

⇒
4π

2
m
=
4π

2
m
+
4π

2
m
​
t t t
1 2
1 1 1
⇒
2
=
2
+
2
​
t t t
1 2

−2 −2 −2
⇒ t = t + t
1 2

19. Given, mass(m) =1 kg, spring constant(k) =50 Nm-1, amplitude(A) =10 cm = 0.1 m, displacement(x) = 5 cm =0.05 m
Kinetic energy,
K = k (A − x 1

2
2 2
)

1 2 2
K = × 50 × [(0.1) − (0.05) ]
2

= 0.1875 J
The potential energy of the block
U= 1

2
kx
2

1 2
= × 50 × (0.05)
2

= 0.0625 J
Total energy, E = K + U = 0.1875 + 0.0625
E =0.25 J
20. If 1 be the length of the second pendulum and T be its time period, then
−
−
l
T = 2π√ g
...(i)
New length = l + ( 100
l
) = l(1 + 1

100
)
If T' be its changed time period,
−−−−−−−
l(1+1/100)
T' = 2π√
g
...(ii)

From eqns (i) and (ii),

−−−−−−−−
′ 1/2
T 1 1
= √(1 + ) = (1 + )
T 100 100

′
T 1

T
= (1 +
200
) (applying binomial theorem)
′

or T

T
= (1 + 0.005) = 1.005
or T' = (1.005)T = 1.005 × 2 (as for a second pendulum, T = 2s)
or T' = 2.01s
Since the time period has increased, the pendulum will make lesser number of vibrations per
day. In other words, it will run slow.
Loss in time in 2s = 0.01 s

5 / 17
 Loss in 1 day (i.e., 86400 s)
0.01 s
= × 86400 s = 432 s
2 s

21. The pendulum begins a periodic motion when the bob is shifted to a particular angle, and the periodic motion is a simple harmonic
motion with angular displacement of the bob for small values of the displacement angle.
F = -mg sinθ
And
a = -g sinθ
Let us Consider is small for the small oscillation
Therefore,
sinθ = θ = x

After Putting this value in a, we get

a = -gθ
−gx
a= l
2
−ω
a= x

Hence, the Angular Frequency is = 2π

T
−
−
g
ω = √
l

−
−
2π l
T = = 2π√
ω g

+ w2x = 0 ⇒ x = Asin(wt + ϕ) differentiate with respect to t ⇒

2

22. i. d

dl
x dx

dt
= Awcos(wt + ϕ) ⇒ v = Aw{cos(wt + ϕ)} ∴ vmax =
Aw (where A is amplitude of medium)
ii. vmin = 0
23. a. ⇒ ​Time period is given by, T = 2 s
⇒ Amplitude is given by, A = 3 cm
⇒ At time, t = 0, the radius vector OP makes an angle π

2
with the positive x-axis, i.e., phase angle
π
⇒ϕ =
2

⇒ ​Therefore, the equation of simple harmonic motion for the x-projection of OP, at time t, is given by the displacement
equation: hence
2πt
⇒ x = A cos[ + ϕ]
T

2πt π 2πt
= 3 cos( + ) = −3 sin( )
2 2 2

∴ x = −3 sin πtcm

b. ⇒ ​Time period is given by, T = 4 s

⇒ Amplitude is given by , a = 2 m
⇒ At time t = 0, OP makes an angle π with the x-axis, in the anticlockwise direction. Hence, phase angle, Φ = +π
⇒ ​Therefore, the equation of simple harmonic motion for the x-projection of OP, at time t, is given as below:

2πt 2πt
⇒ x = a cos( + ϕ) = 2 cos( + π)
T 4

π
∴ x = −2 cos( t)m
2

24. Let x = A sinω t

dx
Then, v = dt
= Aω cos (ω t)
mv2
1
K. E. = 2

Average kinetic energy is

T
1
∫
1

2
mv dt
2
= 1

4
mA2ω 2

T
0

Average potential energy is

T
1
∫
1

2
kx dt
2
= 1

4
mA2 ω 2

T
0

Let x be the distance where KE is equal to PE. Kinetic energy of particles executing SHM is
KE = 1

2
mω 2(a2 − x2)
Potential energy of particles is given by PE = 1

2
mω 2x2 Let x be the distance where KE = PE
1

2
mω 2(a2 − x2) = 1

2
mω 2x2

6 / 17
 (a2− x2) = x2
x= a

√2

Kinetic energy equal to its potential energy at x = a

√2

25. If initially at t = 0 particle was at D

Then at time t Particle is at point P

i. Then draw a perpendicular From P on AB,

If the displacement OM = Y
Ratios of circle of reference = Amplitude = a
then In ΔOMP, ∠ ​POD = ∠ OPM = θ (∵ Alternate Angles)
OM
sinθ =
OP
y
⇒ sin θ =
a
, 'a' being radius of the above circle.
⇒ y = a sin θ

Again θ = ωt
So, y = a sin ωt
dy
ii. Velocity, v = dt
d
⇒ v = (a sin ωt)
dt

⇒ v = aω cos ωt
−−−−−−−−
again 2
cos θ = √1 − sin θ
−−−−−−− −
So,
v = aω× √1 − sin ωt
2

y
From equation of displacement : sin ωt = a
−−−−−
2
y
So, v = aω× √1 −
a2

−−−−−
2 2
a −y
⇒ v = aw√
2
a

−− −−−−
2 2
v = ω √a − y

iii. Acceleration : f =
dv

dt

⇒ f = aω × ω(− sin ωt)

2 2
⇒ f = − ω a sin ωt ⇒ f = − ω y
2π
iv. Time Period, T =
ω

v. f reuency = 1

T
=
ω

2π

26. a. Weight in weight machine will be due to the normal reaction (N) by platform. Consider the top position of platform, two
forces acting on it are due to weight of person and oscillator. They both act downward.

(mg = weight of the person with the oscillator is acting downwards, ma = force due to oscillation is acting upwards, N =
normal reaction force acting upwards)
Now for the downward motion of the system with an acceleration a,
ma = mg - N .....(i)
When platform lifts form its lowest position to upward
ma = N - mg ......(ii)
a = ω A is value of acceleration of oscillator
2

7 / 17
 ∴ From equation (i) we get,
2
N = mg − mω A

Where A is amplitude, ω angular frequency and m mass of oscillator.

ω = 2πν

∴ ω = 2π × 2 = 4π rad/sec

Again using A = 5 cm = 5 × 10 −2
m we get
−2
N = 50 × 9.8 − 50 × 4π × 4π × 5 × 10

= 50 [9.8 − 16π
2
× 5 × 10
−2
] N
= 50 [9.8 − 80 × 3.14 × 3.14 × 10
−2
] N
⇒ N = 50[9.8 − 7.89] = 50 × 1.91 = 95.50N

So minimum weight is 95.50 N(for downward motion of the platform)

From equation (ii), N – mg = ma
For upward motion from the lowest to the highest point of oscillator,
N = mg + ma

2 2
= m [9.81 + ω A] ∵ a= ω A

2 −2
= 50 [9.81 + 16π × 5 × 10 ]

= 50[9.81 + 7.89] = 50 × 17.70 N = 885 N

Hence, there is a change in weight of the body during oscillation.
b. The maximum weight is 885 N, when platform moves from lowest to upward direction.
And the minimum weight is 95.5 N, when platform moves from the highest point to downward direction.
27. Let displacement X = a sin ωt
Velocity V = ωa cos ωt
acceleration a = −ω A sin ωt
2

2
= ω A sin(ωt + π)
π π
Displacement and velocity have phase difference of 2
radians. v and α has 2
radians of phase difference. α ans x has π radians
of phase difference.
Assume ω > 1

28. Let A be the area of cross-section of the wire. Tension in the wire,
T = Stress × area = 3.0 × 108 × A newton
Mass per unit length
m = A × 1 × ρ = A × 7.5 × 103 kg m-1
Speed
−−−−−−−
−− 8
3.0× 10 ×A −1
T
v = √ = √ = 200 ms
m 3
A×7.5×10

29. We compare the given wave equation with the standard wave equation,
y = A sin(ωt + kx + ϕ)

We get ω = 100rads −1
and k = 20rad m-1
−1
Speed of the wave, v = ω

k
=
100

20
= 5 ms

30. Frequency of the police horn heard by the motorcyclist,

330−v
v1 = × 176
330−22

Frequency of the stationary siren heard by the motorcyclist,

330+v
v2 = × 165
330

For no beats, v1 = v2

8 / 17
 330−v 330+v
× 176 = × 165
330−22 330

or v = 22 ms-1
31. Interference of waves is the phenomenon of superposition of two waves having same frequency, constant phase travelling in the
same direction due to which amplitude and intensity becomes maximum at some points and minimum at some points.
Constructive interference occurs when waves superimpose in the same phase i.e., the crest of one wave (in transverse waves)
coincides with crest of another wave and vice-versa. As a result, the resultant amplitude and hence intensity of the resultant wave
becomes maximum. 'Thus, for constructive interference, the phase difference between the superposing waves is given by Δϕ = 0
or 2nπ , where n is an integer i.e., n = 1, 2, 3...
Destructive interference occurs when waves superimpose in mutually opposite phase i.e., in a superposition of two transverse
waves crest of one wave exactly coincides with trough of another wave. As a result, the resultant amplitude and hence intensity of
the resultant wave becomes minimum. For destructive interference, the phase difference is given by Δϕ = (2n - 1 )π , where n =1,
2, 3...
−
−
32. We know that, speed of sound, v ∝ √T , T being absolute temperature.​​
where, T is in kelvin.
−−−−−
Vt 273+t
∴
V0
= √
273+0
= 3 (say, the required temperature is t℃)
273+t
⇒
273
=9
⇒ t = (9 × 273) - 273 = 2184°C
33. Frequency of a piano string
= 256 ± 5 =261 or 251 Hz
−
−
When the tension in the piano string is increased, its frequency increases (v ∝ √T ). If the original frequency is 251 Hz (the lower
one), the beat frequency should decrease on increasing the tension. This is given to be the case as the beat frequency decreases
from 5 beats s-1 to 2 beats s-1
∴ Original frequency of piano = 251 Hz.

34. We compare the given equation with y = A sin( 2π

T
t −
2π

λ
x)

i. A = 7 × 10-6 cm
ii. 2π
= 800π ∴
T
ν =
1

T
= 400 Hz

2π π
iii. λ
=
42.5
∴ λ = 2 × 42.5 = 85 cm
iv. v = ν λ = 400 × 85 = 34000 cm s-1 = 340 ms-1
v. Δϕ = Δx = 2π
× 17.0 cm =
λ
rad
2π 2π

5
85 cm

−−
T1
35. In first case, ν = 2L
3
√
m
−−
T2
In second case, ν = 5

2L
√
m
−− −−
3 T1 5 T2
∴ √ = √
2L m 2L m
−−
T2 T2
or √ T1
=
3

5
or T1
=
9

25

T2 = 25
9
× T1 =
9

25
× 8 = 2.88 g wt

36. For air ρ =1.10 kg m-3, κ = 1.33 × 105 Nm-2

∴ Speed of sound in air
−
− −−−−−−
5 −1
κ 1.33×10
v = √ = √ = 347.7 ms
ρ 1.10

A well can be regarded as a closed organ pipe. So its fundamental frequency, ν = 4L

v

or L = v

4ν
=
347.7

4×7
= 12.41 m

37. When we start filling an empty bucket with water by placing it below a running water tap, the pitch (frequency) of the sound
produced gradually rises. In present case, the sound is produced due to vibration of air column present in the bucket above the
water surface. As the water gradually fills the bucket, the length of air column in the bucket gradually decreases. As the frequency
of vibration in an air column is inversely proportional to the length of the air column, hence, the frequency of sound note
produced gradually rises. As a result, the pitch (i.e., the shrillness) of sound increases.
38. Given, y(x ,t) = 0.005 sin(80.0x - 3.0t) m .....(i)
We know the general form of the equation of an SHM as, y(x, t) = a sin(kx - ω t) .....(ii)
Now, comparing the given equation (i) with the general equation (ii) we get,

9 / 17
 a = 0.005 m (amplitude)
k = 80.0 rad/m (a wave number)
ω = 3.0 rad/s (angular frequency)

The physical quantities by using the given fundamental physical quantities.

a. Amplitude is given by, a = 0.005 m = 5 mm
2π 2π
b. Wavelength is given by, λ = k
=
80
= 7.85 cm
2π
c. Time period is given by, T = 2π/ω = 3
=2.09 s
1 1
and frequency is given by, ν =
T
=
2.09

= 0.478 ≃ 0.48Hz
Now, the displacement y of the particle at a distance is given by;
x = 30.0 cm = 0.3 m and time t = 20 s
y(0.3, 20) = 0.005 sin (80 × 0.3 - 3.0 × 20)
y (0.3, 20) = 0.005 sin (24 - 60)
= -0.005 sin(36)
= -0.00495 m ≃ - 5 mm
39. If v1 and v2 are the frequencies of sitar wire and the tabla membrane, then
v1 ∼ v2 = 5
If the tabla membrane is tightened i.e., tension is increased, the frequency (v2) of the sound produced by the tabla will increase. If
v1 > v2, the beat frequency will decrease. And if v1 < v2, the beat frequency will increase.

40. i. Mechanical waves: The waves which require a material medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. Such
waves are also called elastic waves because their propagation depends on the elastic properties of the medium. These waves
are governed by Newton's laws and can exist in a material mediums, such as water, air, rock etc.
Examples: Water waves, sound waves, seismic waves (waves produced during earthquake), etc.
ii. Electromagnetic waves: The waves which travel in the form of oscillating electric and magnetic fields are called
electromagnetic waves. Such waves do not require any material medium for their propagation and are also called non-
mechanical waves. Light from the sun and distant stars reaches us through inter-stellar space, which is almost a vacuum. All
electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at the same speed c, given by c = 29,97,92,458 ms-1 (speed of light)
Examples: Visible and ultraviolet light, radiowaves, microwaves, X-rays, etc.
iii. Matter waves: The waves associated with microscopic particles, such as electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms, molecules, etc.,
when they are in motion, are called matter waves or de-Broglie waves. These waves become important in the quantum
mechanical description of matter. Examples: Electron microscopes make use of the matter waves associated with fast moving
electrons.
41. The situation is shown in Fig.

Speed of source (whistle),

vs = r ω = 2 × 15 = 30 ms-1
Actual frequency, v = 540 Hz
Speed of sound, v = 330 ms-1
When the whistle (at position B) is moving away from the observer, the apparent frequency is lowest. It is given by
′ v 330
v = × v = × 540 = 495 Hz
v+vs 330+30

When the whistle (at position D) is moving towards the observer, the apparent frequency is highest. It is given by
′′ v 330
v = × v = × 540 = 594 Hz
v−vs 330−30

When the whistle is at A or C, its speed along OL = vs cos 90° = 0

∴ Apparent frequency = Actual frequency.

10 / 17
42. Here v = 220 Hz, T0 = 273 K
Speed of sound at S.T.P. is
−1
v0 = v λ0 = 220 × 1.5 = 330 ms
−− −−
−
v T 300
= √ = √
v0 T0 273

−−
− −−
−
300 300 −1
∴ v = √ v0 = √ × 330 ms
273 273

But v = vλ = 220 × λ
−−
−
300
∴ 220 × λ = √ × 330
273
−−−−−−−−
or λ = √ 300

273
×
330

220
= 1.57 m

Increase in wavelength
= λ − λ = 1.57 - 1.5 = 0.07 m
0

43. Given, frequency of the wave v = 256 Hz

Time period T = = 1
s = 3.9 × 10
v
1

256
−3
= s

i. Time is taken to pass through mean position is

−3
T 1 3.9×10 −4
t = = = s = 9.8 × 10 s
4 40 4

ii. Nodes are A, B, C, D, E (i.e., zero displacements)

Antinodes are A', C' (i.e., maximum displacement)
iii. It is clear from the diagram A' and C' are consecutive hence separation = wavelength (λ )
v 360
= = = 1.41m
v 256

44. Given, y1 = 5 sin (4x -t) cm

y2 = 5 sin (4x + t) cm
We know that the resulting wave equation,
y = (2A sin kx) cos ω t
Now, comparing the given equation in the question with the above resulting wave equation we get,
y1 = 5 sin (4x-t) cm with y1 = A sin (kx - ω t).

A = 5 cm, k = 4 cm-1 and ω = 1 rad/s

Hence, y = (2A sin kx) cos ω t becomes
y =(10 sin 4x) cos t
The maximum displacement of the motion at position
x = 2.0 cm equals to
ymax =10 sin 4x, x = 2.0 and t = 0
= 10 sin (4 × 2) = 10 sin (8 rad)
⇒ ymax = 9.89 cm
The wavelength by using the relation between wavelength and wave number, we get
k= =4
2π

λ
2π π
⇒ λ = = cm
4 2

The nodes and antinodes can be given as

Nodes at x = nλ

2
= n ×( π

4
) cm,
where n = 0,1,2, ... any integer
Antinodes at x =(2n + 1) = (2n + 1)× ( λ

4
π

8
) cm,
where n = 0,1,2,...any integer
45. Given, y =6 sin 10π t + 8 cosπ cm...(i)
Now the general equation of this type of wave is
y = A sin(ωt + ϕ )
= A sin ωt cos ϕ + A cos ωt sin ϕ

= (A cos ϕ) sin ωt + (A sin ϕ) cos ωt .......(ii)

Comparing Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
A cos ϕ = 6 .......(iii)

and A sin ϕ = 8 .......(iv)

11 / 17
 Time period,T =
2π

ω
=
10π
2π
= 0.2s

Squaring and adding Eqs.(iii) and (iv), we get

2 2 2 2 2
A (cos ϕ + sin ϕ) = 6 + 8

= 36 + 64 = 100
or A2 = 100
∴ A = 10 cm, the amplitude of the given wave.

Dividing Eq.(iv) by (iii), we get

8
tan ϕ = = 1.3333 6

∴ ϕ = tan
−1
, the value of phase angle of the given wave in the question
(1.3333) = 53 8
∘ ′

46. Consider two waves having same frequency, same nature travelling in same direction superimpose on each other. Let these waves
be represented by
y (x, t) = A sin(kx - ω t) ...(i)
1

and y (x, t) = A sin(kx - ω t + ϕ) ...(ii)

2

Here the second wave has been considered to be ahead in phase as compared to the first wave by a phase angle ϕ i.e., there is a
phase difference of ϕ between the superposing waves.
Applying the superposition principle, we find that the resultant wave is the algebraic sum of two constituent waves.
Thus,
y(x,t) = y1(x,t) + y2(x,t)
= A sin(kx - ωt) + A sin(kx - ωt + ϕ)
ϕ ϕ
= 2A [cos 2
⋅ sin(kx − ωt +
2
)]

ϕ ϕ
or y(x,t) = 2A . cos .sin(kx − ωt + 2 2
......(iii)
)

It shows that the resultant wave is also a sinusoidal wave of same frequency and wavelength travelling in +ve x-direction. But
ϕ ϕ
amplitude of resultant wave Ar = 2 A cos 2
and its phase is 2
.
Two special cases are of particular interest here:​​
i. For constructive interference, ϕ = 0 , then A = 2A cos 0o = 2A i.e Maximum Amplitude r

ii. If ϕ = π , then Ar = 2A cos ( ) = 0 and the amplitude of the resultant wave is zero. It is destructive interference.
π

Total mass
47. Density of mixture =
Total volume
4V × ρ +V × ρ
N O
ρmix =
4V +V
ρ
N 14
ρ (4 +1) ρO (4× +1)
O ρ
O 16
= =
5 5
9
= ρO = 0.9ρ
10 O
−−−− −−−−
P
mix 0.9ρ −
−−
v
b
= √
ρO
= √
ρO
O
= √0.9 = 0.9487
mix

∴ v0 = 0.9487 × vmix = 0.9487 × 332 = 314.77 ms-1

48. Here we have, ν 0 = 250 Hz and T0 = 273K
Also, T1 = 273 + 40 = 313K; λ = 1.32 m 0

Therefore, Speed of sound = wavelength × frequency, I.e, v0 = ν 0 λ = 250 × 1.32 = 330 m/s 0

−
−
Since we know that, Speed of sound, v ∝ √T
−−
v1 T1
Thus we have, v0
= √
T0

−−
−−
−
T1
v1 = v0 √
T0
= 330 √ 313

273
= 353.34 m/s .........................(i)

and v1 = v0 λ 1

353.34
λ1 =
250
= 1.41 m
Therfore, Change in the wavelength is given by:
△λ = λ − λ = 1.41 - 1.32 = 0.09 m
1 0

49. Suppose the wire resonates at 420 Hz in its pth harmonic and at 490 Hz in its (p + 1) th harmonic.
−−
p T
As v p =
2L
√
m

−−
p T
∴ 420 =
2L
√
m
.......(i)

12 / 17
 −−
p+1
and 490 = 2L
√
T

m
..........(ii)
Dividing (2) by (1), we get
490 p+1
=
420 p

or 1 + 70

420
= 1 +
1

or p = 6
Putting the value of p in (1), we get
−−−−− −−−−−−
420 =
6

2L
√
450

−3
=
L
3
√9 × 104 [∵ m = 5.0 × 10-3 kg m-1, T = 450 N]
5×10

2
3×3×10 15
or L = 420
=
7
= 2.14 m

50. i. For the wave on the string, we have seen that l =1.5 m and λ = 3 m. So, it is clear that λ = λ /2 and for a string clamped at both
ends, it is possible only when both ends behave as nodes and there is only one antinode in between i.e., whole string is
vibrating in one segment only.
a. Yes, all the sring particles, except nodes, vibrate with the same frequency v = 60 Hz
b. As all string particles lie in one segment, all of them are in same phase.
c. Amplitude varies from particle to particle. At antinode, amplitude = 2 A = 0.06 m. It gradually falls on going towards
nodes and at nodes, and at nodes, it is zero.
ii. Amplitude at a point x = 0.375 m will be obtained by putting cos (120 mt) as + 1 in the wave equation.
∴ A(x) = 0.06 sin ( 2π

3
× 0.375) × 1 = 0.06 sin π

4
= 0.042 m
51. The definition of simple harmonic motion is simply that the acceleration causing the motion a of the particle or object is
proportional and in opposition to its displacement x from its equilibrium position.
a(t) ∝ - x(t)
Where k is a constant of proportionality. This remembering that the acceleration is the second derivative of position, also leads us
to the differential equation
x''(t) = -k x(t)
Given, the first wave: → X = a sin(wt + ϕ 1 1)

The second wave:→ X = a sin(wt + ϕ ) 2 2

Where X1 = wave function in first wave

X2 = wave function in second wave
a = amplitude
w = Angular frequency

t = time
ϕ = phase difference of first wave
1

ϕ = phase difference of second wave.

2

Let The resultant amplitude = ‘a’ and phase difference is ϕ so,

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
a = √a + a + 2a1 a2 cos ϕ
1 2

a1 = amplitude of first wave

a2 = amplitude of second wave
ϕ = phase difference between two waves.
Now, in our case,
a1 = a
a2 = a
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
so, a = √a 2 2
+ a + 2a × a cos ϕ
−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2
a = √2a + 2a cos ϕ
−−−−−−−−−− −
2
a = √2a (1 + cos φ)
−−−−−−−−− −
ϕ θ
2
a = √2a × 2 cos (∵ 1 + cos θ = 2 cos )
2 2
−−−−−−−
ϕ
2
a = √4a cos
2

ϕ
a = 2a cos
2
ϕ
a = 2acos
2

1 ϕ
= cos
2 2

13 / 17
 ϕ 1
−1
= cos ( )
2 2
∘
ϕ = 2 × 60
∘
ϕ = 120

So,from the above calculation, the phase difference between X1 and X2 is 1200 or 2π/3

52.

Consider a string of length that fixed at its both ends. Let a tension T be acting on the string and p be the linear mass density (i.e.,
mass per unit length) of the string. Then velocity of transverse waves set up in the string is given by
−
−
T
v = √
μ

If such a string is once plucked at the mid-point and then released, it starts vibrating and a transverse stationary wave is formed
such that both endpoints behave as nodes (refer to Figure(a)) and one
antinode is formed exactly at the middle. As here N1N2 = l = , hence the wavelength of a wave formed is given by λ = 2l and
λ

hence, the fundamental frequency of vibration or the frequency of the first harmonic is given by
−
−
v
ν1 = λ
= 1

2l
√
T

However, if more nodes and antinodes are formed in between the value of wavelength λ decreases, However, if more nodes and
antinodes are formed in between then value of wavelength Xdecreases and, consequently, frequency of vibrations increases. In
general, if a string vibrates in p segments i.e., between the fixed ends (p - 1) more nodes and p antinodes are formed, then it is
pλp
called vibration in pth harmonic. In such a case, l = 2
, or λ
p =
2l

p
and hence the frequency of pth harmonic
−
−
v p T
νpth = = √
λp 2l μ

Putting p as 2, 3, 4 etc., we find

−
− −
−
ν2 =
2

2l
√
T

μ
= 2ν , ν =
1 3
3

2l
√
T

μ
= 3ν ... and so on.
1

Thus, it is clear that in a vibrating string the frequencies of various harmonics are in the ratio of natural numbers i.e.,
ν : ν : ν : ν ... = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4...
1 2 3 4

53. a. Progressive wave equation travelling from right to left is given by the displacement function:
y(x, t) = a sin (ωt + kx + θ) …(i)
where, a = amplitude , ω = angular frequency, θ = phase constant
The given equation is:
y(x, t) = 3 sin(36t + 0.018x +
π

4
) ….(ii)
On comparing both the equations, we find that the given equation (ii) represents a travelling wave, propagating from right to
left.
From equations (i) and (ii), we can write: ω = 36 rad/s and k = 0.018 cm-1
We know that:
Frequency of wave, ν = ω

2π
and Wavelength of wave, λ = 2π

Also speed, v = νλ
ω 2π ω 36
∴ v = ( ) × ( ) = = = 2000cm/s = 20m/s
2π k k 0.018

Hence, the speed of the given travelling wave is 20 m/s.

b. On comparing (i) and (ii), amplitude of the given wave, a = 3 cm
Frequency of the given wave:
ω 36
ν = = = 5.73Hz
2π 2×3.14
π
c. On comparing equations (i) and (ii), we find that the initial phase angle, θ = 4

d. The distance between two successive crests or troughs is equal to the wavelength of the wave.
Wavelength is:
2π 2×3.14
λ = = = 348.89cm = 3.49m
k 0.018

14 / 17
54. Speed of sound in gases (Newton's formula)
We can estimate the speed of sound in a pas in the ideal gas approximation.
For an ideal gas,
PV = NkBT ...(i)
where, P → Pressure of the gas
V → Volume of the gas
T → Temperature of the gas (in kelvin)
N → Number of molecules in volume V
KB → Boltzrnarn constant
Newton assumed that when sound waves propagate through a gas, the change in pressure and volume of the gas are isothermal.
The amount of heat produced during compression is lost to the surroundings and the amount of heat lost during rarefactions is
gained from the surroundings. Therefore, the temperature of the gas remains constant.
From the equation (i) above
For an isothermal compression
PΔV + VΔP (∵ T is constant)
ΔP
P = −
ΔV

Now Bulk modulus is given by

ΔP
B= −
ΔV

Therefore, the speed of longitudinal waves in an ideal gas is

−
−
P
v = √
P

This relation is known as Newton's formula.

Laplace correction
Newton assumed that the pressure variations in a medium during propegation of sound are isothermal. Laplace pointed out that
the pressure variations in the gases when sound propagates are so fast that the heat does get enough time to flow to surroundings
or from surroundings to keep the temperature constant. Therefore, the variations are adiabatic and not isothermal.
For an adiabatic process.
PV = Constant
γ

where γ is the ratio of molar specific heat of the gas at constant pressure (Cp) to its molar specific heat at constant volume (Cp)
PΔ(V ) + V (ΔP)= 0
γ γ

V
γ
Vt-1ΔV + V γ
Δ P=0
−ΔP
⇒
ΔV
= γ
P
...(i)
V

55. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

A particle executing SHM possesses both kinetic energy and potential energy. When a body is displaced from its equilibrium
position by doing work upon it, it acquires potential energy. When the body is released, it begins to move back with velocity, thus
acquiring kinetic energy.
Both kinetic and potential energies of a particle in SHM vary between zero and their maximum values.
(i) (c) PE is stored due to elasticity of system and KE is stored due to inertia of system
Explanation:
PE is stored due to elasticity of system and KE is stored due to inertia of system
(ii) (d) Zero
Explanation:
Zero
(iii) (d) Maximum kinetic energy will become double and the total mechanical energy will become double
Explanation:
Maximum kinetic energy will become double and the total mechanical energy will become double
(iv) (b) All of these
Explanation:
All of these

15 / 17
 (v) (b) 2T1 = T2
Explanation:
2T1 = T2

56. (c) kx
Explanation:
kx
2

57. (d) FSHM = - mω x

Explanation:
2
mω x
FSHM = - 2

−−
m
58. (d) 2π√ 2k

Explanation:
−−
m
2π√
2k

59. (b) Option (d)

Explanation:
Option (d)
60. (b) II and III
Explanation:
II and III
61. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A stone is dropped in a liquid at rest in a tank. The fig. (a) below shows circular wave fonts. The waves produced at the centre of a
circular ripple tank. Two corks A and B, floats on the water and moves up & down on the surface as the wave passes. The
wavelength of the wave is 8.0 cm.
The Fig. (b) shows how the displacement of A varies with time.

(i) (c) Transverse wave

Explanation:
Transverse wave
(ii) (c) 2 mm
Explanation:
2 mm
(iii) (a) opposite to that of A with equal magnitude
Explanation:
opposite to that of A with equal magnitude
(iv) (d) 2 Hz
Explanation:
2 Hz
(v) (a) 2.5 s
Explanation:
2.5 s

16 / 17
62. (a) More then 20 kHz
Explanation:
More then 20 kHz
63. (b) All of these
Explanation:
All of these
64. (b) forward and backward direction and parallel to direction of motion
Explanation:
forward and backward direction and parallel to direction of motion
65. (b) bubbles gets expanded and bubbles gets contracted
Explanation:
bubbles gets expanded and bubbles gets contracted

66. (d) 1.25 × 106 Hz

Explanation:
1.25 × 106 Hz

17 / 17