Unit Two

Two-Dimensional Motion
Introduction:- Two-dimensional kinematics are simple extensions of the one-dimensional kinematics developed
for motion in a straight line in Grade 11. Kinematics is the study of motion without considering its causes. A
ball kicked by a football player, the orbital motion of planets, a bicycle rounding a curve,the rotation of wheels
of a car are a few examples of two-dimension motion.
2.1 Projectile motion
A projectile is a thrown, fired, or released object that moves only under the influence of gravitational force. The
projectile accleration is g = 9.8m/s2 . The ball moves in a curved path and returns to the ground. Other examples
of projectile motion include a cannonball fired from a cannon, a bullet fired from a gun, the flight of a golf ball
and a jet of water escaping a hose.
Projectile motion of an object is simple to analyze if we make three assumptions:
I. The free-fall acceleration is constant over the range of motion, and it is always directed downward. It is
the acceleration due to gravity (g)=9.8m/s2 .
II. The effect of air resistance is negligible.
III. The horizontal velocity is constant because the acceleration of the object does not have vertical
component. With these assumptions, we find that the path of a projectile, which we call its trajectory.
The horizontal and vertical components of a projectile’s motion are completely independent of each other and
can be handled separately, with time t as a common variable for both components.
Horizontal Projection
In this type of motion the projectile is projected
horizontally from a certain height as shown in
Figure below. Its initial velocity along the vertical
direction is zero and it possesses only horizontal
velocity at the beginning. As the time progresses,
due to the impact of gravity, it acquires the
vertical component of velocity in figure below.

Figure 2.1 The motion of a ball projected

horizontally.

Equations for the horizontal component of motion

The projectile has zero acceleration along x direction. Therefore, the initial velocity v0x remains constant
throughout the motion. We use constant acceleration motion equations. The final horizontal velocity, vx after a
time t is:
Vx=vox(constant)

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The horizontal distance traveled by the projectile at a time t is given by the equation.
∆x = v0x .t ---------------------1.
Equations of vertical motion
The vertical motion is a constant accelerated motion. We use the kinematic equations of motion for constant
accelerated motion. The final vertical velocity vy after time t is:
vy = voy + g. t = g.t , voy=0 -------------------2.
From the kinematics equations, the vertical displacement, ∆y has a form:
∆y = v0y t + 1/ 2 g t 2 =1/2gt2 ----------------------3.
Remember: When you use equations to answer questions on vertical motion, upwards motion is positive (+) and
downwards motion is negative (-).
Time of flight:- The time of flight is the time taken by the projectile to hit the
ground. We know that:

Range:- The range is the maximum horizontal distance traveled by the projectile. Once we find the time of
flight t, we can solve for the horizontal displacement using: ∆x = v0x. t
In projectile motion, the time to cover both the x and y displacement is the same. By
substituting the total time flight, we get:

Example 2.1 A rifle is aimed horizontally at a target 30m away as shown in

Figure below.The bullet hits the target 2 cm below the aiming point.
(a) What is the bullet’s time of flight?
(b) What is the initial velocity of the bullet? Assume gravity (g) =10m/s 2 .

Example 2.2 A rescue airplane travelling at 360 km/h horizontally drops a food package from a height of 300 m
when it passes over a car driver stranded in the desert. Assuming (g)=10m/s 2 .
(a) How long will it take the food package to reach the ground?
(b) How far from the car driver should the food package be dropped ?

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 Inclined projectile motion
This is a type of motion in which an object is projected with an
initial velocity v0 which makes an angle θ with the horizontal
Figure below .The initial velocity can be resolved into two
components, vertical and horizontal component. The vertical
component of the velocity changes with time as a result there is
acceleration due to gravity.

Figure 2.2 Inclined projectile motion.

The horizontal component of the velocity is constant throughout the flight; this is because there is no force
acting along the horizontal direction of the projectile as a result there is no acceleration along x-axis. The
analysis of the motion involves dealing with the two motions.
At the top where it reaches its maximum height the vertical component of the velocity becomes zero. After Vy
becomes zero the projectile changes its direction and make free fall.
Equations of inclined projectile motion
The initial velocity can be expressed as x component and y component: v0x = v0 cos θ,
v0y = v0 sin θ

The horizontal velocity at any time t is: vx = v0 cos θ (constant). The vertical velocity at any time t is:
vy = vo sin θ + g t -------------------4.
Displacements of the projectile
There are two different types of displacement of the projectile motion: Horizontal displacement at any time t:
∆x = v0cosθ.t ---------------------------5
Vertical displacement at any time t:
∆y = v0sinθ.t + 1/ 2 g t 2 ----------------------6
The time to reach the maximum height is: vy = v0 sinθ + gt Since vy = 0 at maximum height and g is negative: t
= v0 sin θ g .
Time of flight
The time of flight is the total time for which the projectile remains in flight. The time of flight depends on the
initial velocity of the object and the angle of the projection, θ. ∆y = v0 sin θ t + 1/ 2 gt2 .
When the point of projection and point of return are on the same horizontal level, the net vertical displacement
of the object is zero, ∆Y =0. 0 = v0 sin θ t + 1/ 2 gt2 .Apply factorization, we have: 0 = t(v0 sin θ + 1/ 2 gt) ,
Since t cannot be zero and g is negative,solving for t gives us:
ttotal = 2v0 sin θ/ g----------------7
This last equation does not apply when the projectile lands at a different elevation from the one at which it was
launched.
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 Range(R)
The range of the projectile is the maximum displacement in the horizontal ttotal = 2v0 sin θ/
direction. There is no acceleration in this direction since gravity only acts g
vertically. ∆x = v0 cos θ t . When ∆x is maximum, ∆x=R. Since the time to cover R = v0 cos θ ttotal
the range is the total time of flight:

R = v0 2 sin (2θ )/g= 2vo2sinɵ.cosɵ/g =2vox .voy/g ------------8.

This equation is valid for launch and impact on a horizontal surface, as shown in Figure 2.3

Figure 2.3 Trajectories of projectiles on leveled ground. (a) The effect of initial velocity v0 on the
range of a projectile with a given initial angle. (b) The effect of initial angle θ on the range of a projectile with a
given initial speed.
Maximum height (H)
The maximum height of a projectile trajectory occurs when the vertical component of velocity, vy equals zero.
Thus, once the projectile reaches its maximum height, it begins to accelerate downward.
∆y = v0 sin θ t + 1/ 2 gt2 The time to cover the maximum height is: t = v0 sin θ/ g When ∆y is maximum, ∆y =H
H = v0 2 sin2 θ/ 2g----------------------9.
Relation between range and maximum height
Consider a projectile motion as shown in Figure 2.2. The initial velocity of the projectile is v0, H is the
maximum height and R is its horizontal range. We know that the maximum height of the projectile H is given
by the equation:
H = v0 2 sin2 θ /2g And horizontal range is given by the equation: R = v0 2 sin 2θ/ g Divide the maximum height
of the projectile by the horizontal range.
H = R tanθ /4 ------------10.
Example 2.3 A football player kicks a ball at angle of 370 with the horizontal. The initial velocity of the ball is
40 m/s. ( use time t =2sec and sin370 =cos530 =0.6, sin530 =cos370 =0.8). Calculate.
a. The initial velocity for each component.
b. The final velocity for each component.
c. The displacement for each component.
d. The time to reach the maximum height.
e. The time of flight.
f. The maximum height reached by the ball.
g. The horizontal range of the ball.
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Example 2.4 A ball is kicked from the ground with an initial speed
of 25 m/s at an angle of 530 above the horizontal directly toward a
wall, as shown in Figure below. The wall is 24 m from the release
point of the ball.
a. How long does the ball take to reach the wall?
b. How far above the ground level does the ball hit the wall?
c. What are the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity
as it hits the wall?
d. What is the resultant velocity with it hits the wall?
e. What is the direction of then resultant velocity? Figure 2.4 A ball thrown toward a
wall.

2.2 Rotational Motion

Rotational motion is the motion of an object in a circle around a fixed axis.
For example,
a. the rotation of Earth around its axis,
b. the rotation of the flywheel of a sewing
machine,
c. rotation of a ceiling fan,
d. rotation of wheels of a car, and so on

Figure 2.5 Rotation of a disc of mass M

around a fixed axis.

Rigid body
is an object with a perfectly defined and unchanging shape.
Angular displacement(∆θ)
-The angle described at the center of the circle by a moving
body along a circular path.
-Is defined as the angular displacement of the rigid object.

Figure 2.6 A particle P on a rotating

disc moves from A to B along the arc of
a circle.

Angular velocity(ω)
How fast an object is rotating can be calculated using the concept of angular velocity. If the disc spins rapidly,
the angular displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, the angular displacement occurs
in a longer time interval.
-The rate at which angular displacement occurs can vary.
-the rate of change of angular displacement.

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-the time rate of change of angular displacement.
-its direction determined by RHR.

-------------------11.
Angular acceleration(α)
If the angular velocity of an object changes from ω0 to ωf in the time interval ∆t, the object has an angular
acceleration.
the rate of change of angular velocity.
-the time rate of change of angular
velocity.
-Its direction determined by right hand
rule.

Figure 2.7 The right-hand rule for determining the

direction of the angular velocity vector.

❖ if ɷ is parallel to α the rotation rate

CCWD and increasing (a).
❖ if ɷ is anti-parallel to α the rotation
rate CCWD and decreasing. (b).

Figure 2.8 The right-hand rule for

determining the direction of the angular
velocity vector

-------------------------12.
Equation of motion for constant angular acceleration
Consider a rigid object such as the CD rotating around a fixed axis with a constant angular acceleration. A set of
kinematic equations exist for rotational motion just as they do for translational motion. They have a similar
form and are derived in a similar fashion. , by rearranging, equation (12) we get an equation.

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 ωf = ωo +α∆t----------------------13.
If the angular acceleration is constant, the average angular velocity is obtained by:
ωav = ωo +ωf/ 2
ωav = ∆θ /∆t
Combining these two equations, you we get: ∆θ /∆t = ωo +ωf /2 When we substitute ωf = ωo + α∆t
∆θ = ωo∆t + 1/ 2 α∆t 2 ----------------14.
This equation allows us to find the angular displacement of the object at any later time t.

ω 2 f = ω 2 0 +2α∆θ---------------------15.
This equation allows us to find the angular speed ωf of the rigid object for any value of its angular position ∆θ.
Example 2.5 What is the average angular velocity of a rotating wheel if its angular speed changes from 30 rad/s
to 50 rad/s in 2 s?
Example 2.6 A rotating wheel has an initial angular velocity of 10 rad/s and accelerates at 2.5 rad/s2 .
(a) How many revolutions are completed in 30 s?
(b) What is angular speed of the wheel at t =20 s?
Example 2.7 A car’s wheel has an initial angular velocity of 6 rad/s and a constant angular acceleration of 3
rad/s2 . Calculate the angular velocity after 100 rev ?
Kinematic equations for rotational and linear motion
The kinematics for rotational motion is completely analogous to linear (or translational) kinematics. Many of
the equations for the mechanics of rotating objects are similar to the motion equations for linear motion.
✓ the angular rotation ∆θ, which is the
angular equivalence of distance, ∆s;
✓ the angular velocity ω, which is the
angular equivalence of linear
velocity v;
✓ the angular acceleration α, which is
the angular equivalence of linear
acceleration, a.

shows the analogy between linear and angular motion

equations.

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 Relationship between angular motion and translational motion quantities
✓ The arc length s is related to the angle θ through the equation:
s = r θ---------------------------16.
Note that in this equation the angular displacement must be expressed in rad (not degrees or
revolutions).
✓ The magnitude of the tangential velocity of the point P is
by definition the tangential speed v= ∆s/∆t, where s is the
distance traveled by this point measured along the
circular path. Recalling that ∆s= r∆θ and noting that r is
constant, we get:

Figure 2.9.

v = ∆s/ ∆t = r ∆θ /∆t, Because ω = ∆θ/ ∆t , it follows that:

v = ωr--------------------------17.
✓ We can relate the angular acceleration of the rotating rigid object to the tangential acceleration of the point P
by taking the rate of change v.
a = ∆v/ ∆t = r ∆ω/ ∆t, Because α = ∆ω /∆t , it follows that:
a = rα-------------------------18.
✓ the total acceleration is :
aT= 𝑟√𝛼 2 + ɷ4 -----------------19.
Example 2.8 A wheel has a radius of 20 cm and accelerates from rest to 15 rev/s in 30 s. What is the
magnitude of the tangential acceleration of a point at the tip of the wheel.
Example 2.9 A car accelerates from 20 m/s to 24 m/s in 5 s. Calculate the angular acceleration of the
wheels of the car if the radius of a wheel is 40 cm.
Example 2.10 A boy rides a bicycle for 5 minutes. The wheel with radius of 30 cm completes 2000 rev
during this time. Calculate. (a) the average angular velocity of the wheel. (b) the linear distance traveled
by the bicycle in 5 minutes.
Example 2.11 A rope is wrapped many times
around a pulley of radius 50 cm as shown in
Figure 2.10. How many revolutions of the pulley
are required to raise a bucket to a height of 20 m?

Figure 2.10.

Example 2.12 The angular velocity of a bicycle wheel is 18 rad/s. If the radius of the wheel is 40 cm,
what is the speed of the bicycle in m/s?

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 Example 2.13 Consider two particles, A and B, on a flat rotating
disk as shown in Figure 2.11. Particle A is 20cm and particle B
is 40cm from the center. The disc starts from rest and its angular
speed increases to 20rad/s in 4s.
(a) What is the average angular and linear acceleration for
particle B?
(b) What is the average angular and linear acceleration for
particle A? Figure 2.11

2.3 Rotational Dynamics

Having developed the kinematics of rotational motion, we now turn to the dynamics of rotational
motion. Just as force played a big role in linear dynamics, we have a torque in rotational dynamics.
Torque (τ)
❖ Torque is the rotational effect of force.
❖ Torque is what causes an object to acquire angular acceleration.
❖ If F is the force acting on an object and r is the distance from the axis of rotation to the point of
application of the force, the magnitude of the torque is given by:
τ = r F sinθ-----------------------20.
where θ is the angle between r and F when they are drawn from the same origin.
❖ Torque is a vector quantity, meaning it has both a direction and a magnitude.
❖ Its SI unit is Nm.
❖ The direction of the torque is along the axis of rotation.
❖ It is determined by a right-hand-rule: when you curl the fingers of your right hand in the
direction of the rotation, your thumb points in the direction of the torque.
Example 2.14 The object in Figure 2.12 is pivoted at O. Three
forces act on it in the directions shown: F1 = 10 N at 3.0 m from
O; F2 = 16 N at 4.0 m from O; and F3= 19 N at 8.0 m from O.
What is the net torque about O?

Figure 2.12 Three forces acting

on an object pivoted at O.

Moment of inertia (I)

• The moment of inertia of an object is the quantitative measure of rotational inertia, just as mass is the
quantitative measure of linear inertia inertia in translational motion.
• The greater the moment of inertia of a rigid object or system of particles, the greater is its resistance to
change in angular velocity about a fixed axis of rotation.
• The moment of inertia depends on:
I. the mass
II. axis of rotation of the body

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For a single point mass, as shown in Figure 2.13, rotating at radius r
from the axis of rotation the moment of inertia is:

Figure 2.13 Point mass

rotating about O

I = mr 2 -----------------------21.
• the SI unit of moment of inertia is kgm2 .
• Moment of inertia is a scalar quantity.
The moment of inertia for more than one particle around a fixed axis is: I = m1r 2 +m2r 2 +m3r 2 ...
Example 2.15 Three particles are connected by rigid rods of negligible
mass lying along the y-axis as shown in Figure 2.14. If the system
rotates about the x-axis with angular speed of 2 rad/s, find the moment
of inertia about the x-axis.

Figure 2.14Three
particles rotating around
the x-axis.

Torque and angular acceleration

When a number of individual forces act on a rotating object, we can calculate the net torque: τne t = τ1 +τ2
+τ3... We can relate the net torque to angular acceleration α, by analogy with Newton’s second law of
motion (F = ma). We replace m by I and a by α.
τ = Iα--------------------------------22.
The angular acceleration of a rotating object is proportional to the net torque on the object.
Example 2.16 When a torque of 36 Nm is applied to a wheel, the wheel acquires an angular acceleration of
24r ad/s 2 . Find the rotational inertia of the wheel.
Example 2.17 A motor capable of producing a constant torque 100 Nm and a maximum rotation speed of
150 rad/s is connected to a flywheel with rotational inertia 0.1 kgm2.
(a) What angular acceleration will the flywheel experience as the motor is switched on?
(b) How long will the flywheel take to reach the maximum speed if starting from rest?
2.4 Planetary motion and Kepler’s laws
The planets orbit the Sun. They maintain their respective
distances from the Sun. They do not cross each other as they
revolve around the Sun. Kepler’s laws describe how planetary
bodies orbit around the Sun. Figure 2.15 Earth with its
Moon revolving around the
Sun.
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 Kepler’s laws
Humans have observed the movements of the planets, stars, and other celestial objects for thousands of
years. In early history, these observations led scientists to regard Earth as the center of the Universe.
➢ Kepler’s complete analysis of planetary motion is summarized in three statements known as
Kepler’s laws.
1.Kepler’s first law:- Kepler’s first law is sometimes
referred to as the law of ellipses. It states that the
orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse (near
circular, oval) with the Sun at one focus (Figure
2.16).

Figure 2.16 The motion of a planet

about the Sun.

The planet follows the ellipse in its orbit, meaning that the planet-
to-Sun distance is constantly changing as the planet goes around
its orbit. An ellipse is a closed curve such that the sum of the
distances from a point on the curve (r1 + r2) to the two foci, f 1 and
f 2 is constant, as shown in Figure 2.17.

Figure 2.17 Any distance drawn

from f1 and f2 to a point on the
curve add up to a constant.

2.Kepler’s second law:- Kepler’s second law is sometimes referred to as the law of equal areas. It describes the
speed at which any given planet will move while orbiting the Sun. Basically, it states that planets do not move
with constant speed along their orbits. Instead, their speed varies so that the line joining the centers of the Sun
and the planet sweeps out equal area in equal times. The point at which a planet is nearest the Sun is called
perihelion. The point of greatest separation is aphelion. Hence Kepler’s second Law, a planet is moving fastest
when it is at perihelion and slowest at aphelion.
Kepler’s second law states that each planet moves so that an
imaginary line drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal times interval.

Figure 2.18 The shaded regions

shown have equal areas and
represent the same time interval

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 Consider Figure 2.18. The time it takes a planet to move from position A to B, sweeping out area A1,is
exactly the time taken to move from position C to D, sweeping area A2 and to move from E to F, sweeping
out area A3. These areas are the same: A1=A2=A3.
3.Kepler’s Third law:- Unlike Kepler’s first and second laws that describe the motion characteristics of a single
planet, the third law makes a comparison between the motion characteristics of different planets. The period (T)
of a planet is the time for one complete revolution around the Sun. Kepler’s third law states that the ratio T 2 /R3
, where T is the time period and R is the average distance from the sun is the same for all planets:
T 2/ R3 = K------------------23.
K is a proportionality constant which is nearly the same for all planets. Kepler’s third law equation is valid for
both circular and elliptical orbits. Notice that the constant of proportionality is independent of the mass of the
planet.
The orbital period and average distance from the Sun for Earth and Mars.

Example 2.18 Earth has an orbital period of 365 days and its mean distance from the Sun is 1.495×108 km. The
planet Pluto’s mean distance from the Sun is 5.896×109 km. Using Kepler’s third law, calculate Pluto’s orbital
period in Earth days? The given quantities are: TE = 365 d ay a, rE = 1.495 × 108 km , rP = 5.896 × 109 km.
Example 2.19 If Saturn is on average 9 times farther from the Sun than Earth is, what is this distance in Earth
years? rS = 9rE , TE = 1year TS =?
Newton’s law of universal Gravitation
Planets orbit the Sun. If we look more closely at the Solar System, we see almost unimaginable numbers of
stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects orbiting one another and interacting through gravity. All these
motions are governed by gravitational force.
The force of attraction between two masses is
directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between their centers.

Figure 2.19 Gravitational attraction is along a

line joining the centers of mass of the two
bodies.
Fg = Gm1m2 /r 2 ----------------24.
The gravitational force is always attractive, and it depends only on the masses involved and the distance
between them.
Example 2.20 A 10 kg mass and a 100 kg mass are 1 meter apart. What is the force of attraction between
them?

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 Example 2.21 If a person has a mass of 60.0 kg, what would be the force of gravitational attraction on him
at Earth’s surface?
Equation for universal gravitation force gives mg = GMEm /rE 2
Cancelling the mass m on both sides of the equation and filling in the values for the gravitational constant, mass
and radius of the Earth, gives the value of g on the surface of the earth. which may look familiar.
Centripetal Force
It is possible to derive Kepler’s third law from
Newton’s law of universal gravitation. A
force that pulls an object towards the centre of
a circle is called centripetal force as shown in
Figure 2.20.
Applying Newton’s second law of motion to
circular motion gives an expression for
centripetal force. Fc = mv2/ r
Figure 2.20 Centripetal force constantly pulls
the object towards the center of the circle
The gravitational attraction of the Sun provides the centripetal force needed to keep planets in orbit around the
Sun.
mp v 2 /r = GMsmp /r 2
Mp is mass of the planet, Ms is mass of the sun (Ms≈1.989x1030 kg) and v is the speed of the plane about the sun.
v 2 = GMs/ r----------------25.
The orbital speed of the planet is
v = 2πr /T-----------------26.
where T is the period of the planet about the Sun. Thus
(2πr ) 2 /T 2 = GMs /r-----------------27.
T 2 /r 3 = 4π 2 /GMs = 2.97x10−19. This equation is Kepler’s third law: the square of the period is proportional to
the cube of the distance of the planet from the Sun. The proportionality constant K takes the value: K = 4π 2/
GMs ≈ 2.97x10−19
The above equation is therefore valid for any planet. If we were to consider the orbit of a satellite such as the
Moon about the Earth, the constant would have a different value, with the Sun’s mass replaced by the Earth’s
mass; that is, 4π 2/ GME .
End of unit -2 questions
1. Balls A and B are kicked at an angle of 370 and 530 with the horizontal respectively, with the same initial
velocity v0. Which ball has:
a) the maximum horizontal displacement?
b) the maximum height?
2. A projectile is fired in such a way that its horizontal range is equal to three times its maximum height.
What is the angle of projection?
3. A ball is kicked into the air from the ground at an angle θ with the horizontal. When the ball reaches its
highest point, which statement is true?

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 (a) Both the velocity and acceleration of the ball are zero.
(b) Its velocity is not zero, but its acceleration is zero.
(c) Its velocity is perpendicular to its acceleration.
(d) Its acceleration depends on the angle at which the ball was thrown.
4. One ball is thrown horizontally. At the same time, a second ball is dropped from the same height.
Ignoring air resistance and assuming the ground is level, which ball hits the ground first? Explain why?
5. Which of the following statements about projectile motion are true? (ignoring air resistance).
(a) The horizontal and vertical motions are independent.
(b) The force on the projectile is constant throughout the flight.
(c) The acceleration of the projectile is constant throughout the flight.
(d) The path depends upon the initial velocity, but not upon the mass of the projectile.
(e) All of the above statements are true
6. At which position in its flight will a ball experience its minimum speed during inclined projection?
A. at the beginning
B. at maximum height
C. at the end
D. the same speed at all positions
7. A gun with a muzzle velocity of 500 m/s shoots a bullet at a target 50 m away. To hit the target the gun
should be aimed:
A. directly towards the target along the line joining the gun and target.
B.10 cm high above the target.
C. 5 cm high above the target.
D. 5cm below the target.
8. A ball is thrown horizontally with a velocity of 20m/s from a top of building 90 m high. Calculate: a)
the time taken to reach the ground. b) the horizontal displacement. c) The resultant velocity with which
it strikes the ground.
9. A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20o above the horizontal and at a speed of 11m/s. a)
How far does he jump in the horizontal direction? b) What is the maximum height reached?
10. An object projected at an angle θ with velocity 30 m/s reaches its maximum height in 1.5 s. Calculate
its range.
11. A rope is wrapped many times around a pulley of radius 20 cm. What is the average angular velocity of
the pulley if it lifts a bucket to 10 m in 5 s?
12. A particle moves in a circle 1.50 m in radius. Through what angle in radians does it rotate if it moves
through an arc length of 2.50 m? What is this angle in degrees?
13. A wheel is under a constant angular deceleration of 5r ad/s 2 . Its initial speed is 3 rad/s. What angular
distance will it travel just before comingto rest?
14. A wheel initially turning at 200 rpm uniformly increases its speed to 600 rpm in 8s. Calculate: (a) the
angular acceleration of the wheel in r ad/s 2 . (b) the number of revolutions turned by the wheel during
the 8 s interval.
15. A force of 400 N is applied to a beam at a distance of 5 m from the pivot point, as shown in Figure
below. Calculate the magnitude of the torque which turns the bar around pivot.

16. Three point masses, each of mass m, are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side L. Find
the moment of inertia of the system about an axis passing through one of the corners perpendicular to
the plane of the triangle.
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 17. A disc with moment of inertia 2 kgm2 changes its angular speed from 3 rad/s to 8rad/s by a net torque
of 50 Nm. Howlong will the disc take to change its angular speed?
18. According to Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, a satellite increases its speed as it approaches the Sun
and decreases its speed as it moves away from the Sun. True or False.
19. Given that the Moon orbits Earth every 27.3 days and that it is an average distance of 3.84×108 m from
the center of Earth, calculate the period of an artificial satellite orbiting at an average altitude of 1,500
km above Earth’s surface. (Radius of Earth is 6380 km.)
20. How would the period of an object in a circular orbit change if the radius of the orbit doubled? A. The
period would increase by a factor of 2.
B. The period would decrease by a factor of 4.
C. The period would increase by a factor of 2√2.
D. The period would decrease by a factor of 2√2.
21. The gravitational force between a 60 kg man and Earth is not equal because Earth is more massive than
the man therefore, it exerts the greatest force. True or False.
22. Two objects are attracted to each other by a gravitational force F. If the distance between the objects is
doubled, what is the new gravitational force between the objects in terms of F ?
A. 4 F B. 1/4F C. 16F D. 1/16F
23. Newton’s law of gravitation applies to:
A. Small bodies only. B. Plants only. C. All bodies irrespective of their size. D. Moon and
satellites only
24. Suppose the gravitational force between two spheres is 30 N. If the magnitude of each mass doubles,
what is the force between the masses?
25. Calculate the mass of the Sun, noting that the period of Earth’s orbit around the Sun is 3.156 x 107 s and
its distance from the Sun is 1.496 x 1011m.
26. A hypothetical planet has a mass of four times that of the Earth and radius of twice that of the Earth?
What is the acceleration due to gravity on the planet in terms of the acceleration on Earth?

pg. 15 Prepared by physics department D.W.S.S.S. Grade-12 Phy. Unit-2-2016 E.C