INTRODUCTION

Vertical and horizontal transportation means that transportation that is used to transport people and goods
from one level to another for example vertical, and one point to another same level point such as
horizontal. The used of this transportation will save time and energy of human being in our everyday life.
Other than that, it is also useful and convenient especially to elderly and people who are lugged down by
their shopping load or luggage. This type of transportations can be found in various office buildings,
shopping complexes, airport terminal, and many more.

There are various types of vertical and horizontal transportations, some may only serve the purpose of
transporting, and others are installed as part of the aesthetic value, for example in exhibition halls, zoos,
museum, and many more. For vertical transportation consists of elevator and escalator, while for horizontal
is travelator.

ADVANCED
MECHANICAL
TRANSPORTATION
METHODS

VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION:
Vertical transport refers to the mechanical movement of people or goods up and down within buildings or
structures. It is essential in multi-story buildings, skyscrapers, and infrastructure where stairs are
impractical for frequent use or accessibility.

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ELEVATORS:
Elevator is use to transport people or good vertically between level, vessel or structure. There are two
major elevator designs in common use today: hydraulic elevators and roped elevators

HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR:
Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder.
You can see how this system works in the diagram below.

The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping system (typically, hydraulic systems like this use oil, but other
incompressible fluids would also work). The hydraulic system has three parts:

• A tank (the fluid reservoir)

• A pump, powered by an electric motor

• A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir

The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is opened, the
pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve
is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the
cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.

When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric motor to
gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the
fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and the valve
is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays where it is.

To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated electrically
by a basic solenoid. When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow
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out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives
the fluid into the reservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control system
closes the valve again.

This system is incredibly simple and highly effective, but it does have some drawbacks

The main advantage of hydraulic systems is they can easily multiply the relatively weak force of the pump
to generate the stronger force needed to lift the elevator car. But these systems suffer from two major
disadvantages. The main problem is the size of the equipment. In order for the elevator car to be able to
reach higher floors, you have to make the piston longer. The cylinder has to be a little bit longer than the
piston, of course, since the piston needs to be able to collapse all the way when the car is at the bottom
floor. In short, more stories mean a longer cylinder.

The problem is that the entire cylinder structure must be buried below the bottom elevator stop. This
means you have to dig deeper as you build higher. This is an expensive project with buildings over a few
stories tall. To install a hydraulic elevator in a 10-story building, for example, you would need to dig at least
nine stories deep. The other disadvantage of hydraulic elevators is that they're fairly inefficient. It takes a
lot of energy to raise an elevator car several stories, and in a standard hydraulic elevator, there is no way
to store this energy. The energy of position (potential energy) only works to push the fluid back into the
reservoir. To raise the elevator car again, the hydraulic system has to generate the energy all over again.

ROPED ELEVATOR :

The most popular elevator design is the roped elevator. In roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by
traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped
around a sheave (3). A sheave is just a pulley with a groove around the circumference. The sheave grips the
hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes move too. The sheave is connected to an electric
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motor (2). When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other
way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly. In geared
elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave. Typically, the sheave, the motor and the
control system (1) are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft.

The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight (4), which hangs on the other side of the
sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to 40-percent capacity. In other words,
when the car is 40 percent full (an average amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced.

The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only
takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Basically, the motor only has to overcome
friction -- the weight on the other side does most of the work. To put it another way, the balance maintains
a near constant potential energy level in the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in the
elevator car (letting it descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy in the weight (the weight rises
to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens in reverse when the elevator goes up. The system is just
like a see-saw that has an equally heavy kid on each end.

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails (5) along the sides of the elevator shaft. The
rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth, and they also work with the safety
system to stop the car in an emergency.

Roped elevators are much more versatile than hydraulic elevators, as well as more efficient. Typically, they
also have more safety systems.

ESCALATORS:
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a
building. The device consists of amotor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on
tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be
impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems,
convention centers, hotels, and public buildings. The benefits of escalators are many. They have the
capacity to move large numbers of people, and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might
install a staircase. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to
guide people toward main exits or special exhibits, and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

OPERATION AND LAYOUT:

Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at
approximately 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) per second. The typical angle of inclination of an escalator to the
horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have
single piece aluminium or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators "side by side or
separated by a distance", seen often in metro stations and multilevel motion picture theaters), crisscross

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(minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators that go in one direction, frequently used
in department stores or shopping centers), and multiple parallel (two or more escalators together that
travel in one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in the other direction).

Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of the steps. The
direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be controlled by personnel
according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom
or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is on the
escalator).

Crisscross layout "Multiple parallel" layout

“Parallel” layout

DESIGN AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS:

A number of factors affect escalator design, including physical requirements, location, traffic patterns, safety
considerations, and aesthetic preferences. Foremost, physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance
to be spanned must be considered. These factors will determine the pitch of the escalator and its actual
length. The ability of the building infrastructure to support the heavy components is also a critical physical
concern. Location is important because escalators should be situated where they can be easily seen by the
general public. In department stores, customers should be able to view the merchandise easily. Furthermore,
up and down escalator traffic should be physically separated and should not lead into confined spaces.

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Traffic patterns must also be anticipated in escalator design. In some buildings, the objective is simply to
move people from one floor to another, but in others there may be a more specific requirement, such as
funneling visitors towards a main exit or exhibit. The number of passengers is important because escalators
are designed to carry a certain maximum number of people. For example, a single-width escalator traveling
at about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) per second can move an estimated 170 persons per five minute period. The carrying
capacity of an escalator system must match the expected peak traffic demand, presuming that passengers
ride single file. This is crucial for applications in which there are sudden increases in the number of riders.
For example, escalators at stations must be designed to cater for the peak traffic flow discharged from a train,
without causing excessive bunching at the escalator entrance.

In this regard, escalators help in controlling traffic flow of people. For example, an escalator to an exit
effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may reduce security concerns. Similarly,
escalators often are used as the exit of airport security checkpoints. Such an egress point would generally be
staffed to prevent its use as an entrance, as well.

It is preferred that staircases be located adjacent to the escalator if the escalator is the primary means of
transport between floors. It may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift adjacent to an escalator for
wheelchairs and disabled persons. Finally, consideration should be given to the aesthetics of the escalator.
The architects and designers can choose from a wide range of styles and colors for the handrails and
balustrades.

CONVEYORS:
A conveyor is a mechanical device used to move materials or goods from one place to another in a continuous
or semi-continuous flow. It is commonly used in industrial and commercial settings to transport items
horizontally, vertically, or on an incline. Conveyors help automate material handling, increasing efficiency and
safety in various sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, and construction.

There are several types of conveyors, each suited to specific tasks. Belt conveyors are among the most widely
used; they utilize a continuous belt stretched over pulleys to transport materials and are commonly seen in
airports for baggage handling or in warehouses. Roller conveyors use a series of rollers and are ideal for
moving boxes and pallets, often using gravity or motors for movement.

Conveyors are widely applied across many fields. In manufacturing, they are central to assembly lines,
automating the movement of parts and products. In mining and construction, conveyors are used to

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transport heavy bulk materials like ore, gravel, or sand. Food processing industries utilize hygienic conveyor
systems to handle products with care. At airports, conveyor belts are essential for efficient baggage handling
systems. Additionally, in warehouses and logistics hubs, conveyors are integral to sorting and moving
packages and goods quickly and efficiently.

The advantages of using conveyors are numerous. They significantly increase productivity by allowing
continuous transport of materials without manual labor. Time and effort are saved, especially in large-scale
operations. Conveyors also improve safety, reducing the need for workers to lift or move heavy items
manually. They can handle materials that are too dangerous or cumbersome for human handling, and they
are adaptable to a variety of industries and environments. With proper design, conveyors can optimize space,
streamline workflow, and reduce overall operational costs.

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