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Vector Algebra - Xamidea

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, defining key concepts such as vectors, scalars, position vectors, direction cosines, and direction ratios. It also covers operations involving vectors, including addition, dot product, and cross product, along with properties and formulas related to these operations. Additionally, multiple choice questions and their solutions related to vector algebra are included for practice.

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478 views32 pages

Vector Algebra - Xamidea

The document provides an overview of vector algebra, defining key concepts such as vectors, scalars, position vectors, direction cosines, and direction ratios. It also covers operations involving vectors, including addition, dot product, and cross product, along with properties and formulas related to these operations. Additionally, multiple choice questions and their solutions related to vector algebra are included for practice.

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mitha
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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0 Vector Algebra POINTS TO 1. Vector : Those physical quantities, which are defined by both magnitude and direction are called vector eg., velocity, acceleration, force, etc. Psy. 2) 2, Scalar : Those physical quantities which have only magnitude are called scalar, eg., area, volume, mass, etc. ae 3. Position vector : Let (x, y, 2) be a point in space with respect to ace the origin O (0, 0, 0). The vector OF having O as initial and P as terminal point is called position vector of P. ‘yeni Here, position vector of P= OP = xi +yj+zk Otieedtesion 2uii Saaapea yw 4ve direction of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, then Baa cos a, cos B and cos y are the direction cosines of 7 and are denoted by /, m and n where “2 b EP off) es axis sa = Fa ne cos = Var + bP ee? E © n= cosy =a Va+B +e rok tal A] A = Rai ON Moe AN] [OFe| 5. Direction ratios : If numbers a, b,c are proportional to direction “Y % cosine I, m and n respectively of Fr, then a, b, care called direction ratios of 6. Vector joining two points: If A (x, 4,2) and B (xy, Yo, %) are .- two points, then the vector joining A and B is the vector AB Rev 2) givenby AB=(x,-1)i+(y,-y)i + -=pk Au yi) Proof: AB=AO+OB. [By addition of vectors] AB= 08 -OA=@,ity,jteb-~ityitab =O, -a)f +, - wit @- ak = Vector Algebra 361 7. Components of a vector: If r= xi +yj+zk then x, y, z are called scalar components of rand xt, yj, 2k are called vector components of F . 8. If @ andB are the position vectors of two points A and B, then AB: 9. Waaaithjtek then |a|=saeree. 10. Ifa is any given vector then unit vector in direction @ , ie., tr jc IL. (@ Collinearity of three points: Three points with position vectors a,b , ¢ are collinear, iff there exist scalars x, y,z not all zero such that xa+yb+zc=0, where x+y+2= (i Coplanarity of three vectors: Let # and bbe two given non-zero non-collinear, vectors. Then es Wu [aa] a Wu Py ea) fared oe) p= WY) oa - ie) (ay, any vector 7, coplanar with @andé can be uniquely expressed as r=xatyb for some scalars x and y. 12. Section formula: (@ For internal division: The position vector of a point C, which divides, C48 internally the line-segment joining two points A and B with position # e vectors @ and b in the ratio m:n (as figure given alongside) is given by position vector of C= MPEnE (ii) For external division: The position vector of a point C, which divides externally the line-segment joining two points A and B with position ¢————8=»—£ wy vectors @ and & in the ratio m: n (as figure given alongside) is given by position vector of C= "=" 13, Two vectors are said to be orthogonal if they are perpendicular to each other. 14. The dot product (scalar product) of two vectors @ and b is givenby a .b=|a|lé |cos®, where 8 is the angle between @ and B. 15, Properties of dot product of vectors: () 7.8 =8.7 (commutativity) i) @.(\5) = Qa)[email protected]), Aisa scalar B=0 or G15 (i) @.G+2)=a .b+a.6 (Distributive property) (io) ab © Bit bgj+byk, then @ B= a,b, +b, + a,b, @ and projection vector of Fond (tl a & = = _[ab\~ (vii) Projection of ona and projection vector of ona (i) a 362 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil jak. ke vand ij and z-axis respectively. 7. Gh eangnren ees a= Ta” Vai taza; Hate na 16nd wero aegene ue copwnaaldemiesiixebenaltmalien eat -k=k.i=0,where i,j and & are unit vectors along x-axis, y-axis meng inl pe tie b, cos8 = — 1g * bs 19. The cross product or vector product of two vectors @ andb is given by 4 xb =|a||é|sin 8, where Gis the angle between @ and b and ii isa unit vector perpendicular to the plane of @ and 6 and + ve for a right handed rotation from @ to b. ire |. Properties of cross product of vectors: 20. [7xB]=[2]|é sind and sind =!2% 41 where @ is the angle between @ and 6 () axb=-txa 22. Area of a parallelogram, whose sides are represented by a, is|a xi]. 23. Unit vector perpendicular to @ and 6 wePh 24. Area of parallelogram, whose diagonals are represented by @ and b is Ha xB 28: .AtestoE Ristighesitose tivo sdeaeienepeeientedthy Then wegen ty: Bl, abl 26. If F sets as acct cag UA pac Se | AP x F| 27. Cosine formulae : Ifa, b, c are lengths of the opposite sides respectively to the angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC, then (0 cosas Pte ne (ip cospe te =F ity cosce PtH HE 28. Projection formulae : Ifa, b, care lengths of the sides opposite respectively to the angles A, B, C of a triangle ABC, then () a=beosC+ccosB (i) b=ccosA+acosC (iii) c=acosB+bcosA Vector Algebra 363 vu = es al Vv) Sa Ss) ze) m K< faa = ow m a aa ab 29. Lagrange's identity aera pea —_ ” ja.b b.b or @.b)+ @ oF Op o> 15. If a,b, ¢ are unit vectors such that a +b +¢=0, then the value of @.5 +b.¢ +¢.ais J INCERT Exemplar] @- @ None of these INCERT Exemplar] ee ab a i © Gr @ ( <2 |b al ny 17. If |a|=4and-3 <2 <2, then the range of |Aa| is INCERT Exemplar] (a) [0,8] () [- 12,8] (c) (0, 12] @ [8,12] 18. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to the vectors a= 2i+j+2kandb=j+kis [NCERT Exemplar] @ one (&) two (© three @ infinite 19, The position vector of the point which divides the join of points with position vectors a +b and 2a ~i in the ratio 1:2is INCERT Exemplar] auto > sa- sa+d @ >a Oa os oy 20. @ and b are two non-zero vectors such that the projection of a on b is 0. The angle between @ and b is [CBSE 2023 (65/3/2)] = x > Or oF @o 21. In AABC, AB=it}+2k and AC=3i-j+4k. If D is mid-point of BC, then vector AD is equal to ICBSE 2023 (65/3/2)1 (aise ( 2 -2j+28 i TH9k @ 2+3k 22. Two vectors @ + a,j +agk and B=6,i-+byj +byk are collinearif (CBSE 2023 (65/5/1)] (0) ab ~ ab, + 03h =0 o BBE (0) a= by ay =by y= By (@) a 40,4 05=b, +b. + by Vector Algebra 365, 23, The magnitude of the vector 6/ ~2] +38 is [CBSE 2023 (65/5/1)] @. Ss 7 On 24. Unit vector along PQ, where coordinates of P and Q respectively are (2, 1, -1) and (4, 4-7), is jess 2023 (65/2/2)] fa3t fate » sit +k (@) 21 +3) 6k () -2i 3) +68 OF tS w FE 25. Position vector of the mid-point of line segment AB is 31 +2) -3K. If position vector of the point A is 2i +3j - 4k, then position vector of the point (CBSE 2023 (65/2/1)) @ F+F-F w& aiej-26 (©) 5i+5)-78 @ 5-$+5 26. Projection of vector 21 +3) on the vector 3/ -2)is [CBSE 2023 (65/2/1)] -12 @o (12 © = a © 3 27. The value of (i x j).j+(jxi).k is [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)1 @2 0 1 @-1 28, Ifa +b sianda =2i-2) +2%, then|b | equals [CBSE 2023 (65/1/11 @ ¥ 3 © VR @ v7 Answers L© 2. (@) 3. (b) 4.0 5 (0) 6. (i) 7.0) 8.) 9. (@) 10. (a) n@ 2 (d) 13. (i) 14. (6) 15. ©) 16. (a) 17. () 18. (6) 19. (d) 20. (a) a.) 2. () 23.0 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) Solutions of Selected Multiple Choice Questions [email protected]? =sin?o la PEE +la PBT cos?e Option (0 is correct aT IDE (sin?0 + cos?0) = [af 16T 2. Wehave, |e iat OAxoB=|1 2 3]=si rojak 3-24 3 [OA x OB |= V(s)? + 10)? + (@)? = 64+ 100 16 = 180 = 65 7 Area of AOAB = 5|0A x OB |= 5X 6v5 =3y5 sq. units. Option (a) is correct. - a.520 [a || B |cos8=0 => cos0>0 F-1@|20,) 6 |=0) 20s 0<5 Option (6) is correct. 366 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 9% 2 15. itajtakea Option (b) is correct. We have, BA = OA -OB=(i +2) -k)-(3i+4j +08) = -28-2)-£ => [Bala VaR + 2h +a = yaeasia3 direction cosines of BA are 2,2 al a af 5 Option (6) is correct Here, — |a|=y3,|6|=4anda.b=2y3 We know that, a.b=|z||é Jcos 8 => 23 =V3.4.cos8 > 0-5 e 3 *. Option (b) is correct. Given two vectors are 2i + pj +k and — 4] - 6j + 26k are perpendicular to each other. 2 2K (64) +p x6) 41% 26= = -8-6p+26=0=18=6p >p=3 Option (a) is correct. lafaxteyee Let Similarly, G@xi?+ @ lafeabsacebaslePedc+2a+cbeleh =o = WaPePelePe2@beiee2a 0 (ok P=TE Rae Tanda 22) > lee 42@b+he+2a)=0 = abrbeeda~-3 Option (¢) is correct. Vector Algebra 367 ~ => cs8a0>0= Foal via x Angle between @ and & is Option (a) is correct. a. +)+26 and AC =3i-j+ak HAB+ Ae) ince D is the mid point of BC) AD = Hisj+2besi—j+ae = AD = huis k}=2i+sk = AB = 21438 Option (d) is correct. 2. = ad tagj tak = A(b,i + bai +d,h) > afsajeak=ryitrnj+re Comparing, we get = Also > and > = Option (b) is correct. 23. a=6i-2+3k la |= ¥6?+(-2F +3? = (364449 = a9 =7 Option (c) is correct. 24, Wehave, PQ =(4-2)) + (4-1j+(-7+ DE PG =21 +3) 6k :. Unit vector along PO Option (a) is correct 368 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 25. Let ¢ be the position vector of mid point of AB and the position vector of A is 2/ +3) — 4 A(ai+3j 4k) (3 +2) -a) B(xi + yj +26) atx 3ty zai 3=. 2 > 2and z 3 => 2+x=6,3+y=4andz-4=-6 > x=6-2,y=4-3andz=-6+4 => x=4,y=landz=-2 Position vector of B ~. Option (b) is correct. 26. Leta=2i+3} and . Projection of @ ond: +. Option (a) is correct. wm. (ixj).j+(xie jee +1) Option (d/) is correct. 28, Given a +6 =ianda = => 4 -2j+2k+ =. jai +2f-ab=-i+2}—26 > > [bl-veah +P +(2Psyitaeaes > [bles Option (b) is correct. Assertion-Reason Questions The following questions consist of two statements—Assertion(A) and Reason(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (@ Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A. (®) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A. © Ais true but Ris false. @) Ais false but R is true. 1. Assertion(A): Direction cosines of vector Gait jiee Be Z. ve 6" ¥ Reason (R): If vector 7 =ai+bj+ck then its direction ratios are ob ©, where [FV TeV Ir [Fla vat +e? +e. Vector Algebra 369 2. Assertion(A): If (@-5).(@+6)=0, then @ and B are perpendicular. Reason (R): The projection of 1 +3) +on 2i ~ 3) +66 is 3. Assertion(A): If @=3i-j+2k, b =2i +3) +36 then a .b =9. Reason (R): If @=a,i +a,j +ajk then its magnitude |@ |= /a; +a; +43. 4. Assertion (A): Cosine of the angle between the two vectors 2/ + 2j-& and 6-3) +2k a3 Reason (R): Cosine of the angle between two vectors @ and b is given by cos@ Cia ja 5. Assertion(A): If |a xB |=1and|a .6 |= v3 then the angle between @ and J is = Reason (R): |axh]=[allé|sin@andla 5 |=|a [|B |cos8 Answers 1 @ 2 @) 3. (b) 4@ 5 (a) Solutions of Assertion-Reason Questions 1. Wehave, a=? +j-2k o. lal=Var+yP4(-2P = v6 i 142 » Its direction cosines are Te, 7g, Je Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). ‘Hence, option (a) is correct. 2. (@+5).@-5)=0 = [af -16 if @=i,a=-i then |= So A is false statement. é [BI but @ isnot perpendicular to B -021 ae te +3) 35+ The projection of 1 +3} + Ron 2f -3j +f = &+31+B.(2! —3j +e8) V2¥ +(3F +(6F 2-946 1 7 7 Ris true statement. Hence, option (d) is correct. 3. Wehave, i j+2kand B= 21 +3) + 3k ai —j+2h. af +3) +38) 3x2-1%342%3=9 Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Hence, option (b) is correct. 370 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil (i +2)-B).(6i-3j +28) VQP+QP+C1?.VO?+03)+ 27 x642x(-3)-1x2_ 4 3x7 21 Clearly, Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true. Hence, option (d) is correct. 4. Wehave, cos8= 5. Wehave, la xB l=lallé |sin8 (0) and [zB =|a lIB cos i) From o we have (a laxél Ia.6] x > tanO=tant > Clearly, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). ‘Hence, option (a) is correct. Case-based/Data-based Questions Each of the following questions are of 4 marks. 1. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. Solar panels have to be installed carefully so that the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun, Produce the largest possible electrical power in the solar panels. A surveyor uses his instrument to determine the coordinates of the four corners of a roof where solar panels are to be mounted. In the picture, suppose the points are labelled counter clockwise from the roof corner nearest to the camera in units of meters P, (6, 8,4), P, (21,8, 4), P3 (21, 16, 10) and P, (6,16,10) Vector Algebra 371 (@ Find the components to the two edge vectors defined by A = PV of P, - PV of P, and B = PVof Py PV of P, where PV stands for position vector. (i) (a) Find the magnitudes of the vectors A and B . (6) Find the components to the vector N’, perpendicular to A and # and the surface of the roof. Sol. Given points are P, (6,8, 4), P, (21,8, 4), Pa(21, 16, 10) and P, (6, 16, 10) () Wehave, A = PV of P, - PV of P, = (21i +8) + 4k) - (67 +8) + 48) H =151 +0) +08 Components of A are 15,0, 0. and B = PV of P,- PV of P, = (6i + 16) + 10k) -(6i + 8 + 4k) = 0F +8) +6k Components of B are 0,8,6. (ii) @ We have, [7 |= (a5) +f + OF =15 units IBI= voy +(8F + 6F /100 = 10 units (0) We have, FE N=AxB=/1500 086 = i(0-0) — j (90-0) + £120- 0) = oF — 90) + 1206 Its components are 0, -90, 120. 2. Read the following passage and answer the following questions. Raghav purchased an air plant plant holder which is in shape of tetrahedron. Let A, B,C, Dbe the co-ordinates of the air plant holder where A = (1,2,,3), B= 3, 2,1), C= (2,1,2),D=(3,4,3). > Prant (i) Find the vector AB. (i) Find the vector CD. (iti) (a) Find the unit vector along BC vector. OR (iii) (b) Find the area (ABCD). Sol. -°A=(1,2,3),B=@G,2, 1), C=(, 1,2), D=G,4,3) () AB =08 -04 =@-1)i+@-2j+0-3)k=2) - 2k (i) CD =OD -0€ =-2i+(4-Nj+@O-Dk=7 +g; +k 372 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil (ii) (@ BC = OC -O8 = 2-3) +-2)j}+@-k=F-j+k a BC jek _-i-jrk Re= BR tk lac] fare are? v3 (iii) (b) «BC =-i-j+k BD =OD -O8 (3-3)i+(4-2)7+@-1k 22+ 2k BD and BD are adjacent sides of ABCD. _ jie = BC XBD =|-1-1 1]=i(-2-2)-j (-2-0)+k(-2+0) = —47 +2j-26 022 :. Area of ABCD = CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1. Find a vector in the direction of vector 2j that has magnitude 7 units. [CBSE (AI) 2008) Sol. The unit vector in the direction of the given vector @ is v5 5! Therefore, the vector having magnitude equal to 7 and in the direction of a is oi ee) eee amr Jet Js) v5" 2. Write the number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to both the vectors a= 2i+j+2k and +k. [CBSE Central 2016) Sol. Number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to both vectors = 2, namely +(a xb). & Welte the value of plorwhich 2 9)42}+ 9k sul = 7+) +98 aw perallal vector. [CBSE Dethi 2009} Sol. Since a || b , therefore a= Ab => —- 3+ 2}+9k= NG +p}+3K, Sha3, 2209252 or Rad pHs [By comparing the coefficients] é ie aid ied Fs Penis [CBSE Delhi 2010) Sol. We will consider @ Bisjek Vector Algebra 373 5 Sol. Sol. Sol. 8 Sol. Sol. Unit vector in the direction of @ is /2i+j+k v2)" + ay + ay? 0 : nis The cosine of the angle which the vector 21+] +% makes with y-axis is (5). 1 la |=4,|6 |=3 and a.b= 6/3, then the value of|a x bl. ICBSE East 20161 Wehave, ab =6y3 = WLB eos = 5 6/3 © = Ax3eos0=6V3 > cosO=P 5-4 = ORE ce sv pSeyry se a 1 Now, Jaxb |=|a |.[@ |sin@ =4x3sin > =4x3%> 6 2 ‘Write the value of the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors 2i and 3) [CBSE (F) 2012} Required area of parallelogram = | 2i x3j | =6 | ixj |=6 | k | = 6 sq units. [Note: Area of parallelogram whose sides are represented by @ and b is| ab | ] Find the scalar components of the vector AB with initial point A@, 1) and terminal point BCS, 7). ICBSE (AD 20121 Let AB = (-5-2)8+ (7-1)j = +67 Hence, scalar components are -7, 6. INote: If r= xi + yj +zk then x, y, z are called scalar components and_xi, yj, zk are called vector components] For what value of ‘a’ the vectors 2i - 3] + 4k and ai + 6j - 8kare collinear? [CBSE Delhi 2011) + 2 ~3} + 4k and ai +6j ~ 8 are collinear. 252324 oy ga Bo 2x(-8) @ =8 Crag Eg [Note:If @ andi are collinear vectors then the respective components of @ andb are proportional.) ‘Witid the dincction costae of tha vector 2!+] —6E. [CBSE Dethi 20111 Direction cosines of vector ~2i +j-5€ are 1 VEQPH CS) Yeates sy?” yl Note: If |, m, n are direction cosine of ai + bj + ck then. 374 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 10. If vectors a and b are such that |a | 316 |= Sanda |= then find [ab | [CBSE South 2016] Sol. Ila’ | |e |sin 8a RES [ Gis angle between a andb] 11. Give an example of vectors @ and b such that | a |=|é| but ab . CBSE Sample Paper 2018] Sol Leta=xityj; beyi+aj [a |= yx? +4, |B |=\/y?+x? Hence, a#8 but |a|=[5| 12, Find the unit vector in the direction of sum of vectors @=2/- j+ kandi =3j+k INCERT Exemplar] Sol. Let ¢ denotes the sum of a and b . Wehave, Cad +B =2)-j+k+2j+kea2i+j+2k 7 Cc W+j+rk r+ jrrke rie jrae <. Unit vector in the direction of ¢ = 755 = so nit vector inthe direction of € = (S)= Seg ag =p Very Short Answer Questions Show that for any two non-zero vectors a andb,|a+b 6 liffa andé are perpendicular vectors. [CBSE 2020 (65/3/1)] Sol. Wehave, |3+3|=[2-a1 > |aebf=[a-3f (Squaring both sides) => laf+loP+21a lB leosa=laP+lef -21a|1F eos 0 (Here 8 is the angle between vectors @ andi) = 4lz]lé cose =0 x x =cosy 30-5 => cosd= = Gand’ are perpendicular vectors. 2. The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the point P(2, 2, 1) and Q\5, 1, -2) is 4. Find its z-coordinate. (CBSE (AI) 2017] Sol. Let required point be R(4, yy, 2;) which divides PQ in ratio k: 1. By section formula y.20 5k+2 pag Penne: Pe.2.) 6. 4,-2) Vector Algebra 375, Sol. Sol. Sol. 6 Sol. > ke2 _2x(aeba 3eT -4+1_-3 —s BR Find ‘X’ when the projection of a= Ai+]+4k on b= 2i +6]+36 is 4units. [CBSE Delhi 2012] 1 We know that projection of fond >4 wi) [el Now, G.b=2A+6+12= 2A+ 18 also |b | = (22+ 62+3? = /4+36+9=7 Putting in (i), we get a= 2e8 2=28-18 = A= 1=5 Find all the -vectors of magnitude 3,/3 which are collinear to vector f+ j +k. [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] Tete t +74 bathe given vectoes «suit vecor Fe =k ° la, var+ayear ieiag aa itith) ‘Therefore, vectors of magnitude 3,3 which are collinear to vector / + j + is given by =43(i+j+8) aiax fete (+48) If r= 3] -2)+ 6k, find the value of (7 x j).(7 x &)-12. [CBSE 2023 (65/3/2)] Fa3i-a+6k TxF = (ah 2j+6l)xj = atx} 2) xjeokx} 3k-2x0+6x-f=-6i+3% Given and, xk = (37-2) +68) xk 2-3-2 = -21-3f => (Fxj). xh) = C68 +k). (27-37) =12 (Fx })-Gxb) -122 12-1220 X and Yare two points with position vectors 3a +b and a -3b respectively. Write the position vector of a point Z which divides the line segment XY in the ratio 2: 1 externally. [CBSE 2019 (65/4/1)] 376 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 1 eRe peep CaM WaRgareoacCN EE nial rageTEy: o—___.+_ + AG) ea} cle} tia * eae If AC = 7 AB, express ¢ in terms of a and b. [CBSE 2023 (65/1/1)] Sol. Given point A, B and C such that Ss, ae =i 4) ao a Let given position vectors of the points A, B and C are respectively eiiweakie tat emtaatwetas ge » aC AB .. Point C divides AB externally in the ratio 5: 4 using section formula, we have Bh, ~ 4a ar i a C=, 8 + 65) + ck = (5D, 40) f + (Bly ~ 4a) j + (5s — 40k 25 (bi + bj tak) —a(qyi +) +a,k) 8 If |a| =a, then find the value of the following: [CBSE Bhubneshwar 2015] la x iP +fa ff +l xe Sol. Let @ makes angle a, B, y with x, y and z axis. «. laxi|=[@ [1.sina=asina similarly |a xj |=asinB and |axé | =asiny 2 [ani P +] axjP +] axk |? =a? sin? as asin B +a°sin*y =a°[sin? a+ sin” + sin®y] =@ [1 ~cosa+1- cos? B+1-cos*y] = @ [3 (cos? a + cos? fi + cos*y)] epee, =@@-1) Beene aan cosa + cos?8 + cos*y=1 =o? 9, The vectors a =3i+xj andb = 2i+j+ yk are mutually perpendicular. If |a| = | 6], then find the value of y. [CBSE Bhubneshawar 2015] Sol. -: @andb are mutually perpendicular. > @ex).aitj+yh-0 > 6+x40y=0 = xa-6 > 9436 = 5+? [-x=-6] > peas Vector Algebra 377 10. Sol. nn. Sol. 2 Sol. 3B. Sol. ua Sol. Find the value of [email protected] if| a|=10,| 6|=2and| a xb|=16. [CBSE Guzwahati 2015) > |axbj=16 => |al|B|sind=16 => 10x2sino=16 => a.b=\a\ |b] cos = 1022 lial he vectusied maginnale 6ysihith ds pexpenilicnioe to buthitheweceensat—J'sah cal aij 43k. (NCERT Exemplar\ Let @ =2)-j+2kandb = 4i—j+3k So, any vector perpendicular to both the vectors @ and B is given by ajs2k Vite? Let @=i+2]-3k and b= 3i - j + 2k be two vectors. Show that the vectors (@ +) and (@ -b) are perpendicular to each other. [CBSE 2019 (65/4/1)] Wehave @=1+2)-af and F =3/—j +28 Then, 7+B=4)4j-é and G-E=-2+ @+5).@-b)=-8+3+5=0 di +4 44k > @+5)1@-5) For any two vectors @ and, prove that (@ x5)? =a' 8 —(a.by. [CBSE 2019 (6515/3)] (a xb)=|a||b |sinO a and 2.6 =|a || [eos Rus = 2°35) =[af lbh -laf lb ost laf efa-cos*o) =a li aie? =(axb) = LHS Hence proved. Ifthe vectors @ and b are such that [a |=3,]é|=% and @ xi is unit vector, then find the angle between @ and b. [CBSE 2023 (65/5/1)] = et2 yee Ual=3, lBl=3 ana [ax l= = lal lb |sine=1 > = em 6 378 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 18. Sol. 16. Sol. ra Sol. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors a@=i-j+3k and 6=2i-7]+k [CBSE 2023 (65/5/1)] Adjacent sides of parallelogram are (1 +21)— j(1- 6)+K(-7 +2) = 201 +5) -5k -. Area of parallelogram = |a xb (207 + 5?+(SP = 400 +25 +25 = (850 = 9X25 %2 = 15/2 squunits If a,b, € are three non-zero unequal vectors such that a.b = a.c, then find the angle between @ andb-2. [CBSE 2023 (65/2/1)] Given @,b,¢ are three non-zero unequal vectors such that a > 4 = a.(§—2)=0 = @ is perpendicular to (5 2). Angle between d and (5 ~¢)is 99° or, 5 Write the projection of the vector (6+¢) on the vector a , where @= 2-2) +k, and c= 2i~j+4k. [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/3/2)] Ge) Ceame lay arh). C 3teta mw) VP 2 # Gxaya Ctey 4 car | = haga _| wr 2g z at ote co ¥ ax a {osu Projection of (GAC) om; ae trogitlS Andver 2022] Vector Algebra 379 Short Answer Questions 1. Kf a|=3,|b|=5,] ¢|=4 and a +b +¢=0, then find the value of (@.b +b. +2.a). [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/312) ‘=| Sol. Y | 1 » ea bel 2 es ee Fy 7 ay 1 & d eaatety =D. Udy breCjLa4 B42) fata wets Yer + ace rhe aCe) : 2 3 As Seenror) __[Topper’s Answer 2022] aoe cad wre fone nomrzern-verine pudial:¥ix kin ud aod Gin = Mad then show that (a ~2d) is parallel to (2b ~c) where a#2d,c# 2b. [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/1/1)] 3. The scalar product of the vector a =i+j+K with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors 6 =2i + 4j—5k and ¢ =Ai +2) +3% is equal to 1. Find the value of A and hence find the unit vector along b +c. [CBSE 2019 (65/2/1)] Sol. Wehave, +2 =(2i+4j-50)+(i+2)+38), 3 B+d-e4nitg—2i o> bee at Unit vector of b+e= 27S = SN se] Vaan 36+ 380 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil Now, > > (joe) (22Dixe 28), ~ Va+nF +40 “Teel 2+A+6-2=V(2+d)? +40 D+O=y(2+A)7 +40 Squaring both sides, we have > By putting the value of 2 = 1, unit vector of B +e DP 412A 436= (240)? +40= 4427+ 404.40 BA=44-36=8 = asker 4. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by 2/-4j-5i and 2i+2)+3h. Find parallelogram also. the unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find the area of the [CBSE 2021-22 (Term-2) (65/1/1)] Sol. Let ABCD be a parallelogram with and and AB = DC = 2 - 4] -5k BC = AD = 25 +2) +36 Now, 5. Let a,b and ¢ be three vectors such that |a|=1,||=2 and |c| AC = AB + BC = 4i ~ 2) - 2k o— e BD =6+8k IS 1 |AC|=2V6 and | BD |=10 lee Wa Required unit vector d, and d, are A NB 4 if pester Cae! ayelaye umuos) aoe ‘ ie Area of | ABCD = 5 | dixd> | i k 1 =3/4 2 2 oe 8 =t 4-32) + 24k | vies = 2/107 zi [CBSE Marking Scheme 2022] If the projection of B along @ is equal to the projection of ¢ along @ and 6,¢ are perpendicular to each other, then find |3a - 2b + 2¢ |. [CBSE 2019 (65/3/1)] Sol. Given projection of & along a is equal to the projection of ¢ along a as ta 381 a wf) =b.c=0 (ii) Bae me ot + + Also given b 1 Now, 3a -26 +2¢P=olaP+abP+alef-123.8-88.2+128.2 = 9x()2+4xQ)2+4x()- 120.6 8x04 Bb +4x44+4x9=94+16+36=61 = |sa-28 +20 |= V6 6. If a,b,c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector Tie? wagenpwanatw 25 wal secnnncngeunn soi <2 wae ICBSE Delhi 20171 Sol. bee > [a+b +e] = 3x Let 6, 0, and Oybe the angles made by (a+b +) witha, and ¢ respectively. @@tb+e) a.ata bea. _x+0+0_ 1 jaj.|a+bee] xV3x Bx ' o'() = Wrcos"(F 7. Wazi+j+k and b=j-k, then find a vector ¢ such that axc=b anda.c=3. cos 8, yg) similarly 8, = cost (5) and @, @+5+2)is equally inclined with 5 and. ICBSE Delhi 2008, 2013) Sol. Let 2=qi+ej+ ck Then, ee G-GitG-qit Gee axe = 2 G-D+G-QitG-Qkej > s- and c, — “ Also, Zd=@+)+h.qitaj+eh an eereeee > 4tatey=3 [wae=3] ii) > qtata-123 [-q-g=1] (iti) 382 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil Sol. Sol. 10. Sol. = %tQnt On solving c~¢, = Land 2c, +c, = 4, we get a and = and |¢|=7 then show that the angle between @ and b is 60°. [CBSE Delhi 2008, 2014) a+b+7=0 > > @+b.@rb)=08 = laf+léfe275-| > = 5 =49-25-9 => Yall cose =15 = > c0s0=F=cos 60" > 0-60" ie Pulveli. aaah Poa. Find a vector p which is perpendicular to both @ andb and p.c=18. ICBSE (AD 20121 Given, Z=i+4j+28,h=af-2j+76, 0225 —jrak Vector p is perpendicular to both @ and b ie., p is parallel to vector d xb, ijk h 4 2 3 -2 7| Since p isparallelto @xb => Also, p.¢=18 > "Gai -j-14b). 2 -j+48 = w(4+1-56)=18 = 9p=18 or w=2 ” p=2(62i -j 148 = 64i -— 2) - 28k ‘The maigniliide of the wedtor produ ot unk vader d + js b winia GREveaor aimag ube eT vectors 2/ + 4j — 5k and \i + 2] + 3k is equal to \/2 . Find the value of t. [CBSE (F) 2013] Let a=itj+k b=2i+4j-5G c= From question ~ bre ax Bt lo+el B+C=(2+ni+G-2% VQ+A)?+6?+(-2)? = Vat N+anezota ayn tanta lec eee i . 5 4 => G+) 1 Bit G+ Nj+G-NE 6 Vector Algebra 383 Putting it in (), we get 81+ (4+Nj +4—-D) = = V+ ant ad Squaring both sides, we get 64416 +02 +8A416 +27 - 8A ~ Meant ae => & >= hel 11, Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 2i-j+k,i-3j-5k and 3i ~4j- 4k respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence find the area of the triangle. ICBSE (AD 20171 Sol. Given, position vector of A=2i -j+k -3)-5k position vector of C =i — 4j — af = MB a-i-v-6k; ACwi-3j-sk and BC=2i—jek position vector of B Now, |4g[=AB.AB=1+4+36=41; [AC [=1+9+25=35;|BC[=4+1+1=6 [4B =|ACP +|BC P= A, B, Care the vertices of right triangle. — = ii i Now, 4BxAC=|-1 2 -6| =ia0-18)-j6+6)+6@+2)=-si-11) +56 1-3 5 [AB AC |= V(-8)?+ C1)? +8? = fea = (0 ‘Area (ABC) = slae xa¢] = 310 sq. units, Alternate method to find area: _ Area of ABC = 3 x|BC [x|AC] = 3x35 6 =" sq. units 12. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC, where the coordinates of its vertices are AG, -1, 2), B(1, -1,-3) and Cid, -3, 1). ICBSE Bhubaneshwar 2015] Sol. Here, AB=(1-3)i+(-141)j+3-2k =-21+0.7-5k And AC =(4- 3)f+C3+Dj+(1-2E B(1,4,-3) = (00)? -(2+5)7+4-OK = 101-7 +48 Since, AB x AC is perpendicular to both AB and AC . AG=12) 384 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 3B. Sol. u Sol. => AB XAC is perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC. ABXAC [az x ac] loi -7]+ 4% a = ih ws ¥e10)? 7 nee vies 1-714) Fis es es! Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD whose side AB and the diagonal AC are given by the vectors 3/ +7 +4k and 4i + 5k respectively. [CBSE (F) 20171 Here, BC= BA +AC =~ AB+AC Bi —juakealesh=i joe Required vector AD = BC: =|a+9i-@-4)+@-nél = |5i+j—ae] = 5°41? + (4)? = (541416 = (22 sq. units. Ifa j-2handb=7i+2j-3k then express b in the from of b = bi+ba,where bi is parallel to a and b2 is perpendicular to a [CBSE (AD 2017) Since Bs || @ = bi=n =A -j-28 = 20) -aj 20k bitbe=b Beeb By = (71 +2j- 36 -2nl 4-20) 27/42) -3k-2N +n) 4208 =(7-2A)ji +(2+0j-B-Wék Itis given that B is perpendicular to a. > ip o = (7-22)2-+0).14+B-2)2= => 4-4,-2-246-4.=0 > abso = asta Hence, by = 47 - 2j - 4k; Basi tare (4) -2] -48) + Gi +4j+b,ie, B=Bi+ie Now, 71+2)-38 Vector Algebra 385 15. Given that vectors a6, Tia eae EEE RATE py em ERE tq) +k bmol+9} tal and 2=30+]-26. (CBSE (South) 2016] ichangle ts BYE qzendls where a= Sol. Given, G@=5+2 > pltg tke i+3j+4h+@l+j—2 > pitgitrka(o+ayiegj+2k Equating the co-efficient of i, j,k from both sides, we get > s+3=p;q=4 and r=2 Now, area of triangle = }ix2| ijk 1 a: ; : 4 => zi\s 3 4|[=ql-6-4)i-~2s-12)7+ 6-98] 31 2 > = 5V6=45/325+55" +30 Squaring both sides > 150= $625 +5s?+ 306) = 600-325 = 5s" + 305 > 5s°+ 30s - 275 =0 5 30 + (900+ 4x5%275 _ -30 + 6400 10 10 > sets From (i) and (i) 2-15; p=-8,8; g= 16. If @and b are unit vectors, then what is the angle between a and b for a-/2 b tobea unit vector? [CBSE South 2016] Sol. Given, i —V/23 isan unit vector. = |a-v2é|=1 =la-y2 6] (Squaring both sides) laP-2V2 a. b+ bP = 1-2/2 a 64251 => -2V2 @.b=-2 b= v2 > 11.cos0= 386 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 17, The two vectors j+ hand 3i-}+4K represent the two side vectors AB and AC respectively of triangle ABC. Find the length of the median through A. [CBSE (F) 2015) Sol. Here, AB=j+andAC=3i-j+4k BC=BA+AC = -AB+AC=-j-k+9i—jeak=ai—afeat A = b= hac Lot ofsaf 233-7434 = 1 io +36 = 31-7438 Ax ne BOP aiI2 jek Safed Now, AD=AB+BD sacle Bis, Bie = Gh +(F 3it5 é > . ae ae Lengthof AD = [a5 1=4/(3) +(8) = uns. 18. If a,b andé determine the vertices of a triangle, show that 3(U x¢ +¢ xa +a xB) gives the vector area of the triangle. Hence, deduce the condition that the three point a,b andc are collinear. Also, find the unit vector normal to the plane of the triangle. [NCERT Exemplar] Sol. Since 7,5 and¢ are the vertices of a ABC as shown. ¢ : Area of ABC = 3|AB x ACI WX ng as Now, AB =5 -a and AC =¢ -a 2. Area of ABC = 46 -@)x(@ -a)] a o-a ® =4G@ xe)-@ xa)-@x2)+@xa)| = FG x2)+@ xB) +E x2)+3] AG x2)+@xB)+Exa)] fd For three points to be collinear, area of the AABC should be equal to zero. = Madetaasid = Bx 4ext ext (i) This is the required condition for collinearity of three points a,b and ¢. Let fi be the unit vector normal to the plane of the AABC. AB x AC [4B x AC] bxb+hx e+e xi laxb+bxc+exal Vector Algebra 387 19. Sol. Sol. ‘Show that area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are given by @ and is #*2l Aigo, fina the area of the parallelogram, whose diagonals are 2/~j+kandi+3j-k, [NCERT Exemplarl Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB=p,AD=q = BC=q es By triangle law of addition, we get Z NA Similarly, BD =-p+q=5 [say] Gi) P (On adding equation (i) and (ii), we get a+h=2g = G-4G+8) (On subtracting equation (i) from equation (i), we get Now, area of a parallelogram, whose diagonals are 2i - j + andi +3j-k =H (2i-j+8)x(+9-O1 ijk : ’ p =$il2 2 1/| =4fa-3)-jr2-y+ko+nI| 134 =4pai+aj+7k| = bvaro+ 59 grey ze 1 = 462 sq units wattle gvekeh i emramrmane dj wpemaen ee ranaagere that a#dand b¥e. [CBSE (F) 2076) Given, xb = Cxd and axe = bxd = bbe bd-bd = Bb e+ bed Bd = > ax(b —c)+@ -c)xd= [By left and right distributive law] > ae GC) G2) =0 [eo @xb = xa] => @-a)x@-0)=5 [By right distributive law] > @-d 6-9 388 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 21. Using vectors, prove that the points (2, -1, 3), (3, -5, 1) and (-1, 11, 9) are collinear. [CBSE 2019 (65/5/3)] [NCERT] Sol. Let A (2,-1,3), B (3,5, 1) and C(-1, 11, 9) are three points. To show that A, B, Care collinear. AB=(3-2i+(5+1)j+(0-3)k=i-4j-26 > (Bl-@a@ar-/a and BC =(-1-3)i+(11+5)j+(9-1)k =- 47 + 16 + 8k > [BC | = (a)? + (16)? + (8)? = 4v2T and A@=(A-i + (1+ n}+0-3e=-ai+ 17) +68 = [aC | =¥-3)?+02)7+ ©? =3/21 lac |+1a# =| | = — A,B,Care collinear. Questions for Practice 1 Objective Type Questions 1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following que () 6 2.6= 4]2| li], then the angle between a and is [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)1 @o (6) 30° (c) 60° @ 0° (i) Leta andi be two unit vectors and 0 is the angle between them. Then 4 +5 is unit vector if 0 is x x B on OF OF Op oF (iii) The magnitude of the vector 6i +2} +3k is INCERT Exemplar] @s 7 (12 @1 (i) Let @=7 -2} +34. 16 B isa vector such that @ .5=[5[ and|a -5|= v7 then || equals [CBSE 2020 (65/4/2)] (@)7 (14 (©) v7 @ 21 (0) le |axB]=4 and |b |=2 then [a [6] isequal to @2 6 (8 @2 (vi) The value of p for which p(? +] +8) is a unit vector is CBSE 2020 (65/3/1)1 4 in @o OR (1 @ v3 = Conceptual Questions 2. If|7|=v3,|b|=2 and angle between @ and B is 60°, then find a.b. [CBSE (AD) 2008] Vector Algebra 389 5 10. nu. 13. cra 15. Find the sum of the vectors @= 1-2) +, =—21 +4) +5€ and ¢=1—6)-7k. [CBSE Delhi 2012] Find the angle between two vectors @ and 6 with magnitudes 1 and 2 respectively and when laxb |= v3. [CBSE Delhi 2009] Find a vector of magnitude 171, which is perpendicular to both of the vectors a= i +2)-3% and b= 3) —j +26. [CBSE Ajmer 2015) ‘Write the distance of the point (3, 5, 12) form X-axis. ICBSE (®) 20171 If a .a =Oanda .b=0, then what can be concluded about the vector 5. (CBSE (F) 2011) If a= 4i -j+kandb=2i -2]+£, then find a unit vector parallel to the vector @ +b- [CBSE (North) 2016] Ifa = 21+] +3k and b =3i+5j - 26, then find| a xb] ICBSE Panchkula 2015) Ifa unit vector a make angles 3 with i, 7 with j and an acute angle 0 with f, then find the value of 8. ICBSE Delhi 2013) Ina triangle OAC, if B is the mid-point of side AC and OA=a,, OB =6,, then what is OC [CBSE Ajmer 2015] If|@ xb[? +|@ .b|=400and| a| =5, then write the value of | b| . ICBSE (F) 20161 If a,b and é are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find the value of |2a+ 6 +é|. [CBSE Allahabad 2015] Find a unit vector in the direction of @ = 34-2) +68. [CBSE Delhi 2008) ‘Write a vector of magnitude 9 units in the direction of vector -2/+j+2k. [CBSE (AI) 2010] 1 Very Short Answer Questions 16. 17. 18. 19, 2. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to resultant of the vectors = 2? +3) — and b=i-2j+k. [CBSE Allahabad 2015] For any three vectors 4, and ¢, find the value of @x(b +2) + bx (e+) +ex(@a+b). [CBSE (F) 2013) Find | x |, if for a unit vector @ (& ~a).(¢+2) [CBSE (F) 20101 If @ andB are two unit vectors such that @ +6 isalsoa unit vector, then find the angle between a@andb. ICBSE (AD 2014) Find a vector F equally inclined to the three axes and whose magnitude is 3/3 units, [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)1 Find the angle between unit vectors @ and so that 3 @—B is also a unit vector. [CBSE 2020 (65/2/1)] 390 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil 2, 23, @ Short 24, cA 29. 32. Find [@ land |[é | if a |= 216 land (@+5).(a -6) = 12 [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)] i +3) +Kand b= 2i - j+2k. [CBSE 2020 (65/4/1)1 Find the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors @ Answer Questions Find a unit vector perpendicular to both of the vectors a+b anda-b where jek, b=i+2)+3k (CBSE (F) 2014) If p=5i+Xj-3kandg =i+3j-5k then find the value of A, so that ptqandp-q are perpendicular vectors. [CBSE (Al) 2013) Let a= i +4) +2k,b=3i —2)+7k and c= 2! —j+4k. Finda vector d_ which is perpendicular to both @ and B and ¢.d =27. [CBSE Ajmer 2015] For three vectors #,B and ¢ if @xB = ¢ and ax C= b, then prove that a,b and care mutually perpendicular vectors, [5 |=|2| and [a {CBSE Sample Paper 2015) ‘The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2i-4j-5k and 2i+2j+3k. Find the two unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find the area of the parallelogram. ICBSE (Central) 2016] Find the angle between the vectors a+b and a ~b if a= 2i—j+36 and b=37+]-2k, and hence find a vector perpendicular toboth a+b and @-3. [CBSE (East) 2016] Ifa =2i+j-kb=4i-7] +& finda vectore such thata xc =b anda.c=6. (CBSE (F) 2017] . If @=1+2)+3kand b= 2 +4) —5f represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram. [CBSE 2020 (65/5/1)] Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices A(1, 2,3), B(2,-1, 4) and C(4, 5,-1). [CBSE 2020 (65/5/1), Delhi 20171 Ifa and b are two vectors, then prove that |a 5 | IGven nt ee fo 40 fet oo een ebt tg oh rwenty thst ax (bx0) = @.c)b - @.b)<. Find a vector whose magnitude is3 units and which is perpendicular to the following two vectors: peor aca bm ers aoe Answers 00 wo @ (i) @O ow @ © 2 v3 = yes 7. B may be any vector 8. 76 1. 3. -47-k ag i-1j-7k 6. 13 units + 2k) 9. (507 10. 5 13. 6 14. 43-2] +68) 15. 61 +3) +66 -a Vector Algebra 391 392 Xam idea Mathematics-Xil

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