CHAPTER 1:
PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
This chapter includes the
introduction/background, theoretical
framework, statement of the problem,
hypothesis, scope and limitation,
conceptual framework, significance of the
study and the definition of terms used.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The background of the study is the first section of a
research paper and gives context surrounding the
research topic. The background explains to the reader
where your research journey started, why you got
interested in the topic, and how you developed the
research question that you will later specify.
How to write the research introduction and background of the study
1. The background of study is part of the introduction.
2. Utilize the deductive method of paragraph development.
3. Do not place or use too much references or citations.
4. The first few paragraphs may contain and discuss the following; The setting of your
study, introduce the issue that you will be investigating, the effect and development of
this issue, present who are affected by the issue, present some articles or legal basis
proving that this issue exists and does affect the respondents.
5. The last paragraph of the introduction should be the RATIONALE of the study. This
should present the reason for choosing the topic and conducting the study.
6. Three to five pages should be enough for this part of the study.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
A research problem is simple as a problem you
would like to research. Quantitative Research
Problem dealt more with the precision and
specificity of the problem. Furthermore, the
quantitative research problem describes the
trends and patterns of a phenomenon.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
When you have identified your quantitative research
problem, you can now state it and make sure to establish
its place in your study. In your written paper, this can be
found as Statement of the Problem, where it formally
introduces the problem that you want to investigate or
address. Then you will start specifying what you want to
answer in your study.
HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a testable prediction
about an outcome between two or more
variables. It functions as a navigational
tool in the research process.
In research, there are two types of hypotheses: null and alternative. They
work as a complementary pair, each stating that the other is wrong.
Null Hypothesis (H0) – This can be thought of as the implied
hypothesis. “Null” meaning “nothing.” This hypothesis states that
there is no difference between groups or no relationship between
variables. The null hypothesis is a presumption of status quo or no
change.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – This is also known as the claim. This
hypothesis should state what you expect the data to show, based on
your research on the topic. This is your answer to your research
question.
FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Research questions can be generally
classified into two: general and specific.
The general question of the study is
derived from the research problem while
the specific questions are anchored on the
general research problem.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Your study's scope and delimitations are the sections
where you define the broader parameters and
boundaries of your research. The scope details what
your study will explore, such as the target population,
extent, or study duration. Delimitations are factors and
variables not included in the study.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study:
The main objective of this study is to provide information
about students’ knowledge and perception of genetically
modified foods and their family health practices. The study
also includes the student’s personal information and the
occupation of their parents and siblings. This study is limited
to the 120 Grade 12 males and females enrolled in the First
Semester, School Year 2019-2020 of Gusa Regional Science
High School – X. Each of the respondents is given a
questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from six
different sections to prevent subjective perceptions.
FRAMEWORK
The types of research frameworks are classified as the theoretical
and conceptual frameworks. A theoretical framework is
commonly used for studies that anchor on timetested theories
that relate the findings of the investigation to the underpinning
relevant theory of knowledge. At the same time, a conceptual
framework refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative
theories that specifically support the study. It is primarily a
conception or model of what is out there that the researcher
plans to study.
THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL
The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a
conceptual paradigm which indicates the inputs,
required process, and the output. This approach is
seated on the premise of acquiring essential
information by converting inputs into outputs
through the required processing steps in obtaining
the result.
THE INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL
The Input is usually the independent variable
of the study. Meanwhile, the Process is the
intervention or solution consist of the
instruments and analyses used to acquire the
result. Lastly, the Output is the findings or
outcome of the interventions being made to
solve the identified problem.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of a study is its
importance. It refers to the
contribution(s) to and impact of the
study on a research field. The
significance also signals who benefits
from the research findings and how.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definition of Terms is also called as
Operational Definition of Variables
(ODV). The word operational refers to
“how the word/term was used in the
study. At the same time, the variables
are the elements essential to the
study.
There are two ways in defining the terms,
the conceptual and operational definition.
The conceptual definition is the meaning
of the term that is based on how it is
defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia.
Operational definition on the other hand is
the meaning of the term based on how it
was used in the study.
THANK
YOU
