Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2024, 13, 100-114

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jacen
ISSN Online: 2325-744X
ISSN Print: 2325-7458

Study of the Biological Quality of the Water in

the Manantali Dam Reservoir: Analysis of the
Fish Fauna and Plankton Communities

Joseph Mbeur Faye1,2, Saïdou Ndao1,2, Louis Eugène Victor Sambou1,2

1
Laboratory of Water and Environment Sciences and Technologies (LaSTEE), Polytechnic School of Thies (EPT), Thies, Senegal
2
UFR Sciences et Technologies (SET), University Iba Der Thiam of Thies (UIDT), Thies, Senegal

How to cite this paper: Faye, J.M., Ndao, Abstract

S. and Sambou, L.E.V. (2024) Study of the
Biological Quality of the Water in the Ma- The aim of this study of the Manantali dam reservoir is to investigate the bi-
nantali Dam Reservoir: Analysis of the Fish ological quality of the water through inventories and analysis of the ichthyo-
Fauna and Plankton Communities. Journal
fauna and planktonic communities (zooplankton and phytoplankton). Inven-
of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment,
13, 100-114. tories of ichthyofauna and plankton communities were carried out quarterly
https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2024.131007 from 2003 to 2022. The fish populations studied on the basis of bioindicators
(species richness, diversity index, equitability index, diversification index) iden-
Received: January 2, 2024
tified 29 species belonging to 10 families. The Cichlidae family is the most
Accepted: February 2, 2024
Published: February 5, 2024 represented, while the Schilbeidae and Tetraodontioae families are less repre-
sented in terms of number of species. The species Hydrocynus forskalii and
Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Brycinus nurse with relative abundances of 40.12% and 21.4% respectively,
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
both from the family Alestidae, are the most abundant. The species H. forska-
Commons Attribution International lii has a frequency of occurrence of 100%. The specific diversity index of 2.9
License (CC BY 4.0). and the equitability index of 0.6 show an average diversity of fish species. The
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
diversification index of 2.9 indicates a theoretical number of habitats of 2 to 3.
Open Access
The planktonic community is made up of zooplankton and phytoplankton.
The inventory of zooplankton shows the presence of 28 zooplankton species
belonging to 9 families of the three zooplankton groups Rotifera, Cladocera
and Copepoda. Analysis of the frequencies of occurrence of the various taxa
showed that the characteristic species of Lake Manantali are the omnipresent
rotifers Keratella cochlearis, Keratella quadrata and Trichocerca chattoni. For
phytoplankton, the inventories carried out show the presence of 65 species be-
longing to 5 families (Chlorophycees, Diatomees, Dinophycees, Chrysophy-
cees and Cyanophycees). An analysis of the frequency of occurrence of the
various taxa shows that the characteristic species of Lake Manantali are Chlo-
rophycees, with 7 species: Desmidium baileyi, Micrasterias alata, Sphaerocys-
tis schroeteri, Spondylosium sp., Staurastrum heimii, Staurastrum subancho-

DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2024.131007 Feb. 5, 2024 100 Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment
 J. M. Faye et al.

ra, Staurodesmus wandae; Diatoms, with one species: Navicula sp. and Cya-
nophycees, with one species: Microcystis aeruginosa.

Keywords
Inventory, Fish, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Diversity, Manantali

1. Introduction
At the heart of our lives, water is a natural resource with multiple facets, playing
the role of habitat, food, means of production, transport and commodity. Its
multifunctional and multidimensional nature makes it an essential pillar of our
society. What’s more, it is linked to other natural resources (soil, forest, biodi-
versity, etc.) and different interest groups use it to meet their needs. However,
the combination of sustained demographic growth, increasing urbanization and
advances in industrialization is leading to a growing demand for water. Ecosys-
tems, which produce and regenerate this resource, are under threat from pollu-
tion and climate change, making water a source of competition and conflict [1].
Aquatic ecosystems are home to great biological diversity. Studying this bio-
logical diversity is important for understanding how these environments func-
tion, and more specifically intra- and interspecific interactions [2].
For the countries of West Africa, the drop in rainfall and the long, devastating
drought of the 1970s represent one of the greatest extreme climate change events
in the world [3].
As a result, in March 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal set up the Organisa-
tion for the Development of the Senegal River (OMVS) to deal with the conse-
quences of these years of drought and launched an ambitious program of in-
vestment in water control infrastructure on the Senegal River. This program has
a threefold objective: to regulate the river’s flow and produce energy; to make
the river navigable from Kayes in Mali to its mouth at Saint Louis in Senegal;
and to promote agricultural development in the three countries. The Manantali
dam was built in 1988 to regulate the level of the river [4].
The aim of this study is to characterize changes in the fish fauna and plankton
communities (phytoplankton, zooplankton) in the Manantali dam reservoir be-
tween 2003 and 2022.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Site Presentation
The Senegal River basin extends over four countries. Its surface area is unevenly
distributed between the different member countries: 22% in Senegal (northern
and eastern regions), 30% in Mauritania (southern region), 38% in Mali (west-
ern part), 10% in Guinea (Fouta Djalon Highlands) [5]. It is made up of 7
sub-basins. The Manantali dam is located in sub-basin 1 (Figure 1).

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J. M. Faye et al.

Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Senegal River sub-basins and the Manantali hydroelectric dam.

The multi-purpose Manantali dam, commissioned in 1988, is located on the

Bafing River in Mali, and has a total storage capacity of 11.30 km3. The dam has
a hydroelectric power station, equipped with five units with a total capacity of
200 MW, and was commissioned between 2001 and 2002. As well as generating
power, the dam is used to irrigate farmland and for navigation. The dam has a
total crest length of around 1490 m and consists of a concrete structure housing
the hydraulic works (spillway, bottom outlet, damping basin and water intakes)
and two side dykes.

2.2. Sampling Strategy

Sampling was carried out in the Manantali reservoir at 3 limnological measure-
ment stations marked by beacons. These are stations 1, 3 and 4. Scientific fishing
was carried out at point 1 where the nets were set (Figure 2).
Sampling of ichthyofauna and plankton communities has been carried out
since 2003, with samples taken every quarter [6]. For reasons of data availability,
this study is based on data collected between 2003 and 2022.
Regarding to ichthyological fauna, scientific fishing was carried out over two
nights using 10 gill, multifilament and monofilament nets. When the dam was
impounded, scientific fishing was carried out at stations 1, 3 and 4, as well as at
point 1 where the nets were set. It was found that the data in the samples col-
lected in the different fishing zones were similar. It was therefore decided to take
all the samples at point 1 where the net was set (Figure 2).

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 J. M. Faye et al.

Figure 2. Map of stations and netting area.

Phytoplankton samples were taken using a 30 µm plankton net, while zoop-

lankton samples were taken using 55 µm plankton nets. These samples were
taken at the various stations (1, 3 and 4) based on water transparency. The sam-
pling range varies from 2 to 20 m depth.

2.3. Fish Population Diversity Index

Indices are quantities of information about the structure of the stand from which
the sample comes and about the way in which individuals are distributed be-
tween different species. Any variation in diversity indices relating to samples
taken from the same stand over time therefore reflects changes in the structure
of the stand and makes it possible to monitor its overall evolution over a certain
period or during a cycle of specified duration [7].
The indices used to assess the fish population are species richness (S), specific
and relative abundance, percentage of occurrence (F), as well as Shannon and
Weaver’s (1964) specific diversity index (H') [8] and Piélou’s (1966) equitability
index (E) [9].
1) Species richness (S) expresses the number of species found in the catches.
2) The specific abundance corresponds to the number of specimens of a spe-

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J. M. Faye et al.

cies in the catches.

3) Relative abundance expresses the percentage ratio of the number of a given
species to the total number of fish caught.
4) Percentage of occurrence (F) is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the
number of catches of a given species (Fi) to the total number of catches (Ft):
F 
=
F  i  × 100
 Ft 
Depending on the value of F, the species is said to be constant if F ≥ 50%, ac-
cessory when 25% ≤ F ≤ 50% and accidental when F < 25% [10].
5) Shannon and Weaver’s (1963) diversity index (H') measures specific diver-
sity and is expressed as follows:
s  n  n 
−∑ i =1  i  × log 2  i 
H′ =
 
N N
with:
S: total number of species present; ni: number of species i in the sample; N:
total number of species.
H' varies between 0, in the case where the stand consists of a single species,
and log2 S in the case where all the species are present with equivalent abun-
dance (H' = 4.5 or 5 for the most diverse stands).
Pielou’s (1966) equitability index (E) is used to assess the quality of the distri-
bution of individuals within the species in the environment. It is calculated using
the following formula:
E = H ′ log 2 ( S )

The value of E is between 0 and 1. It tends towards 0 when almost all the indi-
viduals are concentrated in one species, and towards 1 when all the species have
the same abundance (state of equilibrium). If E is less than or equal to 0.6, the
environment is said to be degraded in relation to the species living there, and if E
is close to 1, the environment is said to be in equilibrium in relation to the spe-
cies living there [11].
The index of species diversification within families is calculated from Equa-
tion (3) below:
D = S NF

where S is the species richness and NF is the number of families.

The assessment of species diversification within families gives an idea of the
level of species diversification achieved within families and the existence of ha-
bitat variability in aquatic environments [11].

2.4. Frequency of Occurrence of Taxa

Occurrence (F), expressed as a percentage, provides information on the con-
stancy of a species or taxon in each habitat without any indication of its quantit-
ative importance [10]. A distinction is made between omnipresent species, which

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 J. M. Faye et al.

appear in all the surveys (100%); regular species, present in 75 to less than 100%
of the surveys; constant species, present in 50 to less than 75% of the surveys;
accessory species present in 25 to less than 50% of the surveys and rare species
present in less than 25% of the surveys [12]. This index, based on the presence/
absence matrix, is calculated using the relationship:
P
=
F  i  × 100
 Pt 
where Pt = the total number of samples,
Pi = the number of samples where species is present.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Results
3.1.1. Plankton Communities
Zooplankton
During the surveys from 2003 to 2022, 28 zooplankton species belonging to 9
families of the three zooplankton groups Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda were
recorded.
Rotifers
At the various sampling points, 12 species belonging to 4 families were rec-
orded. The Brachionidae family with 6 species, the Trichocercidae with 4 species
and the Conochilidae and Filiniidae with 1 species each (Table 1).
Cladocerans (Branchiopoda)
Cladocerans are present at the various sampling sites, with 8 species belonging
to 3 families. The Daphniidae family has 6 species, the Bosminidae and Sididae
families each have 1 species (Table 1).
Copepods
Copepods include 8 species divided into 2 families: Cyclopidae, 5 species and
Diaptomidae, 3 species.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton is made up of 65 species belonging to 5 families.
Chlorophyceae or green algae comprise 42 species. Taxonomic analysis shows
that rare species are more represented with a frequency of occurrence of 45.24%,
followed by accessory species (19.05%), ubiquitous species (16.67%) and regular
and constant species (9.52%) (Table 2).
Cyanophyceae or cyanobacteria comprise 12 species. Analysis of the phytop-
lankton taxonomic lists drawn up during the study period shows that rare spe-
cies are more represented, with a frequency of occurrence of 50%, followed by
accessory species (33.3%) and regular and ubiquitous species (8.33%) (Table 3).
The Chrysophyceae or golden algae consist of a single species classified as
regular.
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) comprise 9 species. Taxonomic analysis shows
that rare species are the most represented, with a frequency of occurrence of
88.89%, and one species is omnipresent (11.11%).

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J. M. Faye et al.

Table 1. Species richness of zooplankton groups and frequency of occurrence

Frequency of
Group Family Species
occurrence

Kellicotia sp. **
Kellicottia longispina ****
Keratella cochlearis *****
Brachionidae
Keratella Lenzi **
Keratella sp. *
Keratella quadrata *****
Rotifers
Conochilidae Conochilus natans *
Filiniidae Filinia sp. *
Trichocerca chattoni *****
Trichocerca longiseta **
Trichocercidae
Trichocerca quadrata *
Trichocerca sp. **
Bosminidae Bosmina longirostris *
Ceriodaphinia sp. ***
Daphnia longispina ****

Cladocerans Daphnia sp *
Daphniidae
(Branchiopods) Daphnia magna *
Daphnia pulax pulex *
Sinocephalus sp. *
Sididae Diaphanosoma brachyurum **
Cyclops sp. **
Cyclops strenuus *
Cyclopidae Ectocyclops phaleratus ***
Ectocyclops sp **
Copepods
Macrocyclops sp. ***
Diaptomus sp **
Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus gracilis ****
Eudiaptomus sp. **

Ubiquitous = *****, Regular = ****, Constant = ***, Accessory = **, Rare = *.

The Dinophyceae or dinoflagellates consist of only one species, classified as

ubiquitous (Table 2 and Table 3).

3.1.2. Fish Fauna

A total of 9637 individual fish were sampled. They were divided into 29 species
belonging to 10 families in the Manantali reservoir. The Cichlidae family is the
most represented with 6 species (20.69%), followed by the Characidae with 5

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 J. M. Faye et al.

Table 2. Chlorophyceae species richness and frequency of occurrence.

Frequency of Frequency of
Family Species Species
occurrence occurrence
Ankistrodesmus falcatus *** Micrasterias mahabuleshwarensis *
Ankistrodesmus sp. * Micrasterias radians **
Arthrodesmus borgei * Micrasterias sp. *
Chlorella vulgaris ** Micrasterias truncata *
Closterium cornu * Pediastrum clathratum *
Closterium sp. *** Pediastrum sp. *
Coelastrum reticulatum *** Phacotus lenticularis **
Cosmarium binum * Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii *
CHLOROPHYCEAE

Cosmarium depressum * Sphaerocystis schroeteri *****

Cosmarium galeritum ** Spondylosium sp. *****
Cosmarium minutum **** Staurastrum brachiospromineus *
Cosmarium moniliforme **** Staurastrum heimii *****
Cosmarium sp. *** Staurastrum leptocladum ****
Cosmarium subauriculatum ** Staurastrum sp. **
Desmidium baileyi ***** Staurastrum subanchora *****
Endorina illinoisensis **** Staurastrum tohopekaligense *
Euastrum divergens * Staurastrum setigerum *
Euastrum sp. * Staurastrum ukerewense **
Micrasterias alata ***** Staurodesmus subulatus *
Micrasterias echinata ** Staurodesmus wandae *****
Micrasterias foliacea * Ulothrix sp. *

Table 3. Species richness of phytoplankton groups (Cyanophycees; Diatomees, Dinophycees, Chrysophycees) and
frequency of occurrence.

Frequency of Frequency of
Family Species Family Species
occurrence occurrence
Aplanothece stagnina * Cymbella sp. *
Chroococcus turgidis ** Cymbella ventricosa *
Isocystis planctonica * Diatoma sp *
Lyngbya limnetica ** Eunotia sp *
DIATOMS
CHRYSOPHYCEAE

Merismopedia punctata * Navicula sp. *****

Microcystis aeruginosa ***** Nitzschia sp. *
Microcystis illinoisensis * Surirella elegans *
Microcystis marginata **** Surirella robusta *
Microcystis punctata * Surirella sp. *
Microcystis sp. *
DINOPHYCEAE Peridinium gatunense *****
Oscillatoria sp. **
Phormidium foveolarum ** CHRYSOPHYCEAE Dinobryon sertularia ****

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J. M. Faye et al.

species (17.24%), then the Cyprinidae (13.79%), Mochokidae (13.79%) and Mor-
myrioae (13.79%) families with 4 species each. Finally, the Bagrioae are represen-
ted by 2 species (6.90%). The other families are represented by 1 species, or 3.45%
(Figure 3).
The species Hydrocynus forskalii and Brycinus nurse of the family Alestidae
were the most abundant, with relative abundances of 40.12% and 21.4% respec-
tively. The species Synodontis sp. and Synodontis violaceus with relative abun-
dances of 0.03% and 0.04% of the family Mochokidae are the least represented
(Table 4).
However, the relative abundance of families in total catches shows that the
Alestidae (61.33%), followed by the Cichlidae (14.99%) and Bagrioae (9.43%)
dominate the catches.
The frequencies of occurrence identified 17 accidental species, 3 by-catch spe-
cies and 9 constant species.
The Shannon diversity index calculated during the period of this study is 2.90,
the equitability index is 0.60 and the diversification index is 2.90.
The Shannon index calculated annually shows a higher value of 3.28 in 2004
and a lower value of 1.61 in 2009.
The equitability index calculated annually shows a higher value of 0.45 in 2003
and 0.18 in 2016.
The diversification index varies from 2.57 in 2009 to 1.75 in 2020 (Figure 4).

3.2. Discussions
The zooplanktonic taxonomic analysis carried out during the study period shows

Figure 3. Distribution of fish species according to the main families in the Manantali reservoir.

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 J. M. Faye et al.

Table 4. Diversity and abundance of fish species in the Manantali reservoir.

Specific Relative
Family Species % occurrence
abundance abundance (%)

Bagrus docmac 16 0.17 14.08 *

BAGRIOAE
Chrysichthys auratus 893 9.27 84.51 ***
CENTROPOMIDAE Lates niloticus 533 5.53 88.73 ***
Brycinus macrolepidotus 8 0.08 11.27 *
Brycinus nurse 2028 21.04 61.97 ***
ALESTIDAE
Hydrocynus brevis 8 0.08 8.45 *
Hydrocynus forskalii 3866 40.12 100.00 ***
Hemichromis fasciatus 376 3.90 67.61 ***
Sarotherodon galilaeus 202 2.10 61.97 ***
Tilapia dageti 270 2.80 80.28 ***
CICHLIDAE
Tilapia zillii 475 4.93 88.73 ***
Clarias anguillaris 12 0.12 14.08 *
Hemichromis bimaculatus 110 1.14 42.25 **
Barbus macrops 35 0.36 11.27 *
Labeo coubie 31 0.32 23.94 *
CYPRINIDAE
Labeo senegalensis 64 0.66 21.13 *
Raiamas senegalensis 29 0.30 8.45 *
MALAPTERURIDAE Malapterurus electricus 18 0.19 19.72 *
Synodontis ocellifer 100 1.04 46.48 **
Synodontis schall 64 0.66 46.48 **
MOCHOKIDAE
Synodontis sp. 3 0.03 4.23 *
Synodontis violaceus 4 0.04 4.23 *
Hyperopisus bebe 5 0.05 7.04 *
Marcusenius senegalensis 22 0.23 19.72 *
MORMYRIOAE Mormyrops anguilloïdes 7 0.07 8.45 *
Mormyrus rume 17 0.18 16.90 *
Petrocephalus bovei 246 2.55 60.56 ***
SCHILBEIDAE Schilbe intermedius 188 1.95 22.54 *
TETRAODONTIOAE Tetraodon lineatus 7 0.07 9.86 *
Numbers 9637
Specific richness S 29

Shannon and Weaver

2.90
diversity index (H')
Pielou equitability index (E) 0.60

***Constant, **Accessory, *Accidental.

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J. M. Faye et al.

Figure 4. Variation in fish bioindicator index values in the Manantali reservoir.

that rare species with an occurrence of 35.71% are the most abundant, followed
by accessory species (32.14%) and constant, regular and omnipresent species
with an occurrence frequency of 10.71 (Table 1).
The frequencies of occurrence of the various taxa show that the characteristic
species of Lake Manantali rotifers are Keratella cochlearis, Keratella quadrata
and Trichocerca chattoni, which are omnipresent. Kellicottia longispina (roti-
fers), Daphnia longispina (cladocerans) and Eudiaptomus gracilis (copepods)
are also regular; Ceriodaphinia sp. (cladocerans), Ectocyclops phaleratus and
Macrocyclops sp. (copepods) are constant (Table 1).
These results are similar to those found in the Sassandra river basin in Côte
d’Ivoire, which is marked by the qualitative dominance of Rotifera. This do-
minance of Rotifera in the Sassandra stream is also linked to the genusTricho-
cerca, Keratella and Lecane [13]. It should be noted that no species of the genus
Lecane was recorded in our study. All 9 families of species identified in the Ma-
nantali reservoir were recorded in the Sassandra River.
The Brachionidae is the most diverse family in tropical and low-lying rivers,
lakes, ponds, etc., in the Jesumira River (State of Acre, Brazil) [14] and in the
Orogodo River (Nigeria) [15].
In addition, it is widely accepted that Brachionidae taxa are in the majority
and regularly found in eutrophic tropical waters due to their high tolerance of
eutrophication, and that they are associated with hyper-eutrophic waters and
considered to be good bioindicators of eutrophication. [16] [17].
In this context, copepods from the Cyclopidae and Diaptomidae families are
well represented, in addition to their major role in the food chain [18], and are
intermediate hosts or vectors of water-borne diseases [19]. Moreover, the preva-
lence of water-borne diseases has increased since the Manantali and Diama
dams were commissioned [20].
Analysis of the phytoplankton taxonomic lists drawn up during the study pe-

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 J. M. Faye et al.

riod shows that rare species are the most represented with a frequency of occur-
rence of 50.77%, followed by accessory species (18.46%), omnipresent species
(15.38%), regular species (9.23%) and constant species (6.15%) (Table 2, Table
3).
The frequencies of occurrence of the various taxa allow us to state that the
characteristic species of the Manantali reservoir are among the Chlorophycees:
Desmidium baileyi, Micrasterias alata, Sphaerocystis schroeteri, Spondylosium
sp., Staurastrum heimii, Staurastrum subanchora, Staurodesmus wandae; the di-
atoms with one species (Navicula sp.) and the cyanophycees with one species
(Microcystis aeruginosa).
The taxonomic composition of the algal flora in the Manantali reservoir is
characterized by the dominance of chlorophycees and cyanophycees in terms of
number of species, representing 54% of the total. These results confirm several
studies carried out in the Lake Guiers on the Senegal River, where chlorophycees
and cyanophycees predominate in terms of number of species (representing
more than 50% of the total) [21] [22] [23] [24] [25].
High taxonomic richness, as in the case of the Manantali reservoir, would in-
dicate greater stability in the functioning of the ecosystem in the face of envi-
ronmental disturbances [26].
The first ichthyological inventories carried out when the Manantali dam was
impounded in 1989 showed 43 species divided into 16 families [27]. However,
during the period of this study, the loss of 12 species and 5 fish families was
noted, as well as the appearance of 5 new species, namely Synodontis sp., Tilapia
zillii, Clarias anguillaris and Hemichromis bimaculatus. The reasons for the
change in the specific composition of a reservoir vary. After this initial phase,
the fish population underwent profound changes in line with the evolution of
the environment. These changes resulted in a loss of species richness and diver-
sity and the development of adaptive tendencies. The species least adapted to the
new environmental conditions have declined sharply or disappeared altogether,
while those that are best adapted have developed strongly [28].
Of the 29 fish species identified, the 9 that areBrycinus nurse, Sarotherodon
galilaeus, Tilapia dageti, Clarias anguillaris, Labeo coubie, Synodontis schall,
Synodontis sp., Marcusenius senegalensis and Schilbe internedius, are common
to the various watercourses of the Bafing, Bakoye, Baoulé, Lake Magui and
Falémé of the upper Senegal River basin in Mali [11].
The occurrences show a similarity with the studies carried out by Kantoussan
(2007) in the Manantali and Selingué reservoirs through the regular presence in
the catches of the families Cichlidae, Mormyridae, Alestiidae and the family
Mochokidae, which is incidental in the context of this study [29].
The ichthyological fauna encountered has affinities with that of the upper
Niger River basin in Mali and with the freshwater ichthyofauna of the lower Se-
negal River delta [30]. The most represented families are common to the major
river basins of West Africa [31] [32].

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J. M. Faye et al.

The diversity index value of 2.9 at the Manantali reservoir is close to that of
the fish community in the Sô River in Benin [33], where the specific diversity
index values ranged from 2.26 to 2.99. The same is true for the diversity indices
of the Manantali reservoir and the Sô River in Benin [33]. The same applies to
equitability indices, which ranged from 0.5 to 0.72. The low values obtained for
the equitability indices in our study highlight the dominance of one species or a
small number of species in Lake Manantali.
The low equitability index of 0.6 seems to indicate a disturbed ecological state
of the habitat in the Manantali reservoir. It is close to that found in the Bafing
river [11].
The average annual diversification index, with monthly values of between 2.57
and 1.75, is similar to the values obtained in the Baoulé, Bakoye, Bafing, Faleme
and Lake Magui rivers. The indices in these rivers vary from 1.64 to 2.86 in 2019
and from 1.57 to 2.70 in 2020, indicating a theoretical number of habitats of 2 to
3 [30].

4. Conclusion
The fish fauna of the Manantali dam reservoir comprises 29 species belonging to
10 families. Biological diversity remains average in terms of the various indices
calculated. The fish species encountered are common to the major river basins of
West Africa. The plankton community is made up of 65 species belonging to 5
phytoplankton families and 28 species belonging to 9 zooplankton families. It is
necessary to carry out a combined study of physical and biological parameters
(the subject of this study) and also to correlate seasonal variations with plank-
tonic and ichthyological populations in order to determine the factors likely to
influence the health and stability of the ecosystem in order to better characterise
the state of the Manantali reservoir. The results of the study could provide new
basic data for the conservation of the ichthyofauna and the plankton communi-
ty.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.

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