MODULE 1 I TOPIC 1A: RA 1425 c.

Encomienda System
– The Filipinos must work for the Spaniards.
Republic Act 1425 d. Galleon Trade
– The Filipinos must produce products for the
An act to include in the curricula of all public and private trade.
schools, colleges and universities courses on the life,
works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels The Filipinos resisted the institutions provided in the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the previous slide
printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
Resistance (Revolts) Result (Failure of Revolts)
Approved: June 12, 1956 Reasons:
Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. a. Personal - No sufficient arms and training
2971 in June 1956. b. Religious - No unity
c. Land - No sense of Lingua Franca
Section 1 d. Spanish - Imposed Institutions
Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, Reasons for Nationalism – aside from revolts, there
particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El are other factors for Filipino nationalism
Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all a. Entry of the Philippines in the world of commerce
schools, colleges and universities, public or private: b. Rise of the Middle Class – Media Clase, the
Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the original or propagandists from middle class
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me c. Liberalism – under the leadership of Gobernador
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English Heneral Carlos Maria de la Torre
translation shall be used as basic texts. d. Racial Discrimination – discriminating treatment of
Rationale of the Law Spaniards towards Filipinos
e. Secularization – the rise of the Filipino priests
- Mainly for nationalism – Claro M. Recto, the f. Cavity Mutiny – the death of Gomburza. Though Rizal
author is also known for his nationalism was still a kid during that time, this event marked in his
- Rizal’s belief for the youth, the hope of this mind.
country
- To awaken their (the youth) sense of nationalism MODULE 1 I TOPIC 2: EARLY LIFE,
– Rizal is hoping that the youth will use education CHILDHOOD AND FAMILY
in order to build their future.
Early Life
MODULE 1 I TOPIC 1B: 19TH
- Jose Rizal was born in Calamba, Laguna in the
CENTURY PHILIPPINES Philippines in June 19,1861 and was named Jose
Rizal in the Context of 19th Century Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda.
- Jose's family lived on rented property that was owned
The Government in the 19th Century by a religious order from Dominica, which made them
a. National Level (headed by Gobernador a family of wealthy farmers.
General)
– The whole of Philippines Family
b. Provincia (headed by Alcalde Mayor) Rizal’s Parents
– Province, also called as Encomienda Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
c. Pueblo (headed by Gobernadorcillo) -born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11,1818
– Municipality / Town Gobernadorcillo is the -studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose
highest position available for a Filipino. in Manila died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of
d. Barrio (headed by Cabeza de Barangay) 80
– The Cabeza is exempted from taxation Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
and polo y servicio. -born in Manila on November 8, 1826
Spanish-Imposed Institutions -educated at the College of Santa Rosa, died in
a. Taxation without Representation Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85
– The Filipinos need to give their tribute to the
Spanish government. Rizal’s Siblings
b. Force Labor (Polo y Servicio) 1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
– The Filipinos are obliged to render service to 2. Paciano (1851-1930)
the Spanish government for a certain period 3. Narcisa (1852-1939)
of time. 4. Olimpia (1855-1887)
5. Lucia (1857-1919) Private Tutors
6. Maria (1859-1945) - Maestro Celestino
7. Concepcion (1862-1865) - Lucas Padua
8. Josefa (1865-1945) - Leon Monroy
9. Trinidad (1868-1951)
10. Soledad (1870-1929) At Binan

The Rizal Home - Justiniano Aquino Cruz

-Stone house in Calamba during the Spanish times o Jose described his teacher in Biñan as
-Two-storey/rectangular in shape, follows: "He was tall, thin, long-necked,
-Adobe stones and hard-woods/roofed with red tiles with sharp nose and a body slightly bent
-The Rizal family belonged to the principalia / Media forward, and he used to wear a sinamay
Clase shirt, woven by the skilled hands of the
women of
Influences from Ancestors and Family Batangas.
1. Malay ancestors – love of freedom, love to - Juancho
travel, courage o A master painter. Jose learned painting
2. Chinese ancestors – serious, thrifty, from him while he
perseverance, love of children was in Binan
3. Father – perseverance, self-respect,
independent Ateneo (1872-1877)
4. Mother – sense of sacrifice, love for arts and - Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam
literature - For the greater glory of God, Ateneo’s principle.
5. Paciano – love for freedom, justice - Cartago (Externos)
6. Sisters – respect for women - Rizal was included in this group because he
7. Tio Jose Alberto- inspired Rizal to develop his lived outside the Ateneo. Rizal stayed at Titay’s boarding
artistic ability house
8. Tio Manuel- inspired Rizal to be athletic
9. Tio Gregorio- influenced Rizal to love reading. - Rizal excelled at Ateneo. He was loved at Ateneo.
10. Father Leoncio Lopez- inspired Rizal to value
knowledge Extra activities while at Ateneo
- Painting – teacher > Agustin Saez
Childhood Talents and Memories - Sculpture – teacher > Romualdo de Jesus
- Rizal learned the alphabet from his mother - Fencing and gymnastics
- The library of the family helped him kindle his interests
in reading and literature. Lovelife when at Ateneo – Segunda Katigbak, his first
- He manifested his skills in painting, sketching and love
sculpture
- His mother encourage him to express his ideas and UST (1877-1882)
sentiments in verses.
- Course at UST > Medicine
- Death of his favorite little sister, Conception.
- He formed the group > Companarismo, secret
- His mother taught him to read and write.
organization of Filipinos
- Leon Monroy teaches him rudiments of Latin.
- Lovelife at UST – Miss L, Leonor Rivera, Leonor
- First journey - June 6, 1868, pilgrimage to Antipolo
Valenzuela
- “The Story of the Moth”
- First poem entitled “Sa Aking mga Kababata”. - Major works of Rizal while at UST
- His mother was sent to jail (2.5 years) o El Consejo de Los Dioses, The Council
- The execution of GOMBURZA happened. of Gods, a play.
o A La Juventud Filipina, To the Filipino
Youth, a poem.
MODULE 1 I TOPIC 3: EDUCATION OF *Rizal was not that happy at UST.
DR. JOES RIZAL
Specialization at Europe (1882-1886)
Teachers in Calamba
- Writing of “Amor Patrio”
- Doña Teodora Alonzo – First publication outside Philippines
o "My mother," wrote Rizal in his student - Courses at Madrid
memoirs, "taught me how to read and to
say haltingly the humble prayers which I
raised fervently to God."
 – Medicine, Philosophy and Letters Going Back to Philippines (First)
- Lovelife – Consuelo Ortiga
- Rizal as a “mason” - Rizal decided to go back to the Philippines to cure the
- During a visit to Spain, Dr. Rizal affiliated with eyes of her mother, to serve as a doctor to his
an all-Filipino Masonic Lodge, Solidaridad (Solidarity) countrymen and to discover the effects of Noli me
No. 53. At their annual communication, the Brethren Tangere in the country.
elected him to a minor office, Supervising Architect. - His novel (Noli me Tangere) brought trouble to the
Before his departure from Spain, the Gran Oriente Spaniards and so he is also in trouble.
Español designated Rizal as its Grand Representative
with authority to represent the Body in France and - He should go back to Spain because he will be putting
Germany. This was a distinct honor, for Rizal apparently the life of his family and friends in jeopardy if he will stay
had never served as Worshipful Master of a constituent is in the Philippines. He can even fight better for
Lodge. Philippines if he is outside the country.
- Paris to Berlin
- Rizal’s specialization in Ophthalmology Going Back to Philippines (Second)

Educational Philosophy - Rizal was not happy with some of the principles of
other propagandists.
- Rizal’s concept of the importance of education is clearly
enunciated in his work entitled Instruction wherein he - He decided to go back to the Philippines for good. He
sought improvements in the schools and in the methods formed the La Liga Filipina.
of teaching. He maintained that the backwardness of his
- It did not last for long because he was exiled to Dapitan
country during the Spanish ear was not due to the
Filipinos’ indifference, apathy or indolence as claimed by
Rizal and the Propaganda Movement
the rulers, but to the neglect of the Spanish authorities in
the islands. For Rizal, the mission of education is to To prove his point and refute the accusations of
elevate the country to the highest seat of glory and to prejudiced Spanish writers against his race, Rizal
develop the people’s mentality. Since education is the annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,
foundation of society and a prerequisite for social written by the Spaniard Antonio Morga. The book was an
progress, Rizal claimed that only through education unbiased presentation of 16th century Filipino culture.
could the country be saved from domination. Rizal through his annotation showed that Filipinos had
developed culture even before the coming of the
- Rizal’s philosophy of education, therefore, centers on
Spaniards.
the provision of proper motivation in order to bolster the
great social forces that make education a success, to
Rizal’s Political Philosophy
create in the youth an innate desire to cultivate his
intelligence and give him life eternal.
In Rizal’s political view, a conquered country like the
Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather
MODULE 1 I TOPIC 4: RIZAL THE should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in
PROPAGANDIST the science of self-government. He bitterly assailed and
criticized in publications the apparent backwardness of
Going to Spain the Spanish
- Going to Spain is a secret plan. ruler’s method of governing the country which resulted
- Rizal was assisted by his brother Paciano and his in:
uncle, Antonio Rivera
- This was the time Rizal started to use the name Jose 1. the bondage and slavery of the conquered;
Mercado 2. the Spanish government’s requirement of forced
labor and force military service upon the natives;
As Propagandist 3. the abuse of power by means of exploitation;
4. the government ruling that any complaint against
- Rizal wrote his novels, Noli me Tangere and El the authorities was criminal; and
Filibusterismo 5. Making the people ignorant, destitute and
- His other works and publications can be directly fanatic, thus discouraging the formation of a
associated with his being a propagandist. national sentiment.
- His correspondence with propagandists in the
Philippines is also an indication. Rizal’s guiding political philosophy proved to be the
- His conflict with Marcelo H. del Pilar led him to just go study and application of reforms, the extension of human
back to the Philippines and form a La Liga Filipina. rights, the training for self government and the arousing
of spirit of discontent over oppression, brutality, - Dr. Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the steamer
inhumanity, sensitiveness and self love Oceanic, an American steamer. His destination
was Japan.
MODULE 2 I TOPIC 1: TRAVELS IN
February 28, 1888
ASIA
- Dr. Rizal arrived in Yokohama. He registerd in the
Travels in Asia Grand Hotel.
- It talks about Jose Rizal’s experiences and activities in February 29, 1888
Asian countries including his interaction with several
people. It exhibited Rizal’s social skills with fellow Asian. - He left Yokohama for Tokyo. He registered in the
It also discusses those particular courses of action Tokyo Hotel. He wrote to Prof. Blumentritt "Tokyo is
related to his objectives of travel. more expensive than Paris". Shortly after his arrival
in Tokyo he was contacted by the secretary of the
Philippines to Singapore (May 3-11, 1882) Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to stay at
the Spanish Legation instead of the Hotel. Dr. Rizal
- He boarded the ship Salvadora bound for
was well aware that the diplomatic authorities were
Singapore.
instructed from Manila to follow his every move. He
- Donato Lecha, captain of the ship defined Jose as
accepted the invitation.
a refined man.
- He arrived in Singapore on May 9, 1882. March 7, 1888
- He stayed in Hotel de la Paz.
- He then left Singapore on May 11, 1882, boarded - Dr. Rizal checked out of the Tokyo Hotel and lived
the ship Djemnah at the Spanish Legation. He was embarrassed not
to speak the Japanese language. He looked like a
Singapore to Ceylon (May 11 – 17, 1882) Japanese but could not speak Japanese. In Tokyo
very few people spoke English, so Rizal had a very
- Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seaport town in
difficult time. People looked at him as being ill-
southern Ceylon.
educated, Children laughed with him.
- He defined Point Galle as a picturesque but lonely
- To avoid further embarrassment Rizal decided to
town.
start studying Japanese. While staying in Tokyo Dr.
- He then went to Colombo to get references in
Rizal met O-Sei-San, a lovely girl (See His Love
learning the French language.
Life) who helped him with understanding and
- He defined Colombo as an elegant town compared
learning Nippongo (Japanese language).
to Manila.
April 13, 1888
Jose in Hongkong (February 3, 1888 – February 22,
1888) - Sayonara Japan. He boarded the Belgic, an
English steamer bound for the United States.
- With Jose Maria Basa, Jose Sainz de Veranda and
some Portuguese, they boarded the ship Kui Rizal in Singapore
Kiang.
- Jose stayed in the house of Juan Lecaroz, where Jose Rizal (1861-1896), fondly remembered as the
he went to observed botanical garden. founding father of the modern Philippines, was one
- After staying for almost two weeks, Jose left luminary who formed favourable impressions of
Hongkong for Japan on board of Oceanic. Singapore.

Jose in Japan (February 28, 1888 – April 13, 1888) In May 1882, Rizal left the then Spanish colony of the
Philippines on his way to Spains for further studies in
- Upon arrival, he stayed in Hotel Grande and visited medicine. As a keen 21-year-old leaving home for the
places like Yokohama and Tokyo. first time, he meticulously recorded his observations of
- Then he met Juan Perez Caballero, a Spanish life and events in a journal that offers a picturesque
ambassador in Japan. snap-shot of Singapore in the late 19th century, which
- Then he met, O Sei-san, Jose’s tour guide, are historically important for the breath of details
translator and lover. captured.
- He also learned judo and kabuki.
An eagle-eyed visitor Rizal was also highly sensitive to
February 22, 1888 the cultural nuance of the first foreign land he visited
commenting on the rich mix of ethnicities in the
streetscapes he observed. His entry conveyed gus
surprise at the finding a city more modern than he
imagined. Writing in his diary, he was “surprised to find path: learning as much as could, opening himself to new
the streets bordered with trees and many… on both experiences, communicating his ideas in reasoned
sides. The town is rather pretty.” Travel as the cliche tones, and building friendships along the way."
goes, does indeed broaden the mind. - Gideon Lasco

Rizal noted in his diary of his first day in Singapore that Travels in US and Europe
although there were “...crowds of Indians of Herculean
figures; Chinese a few Europeans, and very, very few - This section relates to Rizal’s travel to Europe and
Chinese women.” He went on to ask about the presence United States. It deals with his experiences and
of women in Singapore, writing in his diary that he had interaction with other people or friends during the
seen a Chinese woman with the smallest feet; but I travel in the different ports of countries on the way
didn’t see either Indian women or Malayan. I asked to final country of destination. It shows the different
about them and I was told they stayed home.” countries in Europe Rizal had visited and the
persons he met with.
Rizal also found the thriving British colony abuzz with
people and economic activity, with English spoken Travels in Europe
everywhere. He described in detail, building within the - After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal left for
city such as St. Andrew’s Cathedral, along today’s St. Paris and Germany to specialize in ophthalmology.
Andrew’s Road, interestingly described as a “Protestant - Later, he traveled to various places in Europe,
church in Gothic style, the Catholic Cathedral of Good continuing his “secret mission.”
Shepherd (along today’s Victoria Road) as well as the
Church of St. Joseph In Paris, France

He was mistaken, though, in identifying the former - Rizal stayed for four months (November 1885
Parliament Houses (now the Art House) as the “…palace February 1886) and worked as an assistant to Dr.
of the Rajah of Siam…” He described it as “…notable Louis de Weckert, a leading French
and has a small iron elephant and what not on the ophthalmologist.
pedestal placed in front of the building.” - Rizal also socialized with friends such as the Pardo
de Taveras and served as model to paintings of
Rizal was travelling in and around the north bank of
Juan Luna.
Singapore River, He was to cross the Cavenagh Bridge
to the south bank and reached the more “lively” part of In Heidelberg, Germany
town, described in his diary as having “… Beautiful
European Buildings shops show-windows etc. It is the - In February 1886, Rizal left for Heidelberg.
Escolta of the town.” - Rizal worked at the University Eye Hospital as an
assistant to Dr. Otto Becker, a distinguished
The keen botanist, Rizal visited the Singapore Botanical German ophthalmologist.
Gardens on his 2nd day of visit. He was bowled over by - He also attended lectures in University of
the park, observing that “its cleanliness and orderliness Heidelberg.
are admirable; numerous plants with their labels beside - He also went around the city observing their
them.” He was to revisit the gardens on his second visit customs and culture and noticed that in spite of the
in 1887, commenting that he saw “a beautiful Royal religious differences of Catholics and Protestants,
Victoria. The leaves can be one meted in diameter.” they lived harmoniously.

MODULE 2 I TOPIC 2: TRAVELS IN US In Leipzig, Germany

AND EUROPE - Rizal felt sad leaving Heidelberg as he had learned
to love the city and its people.
Article Notes - In Leipzig, Rizal met the famous German
This article talks about some of the places in Europe anthropologist Dr. Hans Beyer.
where Rizal went. The author describes Rizal's - Here, he did a lot of writing including the translation
experiences and purposes. According to the author; of Hans Christian Anderson’s Fairy Tales in
Tagalog for his nephews and nieces.
"Rizal in his European journeys exemplifies the - He also worked as a proofreader in a publisher’s
importance of an international outlook: one that strikes a firm
balance between patriotism and the idea of a universal
brotherhood. Faced with the splendor of Europe and the In Berlin, Germany
varying attitudes of the people he met, Rizal felt neither - Rizal left for Berlin as he felt more comfortable in
insecure nor resentful, even if he had plenty of reasons its peaceful environment and its absence of racial
to feel that way. Instead, he took a more enlightened prejudice.
 - Here, he met Dr. Feodor Jagor, a famous German also noted a preference for Market Street, a major
scientist, who introduced him to other scientists thoroughfare in the city, and Dupont Street, in
such as Dr. Rudolf Virchow. Chinatown—which is Gant Avenue today.

Rizal in Italy On May 6, a Sunday, Rizal checked-out of the Palace

Hotel and rode a ferry across the bay for Oakland. There
- From Geneva, Rizal went to Italy and visited Turin, he boarded the first train that would take him east. The
Milan, Venice and Florence. entire fare cost him $65.
- On June 27, he reached Rome, the <Eternal
City=. Sacramento
- On June 29, Rizal visited the Vatican, the <City of
the Popes= where he was deeply impressed by His diary entries hold that by evening fall of May 6, the
the majestic and magnificent buildings and its train had reached Sacramento. There Rizal had supper
religious atmosphere. and later slept in his coach. By morning, the train had
- After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal reached Reno, Nevada where Rizal had breakfast. Both
prepared to return to the Philippines. meals, hearty by his approximation, cost him only $0.75
cents each.
Rizal Resents Exhibition of Igorots in Madrid
Exposition Reno

- Rizal’s happy tour in Europe was marred by news He noted that Reno had already been glamorized by
from friends in Madrid that in an Exposition of the propaganda as “The Biggest Little City in the World.” Of
Philippines held in Spain, there were Igorots Nevada in general, he noted that it was a lonely place;
exhibited. lacking plant-life, with sand everywhere and bare
- With scanty clothings on, they were ridiculed and mountains. For a man who spent his childhood in the
were objects of mockery of the people and the tropics of Southern Luzon, and then most of his
press. adulthood in Europe, the desert must have shocked him.
- This angered Rizal very much and his indignation Ogden
was revealed in his letter to Blumentritt on June 6,
1887. Of Ogden, Rizal noted that perhaps, with better
irrigation, the area might be cultivated. Most of what he
Travels in US and Europe saw were fields and cattle. He did note, however that
- Rizal’s positive observation about America; from Ogden to Denver, the clocks on the train and in the
o material progress of the country stations were set an hour ahead.
o drive and energy of the people
o natural beauty of the land He also showed an appreciation for the banks of the Salt
o high standard of living Lake, and the mountains in the distance where snow still
o opportunities for better life to those poor covered the peaks. Perhaps in a bout of homesickness,
immigrants he likened the mountains in the middle of the lake with
- Negative Impressions; Talim, the island in Laguna de Bay near his hometown.
o Non-existence of true civil society Rizal changed trains at Ogden, which proceeded to pass
o Racial prejudice through two mountains through a narrow channel.
o Money valuing over human life Outside the cities and bustling transportation hubs, Rizal
Rizal’s Notable Stops noted that most of the countryside was densely
populated, even to the point of being lifeless.
As anyone who studies Rizal knows, the man recorded
his life meticulously through his journals—a habit he’d Denver
nurtured since childhood. And through his journals, one Colorado was the 5th state Rizal visited. By then, it was
may piece together Rizal’s sojourn across the the 9th of May. There he noted that of the three previous
continental US. states, Colorado had more trees and horses. The train
San Francisco and the Palace Hotel also moved at an upward incline, where snow and icicles
adorned the train’s path.
Once permitted ashore, Rizal checked-in at the Palace
Hotel for two days. The price for lodging was $4, and this Omaha and the Missouri River
included a bath and meals. The hotel was considered Rizal described the state of Nebraska as plain. But as for
quite prestigious and expensive in those days. In his the city of Omaha, he did admit that it was the largest
diary, he mentioned that he saw the Golden Gate bridge, city he’d seen since San Francisco. He marveled at the
and that the stores were closed on Sundays. His diaries Missouri River, which he estimated as being twice as
wide as the Pasig River at its widest part. He described - This includes the different people he met and
the area as marshy; and that the train went slowly as it interacted with. It also discusses the challenges he
passed over the Missouri bridge before they entered experienced in Dapitan
Illinois.
Some Legal Grounds for Rizal’s exile at Dapitan
Chicago
1. Disloyalty to Spain and anti-Catholic due to
By May 11, they had reached Chicago. He did not stay published books & articles
the night, but he likely walked around the city as the train 2. Leaflets found in his baggage entitled Pobres
allowed a short layover. From his brief exploration he frailes
noted that every tobacco store had an Indian figure. That 3. Publication of El Filibusterismo
is to say, he had noted that tobacco stores advertised
their wares with images of Native American tribesmen;
though, he did not note any consistency as to which the - Rizal boarded steamer Cebu bound for Dapitan to
tribe or nation they belonged. commence his sentence o deportation decreed by
Niagara Falls Governor General Despujol on July 15, 1892.
- He was received by Captain Ricardo Canicero, the
The train stopped along the border of Canada on the politico-military commander of the town, as a
afternoon of May 12, allowing Rizal to disembark and prisoner
view Niagara Falls. While amazed at its sheer size, he
compared it to the falls of Los Banos. He wrote that the 1. Rizal in the span of two months was able to build
latter was finer and more beautiful, while Niagara Falls his own house. He also built additional four
was bigger and more imposing. In his letter to Mariano houses for his pupils and patients.
Ponce, he called the falls ‘the majestic cascade’ The 2. He took the role as a community leader in
train departed at night, and the ‘mysterious sound and Talisay thru the following courses of action:
persistent echo’ of the Niagara Falls followed him. a. conceptualizing and implementing plans
for beautifying the locality
Albany and New York City b. drawing sketch of the public plaza with
Once in Albany, Rizal once again noted the sheer size of improvements
the city and the Hudson River which the train crossed. c. constructing a relief map of Mindanao
He noted the beauty of the place, and of the ships out of stone
ferrying along the Hudson. It was in New York, on d. facilitating the introduction lamppost on
Sunday May 13, 1888, that Jose Rizal’s transcontinental the towns’ corners
trip ended. e. constructing of water system both for
irrigation and drinking
He rented a room at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, which he f. Opening of school for young boys
used until he left the country three days later. There are g. teaching students with boxing,
not many details of what he observed and saw in New swimming, arnis and other sports
York. In a letter to Ponce, he made an errant comment of h. opening his medical clinic
visiting George Washington’s memorial. In another letter, i. Establishing association of farmers for
he described the city to a friend as a place where their improved farm production
‘everything is new’. This is likely in comparison to Europe j. teaching fishermen to make and use
and even the Philippines, where the buildings were aged fishnet in fishing
and antique, and made of other materials.
Peaceful Life in Dapitan
Rizal left the United States on May 16, 1888. He
boarded a large steamer ship called the City of Rome, During the early part of his exile in Dapitan, Rizal lived at
bound for Liverpool, England. As the steamer left the the commandant’s residence. With his prize from the
New York Harbor, he stood in the shadow of the Statue Manila Lottery and his earnings as a farmer and a
of Liberty on Bedloe Island. merchant, he bought a piece of land near the shore of
Talisay near Dapitan. On this land, he built three houses-
MODULE 2 I TOPIC 3: LIFE AT all made of bamboo, wood, and nipa. The first house
which was square in shape was his home. The second
DAPITAN house was the living quarters of his pupils. And the third
Life at Dapitan house was the barn where he kept his chickens. The
second house had eight sides, while the third had six
- This portion enumerates those accomplishment sides.
Rizal made during his exile in Dapitan from 1892 to
1896.
In a letter to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, on Based on documentary and testimonial evidence, the
December 19, 1893, Rizal described his peaceful life in formal charges endorsed by Judge Advocate General
Dapitan. Nicolas de la Pena to Governor Blanco against Jose
Rizal is Complex crime of rebellion and formation of
illegal organization on December 9, 1896 and
"I shall tell you how we lived here. I have three houses- recommended the following:
one square, another hexagonal, and the third
octagonal. All these houses are made of bamboo, wood, 1. That accused Rizal be kept under custody of the
and nipa. I live in the square house, together law
with my mother, my sister, Trinidad, and my nephew. In 2. That Rizal be brought to trial
the octagonal house live some young boys who 3. That attachment order issued against Rizal’s
are my pupils. The hexagonal house is my barn where I property
keep my chickens. 4. That an army office be assigned as Rizal’s lawyer

On December 11, 1896 during arraignment, Rizal

"From my house, I hear the murmur of a clear brook pleaded no guilty on the charges via his lawyer Luis
which comes from the high rocks. I see the seashore Taviel de Andrade.
where I keep two boats, which are called barotos here.
The Special Judge Advocate Rafael Dominguez
submitted the transcript of arraignment proceeding to
"I have many fruit trees, such as mangoes, lanzones, Malacanang Palace at the time General Camilo de
guayabanos, baluno, nangka, etc. I have rabbits, Polavieja replaced General Blanco as Governor
dogs, cats, and other animals. General on December 13,1896. It is the belief of
Archbishop Nozaleda and the Dominicans that Rizal
"I rise early in the morning-at five-visit my plants, feed will be acquitted from the crime if General Blanco will
the chickens, awaken my people, and prepare our remain in the gubernatorial post. With Polavieva in the
breakfast. At half-past seven, we eat our breakfast, gubernatorial office, Rizal’s chance for acquittal from
which consists of tea, bread, cheese, sweets, and charges is impossible.
other things.
Rizal’s court martial trial started on December 19, 1896
with the reading of charges and eventual presentation
"After breakfast, I treat the poor patients who come to of evidence by the prosecutor Enrique de Alcocer with
my house. Then I dress and go to Dapitan in my a prayer of death sentenced against the accused.
baroto. I am busy the whole morning, attending to my
patients in town. Thereafter, Luis Taviel de Andrade presented the
argument for Rizal . Rizal personally presented his own
argument upon the advice of the judge advocate. Rizal
"At noon, I return home to Talisay for lunch. Then, from alleged, among others that:
2:00 to 4:00 p.m., I am busy as a teacher. I teach
the young boys. a. He advised Dr Pio Valenzuela not to rise in
revolution,
b. The revolutionists used his name without his
"I spend the rest of the afternoon in farming. My pupils knowledge
help me in watering the plants, pruning the fruits, c. He could have escaped in Dapitan if he were a
and planting many kinds of trees. We stop at 6:00 p.m. member of the Katipunan
for the Angelus d. He was not a founder of La Solidaridad and the
association Hispano-Filipiino
"I spend the night reading and writing. “ e. He had nothing to do with introduction of masonry
in the Philippines
MODULE 2 I TOPIC 4: TRIAL AND f. The La Liga Filipina did not last long

DEATH OF JOSE RIZAL The verdict of conviction beyond reasonable doubt with
penalty of firing squad of the military court was
Trial and Execution rendered on that day and endorsed to Governor
- This briefly presents the preliminary investigation Polavieja on December 28, 1896. Polavieja
of the complaint filed against Rizal, the formal promulgated a decree approving the court decision
charges, the verdict and sentence imposed against sentencing Rizal a penalty firing squad on December
him and the day of his execution. Included here are 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan at seven o’clock in the
those people who visited him including his parents, morning.
sister, wife, defense counsel, priests and others.
 This verdict was read to Rizal a day before his - Thinking of future. The future generations.
execution, December 29, 1896.
- “What is most admirable in Rizal is his complete
Members of the family, Jose Taviel de Andrade, self- denial, complete abandonment of his personal
journalist, visited Rizal including Jesuits and other friars interests, to think only of those of his country... He
who were strongly convincing Rizal to return back to heeded not his brother, not even his parents,
the fold of Catholicism on December 29, beings whom he respected and venerated much, in
1896..Nevertheless, Rizal was able to write letters to order to follow the road his conscience had traced
friends and relatives and the poem, My Last Farewell. for him.” -Rafael Palma

Status
On December 30, 1896, Rizal took his breakfast 5:30
in the morning and came out with additional two letters - His status might have an impact to his being a
for his family and brother Paciano. hero. He belongs to the Media Clase / (Principalia)
- Rizal was a man with nobility and dignity
Rizal death march commenced at 6:30 in the morning. - He was considered as a Filipino pride because of
He wore a black suit and vest with a black hat. Luis his intellect, talents and skills
Taviel de Andrade, Father March and Father Villaclara - He is a man with multiple professions
were behind him during the march,
Impact
Upon reaching the Bagumbayan field, Rizal bid final
goodbye to Luis Taviel, the priests and to Josephine. - Impact of Rizal even after death
- His mpact to the events in history
The shout of the commander “Fuego” signaled the
firing of guns. Right after Rizal fell to the ground, the “The newspapers, magazines, & other periodicals
military band played the Spain’s national hymn. throughout the civilized world – in Germany, Austria,
France, Holland, London, the US, Japan, Hong Kong
& Macao, Singapore, Switzerland, & in Latin
MODULE 3 I TOPIC 1: THE QUESTION American countries— published accounts of Rizal’s
OF A HERO martyrdom in order to render homage to his
greatness.
Proof of Writings
Died for the Country
- Novels (Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo)
- His correspondence with family, friends and - Ultimately – A hero is the one who will die for his
propagandists’ manifest proofs of his nationalism. country
- His publications are directed toward his business
of saving the country from tyrants. - Dr. Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso, or simply Jose
Rizal (1861-1896), is unquestionably the
- “The doctrines of Rizal are not for one epochs but greatest hero & martyr of our nation. The day of
for all epochs. They are as valid today as they his birth & the day of his execution are fittingly
were yesterday. It cannot be said that because the commemorated by all classes of our people
political ideas of Rizal have been achieved, throughout the length & breadth of this country &
because of the change in the institutions, the even by Filipinos & their friends abroad. His
wisdom of his counsels or the value of his name is a byword in every Filipino home while
doctrines have ceased to be opportune. They have his picture adorns the postage stamp & paper
not.” -Rafael Palma. money of widest circulation. No other Filipino
hero can surpass Rizal – Esteban de Ocampo
His Methodology

- Rizal’s use of knowledge rather than violence MODULE 3 I TOPIC 2: THE

made him a better hero.
- He persevere until meeting his goal for his country. RETRACTION
- His nationalism is very much evident. The Signature
- He is loyal to his country and to his people even if
he is outside the Philippines. - This is a question of authenticity of the retraction
document and signature of Rizal.
Selfless - Among the controversies in his life, which up to
- Thinking of the quality of life of the nation. now continue to be discussed, is his retraction of
- Sacrifices for the country. masonry which the Jesuits accepted as fact.
 They have the retraction to buttress their - The "original" text was discovered in the
position. archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935, after it
- The historian, Ambeth Ocampo, agrees with the disappeared for thirty nine years from the
Jesuits, and I sometimes tend to believe that afternoon of the day when Rizal was shot.
Rizal did write that retraction if only to save his
life. But the English writer, Austin Coates, who Fr. Balaguer
wrote the best biography of Rizal says, there - How did Fr. Balaguer obtain his copy of Rizal’s
was no such retraction, that the document was a retraction?
forgery. He said it was contrary to Rizal’s o Fr. Balaguer never alluded to having
character. F. Sionil Jose himself made a copy of the retraction
The Text although he claimed that the archbishop
prepared a long formula of the retraction
I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I and Fr. Pi a short formula.
was born and educated I wish to live and die. o In Fr. Balaguer’s earliest account, it is
not yet clear whether Fr. Balaguer was
using the long formula of nor no formula
I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings,
in dictating to Rizal what to write.
publications and conduct has been contrary to my
o According to Fr. Pi, in his own account
character as son of the Catholic Church. I believe and I
of Rizal’s conversion in 1909, Fr.
confess whatever she teaches and I submit to whatever
Balaguer dictated from Fr. Pi’s short
she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which
formula previously approved by the
is of the Church, and as a Society prohibited by the
archbishop. In his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910,
Church. The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior
Fr. Balaguer admitted that he dictated to
Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous
Rizal the short formula prepared by Fr.
manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal
Pi; however, he contradicts himself
which my acts may have caused and so that God and
when he revealed that the "exact" copy
people may pardon me. Manila 29 of December of 1896
came from the archbishop. The only
Jose Rizal copy, which Fr. Balaguer wrote, is the
one that appeared on his earliest
The Story account of Rizal’s retraction.
It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal Conclusion
moments before his death. There were many witnesses,
most of them Jesuits. The document only surfaced for The retraction of Rizal remains a controversy since
public viewing on May 13, 1935. It was found by Fr. there is no clearproof of whether he retracted or
Manuel A. Gracia at the Catholic hierarchy’s archive in not? Whatever the answer to this question is, it
Manila. But the original document was never shown to cannot override the many things that Rizal did and
the public, only reproductions of it. contributed for the liberation of our country.
However, Fr. Pio Pi, a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as
early as 1907, the retraction of Rizal was copied MODULE 3 I TOPIC 3: JOSE RIZAL
verbatim and published in Spain, and reprinted in
Manila. Fr. Gracia, who found the original document, AND THE PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
also copied it verbatim. In both reproductions, there were
From a Historian
conflicting versions of the text. Add to this the date of the
signing was very clear in the original Spanish document The place of Jose Rizal in the formation of Filipino
which Rizal supposedly signed. The date was nationalism is secure. His propaganda activity in Europe,
“December 29, 1890.” crystallized in his two novels, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterism earned him the wrathof the Spanish
The First Text
government in Manila and the respect of his fellow
- The first text was published in La Voz Española countrymen. – Austin Coates
and Diaro de Manila on the very day of Rizal’s
His Letter to Blumentritt
execution, Dec. 30, 1896.
- The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, I have received your letters as well as your manuscripts.
on February 14, 1897, in the fortnightly They are for the Philippine youth like the admonition of
magazine in La Juventud; it came from an an old and wise friend, for we are here fighting for our
anonymous writer who revealed himself fourteen native country entirely without protection. You alone lend
years later as Fr. Balaguer.
us strength and courage and you also admonish us
when we depart from the path. - Jose Rizal

Travels – when he was in Germany

In my heart I have suppressed all loves except that of

my motherland; in my mind I have erased all ideas which
do not signify her progress and my lips have forgotten
the names of the native races in the Philippines in order
not to say more than Filipinos. - Jose Rizal

Rizal in Noli

The surprising thing about these peoples, when you set

aside everyone‘s national pride... before visiting a
country I tried to study its history... In every instance I
noted that a people‘s prosperity or misery lay in direct
proportion to its freedoms or inhibitions.. – Ibarra

From Claro M. Recto

Rizal’s life and writings have become the texts for

violently opposed theories, programs and appeals. He is
cited and quoted by rival camps. Everyone makes his
own Rizal, in his own image. Patriotic veneration and
partisan interest have raised him so many altars that the
image of Rizal has undergone as many sacrilegious
manipulations as there have been literary priests
officiating at his rites. - Claro Recto

From Majul, UP Professor

Prof. Majul points out that according to Rizal the

Philippines of his time was not yet a nation but simply a
people held together as a community by Spanish rule
and the Christian religion. What Rizal wanted it to
become was a national community united not by these
two existing bonds but by a principle of nationality
distinct from either. He intended the formation of the Liga
Filipina to be a preparatory stage in this development.
Once the national bond emerged it would inevitably take
the place of the artificial unity which Spain had imposed
from without. - Cesar Adib Majul

From Dr. Frank C. Laubach, American biographer of

Rizal

His consuming life purpose was the secret of his moral

courage. Physical courage, it is true, was one of his
inherited traits. But that high courage to die loving his
murderers, w/c he at last achieved--that cannot be
inherited. It must be forged out in the fires of suffering &
temptation. As we read through his life, we can see how
the moral sinew & fiber grew year by year as he faced
new perils & was forced to make fearful decisions. It
required courage to write his 2 great novels telling
nothing that no other man has ventured to say before,
standing almost alone against the powerful interests in
the country & in Spain, & knowing full well that
despotism would strike back.... Laubach