Chapter 1 cellular organization

1. What is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms?

→ The cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms. It performs all essential life
processes.

2. What are the different parts inside a cell called?

→ These are called cell organelles. They perform specific functions inside the cell.

3. What is a tissue?
→ A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

4. What is the function of epidermal tissue in plants?

→ It protects the plant's surface like roots, stems, and leaves. It is made of tightly joined cells.

5. What is the upper and lower epidermis?

→ The upper epidermis covers the top of the leaf and the lower epidermis covers the bottom
part.

6. What is mesophyll tissue?

→ It is a photosynthetic tissue in leaves. It helps prepare food using sunlight.

7. What are the two types of vascular tissues?

→ Vascular tissue has xylem and phloem cells. Xylem carries water; phloem carries food.

8. What is the function of xylem tissue?

→ Xylem carries water and minerals from roots to leaves in plants.

9. What is the function of phloem tissue?

→ Phloem transports food made in leaves to other parts of the plant.

10. What is epithelial tissue in humans?

→ It covers the outer body like skin and lines inner body tubes and organs.
11. What is muscle tissue?
→ Muscle tissue helps in movement by contracting and relaxing.

12. What is the function of nerve tissue?

→ Nerve tissue carries messages in the body using special cells called neurons.

13. What forms an organ in living beings?

→ Different tissues join to perform a function, forming an organ.

14. What is an organ system?

→ A group of organs that work together for a specific function is called an organ system.

15. Which organelle controls the whole cell?

→ The nucleus controls all cell activities.

16. What pigment gives red blood cells their color?

→ The red pigment is called hemoglobin. It helps carry oxygen.

17. Which cell organelle produces energy from food?

→ The mitochondria produce energy during cellular respiration.

18. Which cells carry oxygen in the human body?

→ Red blood cells carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body.

19. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

→ Xylem carries water, while phloem carries food in plants.

20. What tissues are present in the human heart and stomach?
→ Muscle tissue is present in both, helping them contract and perform movement.

Chapter 02 Reproduction in plant

1. What is reproduction in living organisms?
→ Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce offspring. It ensures the
survival of species.

2. Name two main types of reproduction.

→ The two types are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

3. What happens in sexual reproduction?

→ Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote that grows into a new organism.

4. What happens in asexual reproduction?

→ There is no fusion of gametes; the new plant grows from a part of the parent plant.

5. What is the reproductive organ in plants?

→ Flowers are the reproductive organs in plants.

6. What are the male parts of a flower called?

→ The stamens are male parts and contain filament and anther.

7. Where are male gametes found in a flower?

→ Male gametes are inside pollen grains present in the anther.

8. What are the female parts of a flower?

→ The carpel includes stigma, style, and ovary, which contains ovules.

9. Where are female gametes found in a flower?

→ Female gametes (eggs) are found in ovules inside the ovary.

10. What is pollination?

→ It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

11. What is the function of the pollen tube?

→ It carries male gametes from stigma to ovule for fertilization.

12. What is fertilization?

→ It is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
13. What is vegetative propagation?
→ It is a form of asexual reproduction using plant parts like root, stem, or leaf.

14. Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation.

→ Underground stems like tubers and runners grow into new plants.

15. Give two examples of artificial vegetative propagation.

→ Cutting and grafting are examples where humans grow new plants from parts.

16. What is layering in plants?

→ In layering, a plant's stem is bent and buried in soil to form roots and grow a new plant.

17. What is the function of a flower in plant life?

→ A flower helps in reproduction by producing gametes and allowing fertilization.

18. Why does a flower produce many pollen grains?

→ To increase the chance of successful pollination and fertilization.

19. What is budding?

→ Budding is a method of asexual reproduction where a new plant grows from a bud.

20. Name any two underground stems used for vegetative reproduction.
→ Potato tubers and bulbs are underground stems used to grow new plants.

Chapter 03 balance diet

1. Why do we need food?

→ Food gives us energy and materials needed for growth, repair, and reproduction.

2. Name the five major food groups.

→ The five groups are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

3. What is the immediate source of energy?

→ Carbohydrates give us quick or immediate energy.
4. What is the function of proteins?
→ Proteins help in body growth, repair, and are also a secondary energy source.

5. What is the role of fats in our body?

→ Fats protect important body organs like heart, brain, and liver.

6. Why are vitamins and minerals important?

→ They are needed in small amounts but are essential for good health.

7. What is a balanced diet?

→ A diet that has the right amount of all nutrients is called a balanced diet.

8. What is a food pyramid?

→ A food pyramid helps us choose the right types and amounts of food.

9. Which food is rich in carbohydrates?

→ Foods like sugar and potatoes are rich in carbohydrates.

10. Which foods provide fats?

→ Butter, mustard oil, and corn oil are rich in fats.

11. Which food is rich in proteins?

→ Eggs, meat, and beans are good sources of proteins.

12. What is the main source of vitamin A?

→ Fish, carrots, and milk are sources of vitamin A.

13. What foods give us vitamin C and D?

→ Vitamin C: Citrus fruits like oranges.
→ Vitamin D: Milk and sunlight.

14. What are some sources of minerals?

→ Table salt, meat, and green vegetables contain minerals.
15. Is table salt a mineral?
→ Yes, table salt is a source of iodine, a type of mineral.

16. What is an unbalanced diet?

→ A diet with too much or too little of some nutrients is unbalanced.

17. What happens if someone lacks iron in diet?

→ Lack of iron causes weakness and may lead to anemia.

18. What food prevents scurvy?

→ Citrus fruits like oranges and lemons prevent scurvy, caused by vitamin C deficiency.

19. What food prevents rickets?

→ Milk and sunlight help prevent rickets, caused by lack of vitamin D.

20. What should vegetarians eat for proteins?

→ They should eat beans, lentils, and soy products to get enough proteins.

Chapter 04 humans Digestive System

1. What is digestion?
→ Digestion is the process that breaks down food into simpler substances the body can use.

2. Name the two main parts of the digestive system.

→ The alimentary canal and digestive glands are the two main parts.

3. What are the main organs of the alimentary canal?

→ They are oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

4. Name the main digestive glands.

→ The main glands are salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, and pancreas.

5. What is the function of the oesophagus?

→ Oesophagus is a food pipe that pushes food to the stomach; no digestion happens here.
6. What happens in the stomach during digestion?
→ The stomach releases gastric juice which has acid, enzymes, and water to digest food.

7. What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

→ It kills germs and helps digest food in the stomach.

8. What does the liver produce?

→ The liver produces bile, which helps break fats into smaller droplets.

9. Where is bile stored?

→ Bile is stored in the gallbladder after being made in the liver.

10. What does the pancreas do?

→ The pancreas produces pancreatic juice which helps digest food.

11. What is the function of bile?

→ Bile breaks large fat drops into small ones for easy digestion.

12. Where is digestion completed in humans?

→ Digestion and absorption are completed in the small intestine.

13. What are villi?

→ Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients.

14. What happens in the large intestine?

→ It absorbs water, salts, and minerals, and prepares waste as faeces.

15. How is faeces removed from the body?

→ Faeces exit the body through the anus, the opening at the end of the rectum.

16. What is the role of the oral cavity?

→ The oral cavity chews food and mixes it with saliva to start digestion.

17. What is the function of saliva?

→ Saliva softens food and starts digestion of starch with the enzyme amylase.
18. What are the final products of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
→ Carbohydrates → Simple sugars,
Proteins → Amino acids,
Fats → Fatty acids and glycerol.

19. What are enzymes?

→ Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions like digestion.

20. Name three enzymes involved in digestion.

→ Amylase breaks starch,
Protease breaks proteins,
Lipase breaks fats.