JUNIOR IPE CHEMISTRY

BLUE PRINT(TS)

Total
Marks
[Link] Chapter Name Total Marks VSA (2m) SAQ (4m) LAQ (8m)
1 Atomic Structure (8) - - 8 8
2 Classification of elements (8) - - 8 8
3 Chemical Bonding (8) 4+4 - 8
4 States of Matter (6) 2 4 - 6
5 Stoichiometry (6) 2 4 - 6
6 Thermodynamics (4) - 4 - 4
7 Chemical Equilibrium (6) 2 4 - 6
8 Hydrogen and its compounds (4) - 4 - 4
9 S-Block Element 2+2 - - 4
10 P-Block elements Group-13 (4) - 4 - 4
11 P-Block Elements Group-14 (4) 2+2 - 4
12 Environmental Chemistry (4) 2+2 - - 4
13 Organic Chemistry (14) 2 (4) 8 14
IPE WEIGHTAGE 10x2=20M 6x4=24 2x8=16 60
 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are the postulates of Bohr’s Model of hydrogen atom? Discuss the importance of
this model to explain various series of line spectra in hydrogen atom?

Ans. Bohr’s Model Postulates:-

a) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular paths called as orbits n=1, 2,
3, 4 or K, L, M, N, …..
b) Orbits associated with certain amount of energy called as energy levels
c) Electrons neither lose nor gain energy in a given orbit
nh
mvr 
d) Angular momentum of an electron 2
e) Energy between two levels E  E2  E1  hv

H-Spectrum: – When electrons get deexcited from higher energy level to ground state in
H-atom a series of spectral lines are obtained.
a) Lyman series - UV region ( n1 =1, n 2 =2, 3, 4..... )
b) Balmer series – Visible  n1 =2, n 2 =3, 4, 5.....
c) Paschen Series- Near IR  n1 =3, n 2 =4, 5, 6.....
d) Bracket Series -Middle IR  n1 =4, n 2 =5, 6, 7.....
e) P-fund series – far IR  n1 =5, n 2 = 6, 7, 8.....
Limitations :–
1) Failed to explain spectrum of multi electron species
2) Failed to explain Zeeman & Start effect
Advantages:-
1) Explained about the stability of an atom.
2) Explained about spectra of Hydrogen & like species He+,Li+2,Be+3…
 2. How are the Quantum numbers n, l, and m arrived at? Explain the Significance of these
quantum numbers.

Ans. Quantum Numbers- The numbers are used to explain electronic structure of an atom
called as quantum numbers.

a) Principal Quantum Number:-

● Proposed by Neils Bohr. n = 1,2,3,4,.........
● Signifies atomic size and energy of the orbit.
b) Azimuthal Quantum number:-
● Proposed by Sommer field , l  0, 1, 2, 3

● Signifies Orbitals and shape of orbitals.

s  spherical , p  dumbell , d  double dumbell , f  complex
c) Magnetic Quantum Numbers:-
● Proposed by lande, m  l...0.....  l
● Signifies orientation of orbitals
l  0( s) m0
l  1( p) m  1, 0, 1
l  2( d ) m  2, 1, 0,  1,  2
d) Spin Quantum number:-
● Proposed by Uhlenbeck& Goud smith

● and

● Signifies spin of an electron on its own axis

 3. What is a periodic property? How the following properties vary in a group and in a
period? Explain
(a) Atomic radius (b) IE (c) EN
(d) Electron gain enthalpy or electron affinity (e) Nature of oxides
Ans. Periodic Properties: –

The repetition property of elements in periodic table in regular intervals of

2, 8, 8, 18, 18 & 32 called as periodic properties .
a) Atomic radius: – In periods Atomic radius decreases , due to
electron enters into the same shell.
In groups Atomic radius increases, due to
electron enters into a new shell.

b) Ionization energy :- In periods IE increase, due to decrease in atomic

size .

In Groups IE decreases, due to increase in

atomic size

c) Electron Affinity: - In Periods EA increases, due to increase in

nuclear charge
In Groups EA decreases, due to decrease in

nuclear charge

d) Electron Negativity:- In Periods EN increases, due to increase in

nuclear charge

In Groups EN decreases, due to decrease in

nuclear charge.

e) Nature of oxide of elements: –

As nonmetallic nature increases in Periods

acidic nature increases,

basic nature decreases.

As metallic nature increases in Groups

acidic nature decreases,
basic nature increases.
 4. Define IE1 and IE2. Why is IE2> IE1 for a given atom? Discuss the factors that effect IE of
an element?
Ans. Ionization Energy:-

IE1 :  The minimum amount of energy required to remove the last electron from a neutral
atom
M  IE1  M   e
(g) (g)

IE :  The minimum amount of energy required to remove the last electron from a uni
2

+ve ion.

M   IE 2  M   e
(g) (g)

IE 2 is always greater than IE1 , because after removal on one electron from the last orbit ,
Nuclear charge increases on the remaining electrons.
Factors-
1
IE
a) Atomic radius – As atomic radius increases IE decreases , AR
b) Nuclear Charge -As Nuclear charge increases IE increases , IE NC
1
IE
c) Screening effect- As screening effect increases IE decreases, SE
d) Penetration ability of orbitals increases, IE of electrons s  p  d  f
e) Atoms with half or fully filled orbitals are more stable , having high IE values.
 5. Write an essay on s, p, d and ff-block elements.

Ans.

S-Block:-
Elements in which differentiating electrons enters into ss-orbital
orbital of valance shell are called
as s  block elements. G.O.E.C  ns1 2
S block elements are electro positive metals

P-Block:-
Elements in which differentiation electrons enter into p
p-orbitals
orbitals of valance shell are called
as p  block elements. G.O.E.C  ns 2 np16 ,except He-1s 2

p - block contains metals, nonmetals and semi metals

D-Block:-
Differentiating electrons into d - orbital of penultimate shell are called as d - block
elements.
G.O.E.C  (n  1)d 110 ns12

F-Block:-
Elements in which differentiation electrons enters into f  orbital of antipenultimate
shell are called f  block elements.
G.O.E.C  (n  2) f 114 (n  1)d 0,1ns 2
6. What do you understand by hybridization? Explain diffedifferent
rent types of hybridization
involving S and P orbitals.
Ans:-
Hybridization:- The phenomenon of intermixing of atomic orbitals of equal energies and
reforming into new hybrid orbitals called as hybridization.
intermixing of one s  orbital and one p  orbital to form two
a) sp-Hybridization: -intermixing
sp  hybrid orbitals called as sp  hybridization
s  p  2sp

Example: BeCl2 where Be atom undergoes sp  hybridization

Linear & Bond angle= 1800

Intermixing of one s  orbital and two p  orbitals to form three

b) sp2Hybridization:-Intermixing
sp2 hybrid orbitals called as sp 2  hybridization
s  p  p  3sp 2
Example: BCl3 - Where B  atom undergoes sp  hybridization
2

c) sp3Hybridization:- Intermixing of one s  orbital and three p  orbitals to form four

sp3 hybrid orbitals called as sp 3  hybridization
s  p  p  p  4sp3
Example - CH 4 Where C  atom undergoes sp  hybridization
3

Tetrahedral & Bond Angle is 1090.28’

 7. Give an account of VSEPR Theory, and its applications

Ans. VSEPR Theory:- {Valance shell electron pair repulsion}

Postulates:
● The shape of molecules depends on the arrangement of electron pairs around
the central atom (BP and lP’s)
● Lone pair occupy more space than bond pairs
● Repulsion between lp  lp  lp  bp  bp  bp
● Presents of lp ' s on central atom distort the shape of the molecule.
● lp ' s on central atom changes bond angles.
Applications:-

(a) Ammonia  NH 3  : N- atom sp3 expected shape is tetrahedral & Bond angle –
1090.28’ but presence of one lone pair on N- atom, shape is Pyramidal and bond
angle decreases to 1070.

(b) Water  H 2O  : O  atom  sp expected shape is Tetrahedral and bond angle 

3

1090.28’.But presence of two lone pairs on O-atom, shape is angular and bond
angle decreases to 1040.45’
8. Give the Molecular Orbital Energy Diagram of (a) N2 and (b) O2. Calculate the
respective
ctive bond order. Write the Magnetic nature of N2 and O2 Molecules.

Ans:- MOED For N2

N2 is Dia-Magnetic
Magnetic due to paired electrons
 MOED for O2

Electronic configuration of oxygen molecule;

ó1s² < *ó1s² < ó2s² < *ó2s² , [ π2px² = π2py²] < ó 2pz² < [*π2px¹ =*π2py¹] < *ó2pz

Bond order = Bonding electrons – Anti bonding electrons / 2

= 10 – 6 / 2 = 2

.
O2 have unpaired electrons, Hence it is Paramagnetic.
9. Describe any two methods of preparation of benzene? Explain the halogenation,
alkylation, acylation, nitration and sulphonation of benzene
Ans:-
Preparation methods:-
a) Acetylene gas passed through red hot metal tube
hot Fe tube
3C2 H 2   C6 H 6
acetylene Benzene
b) Decarboxylation of Sodium benzoate
CaO / 
C6 H 5COONa  NaOH   C6 H 6  Na2CO3
Sod . Benzoate Soda lim e Benzene

Properties
● Chlorination of benzene gives Chloro benzene
C6 H 6  Cl2 
AlCl3
 C6 H 5  Cl  HCl
● Nitration of Benzene gives Nitrobenzene
C6 H 6  HNO3 
H 2 SO4
600 C
 C6 H 6  NO2  H 2O
● Sulphonation of benzene gives benzene sulphonic acid.
C6 H 6  SO3 
H 2 SO4
 C6 H 5  SO3 H
● Methylation of benzene gives methyl benzene(Friedel Craft alkylation)
C6 H 6  CH 3Cl 
Anhydrous AlCl3
 C6 H 5  CH 3  HCl
● Acylation of benzene give acetophenone. (Friedel Craft acylation)
O
||
C6 H 6  CH 3COCl  
Anhydrous AlCl3
 C6 H 5  C  CH 3  HCl
 10. Give two methods of preparation of acetylene. How does it react with water and
Ozone?

Ans. Preparation:-
a) Hydrolysis of Calcium Carbide
CaC2  2 H 2O  C2 H 2  Ca(OH )2

b) Dehydrohalogenation of 1, 2  dibromo ethane

CH 2 Br  CH 2 Br 
alc. KOH 3
NaNH 2
 CH  CH  2 HBr

Properties:-

a) Reaction with water: Acetylene react with water and gives acetaldehyde.
 2
C2 H 2  H 2O 
H / Hg
 CH 3CHO

b) Reaction with H 2 :  Acetylene react with H 2 and gives Ethane.

C2 H 2  2 H 2 
Ni
 C2 H 6
C) React with Halogen:- Acetylene reacts with Br2 and gives tetra bromo ethane

C2 H 2  2 Br2 
CCl4
 C2 H 2 Br4

D) Reaction with Hydrogen Halide:- Acetylene react with HBr gives

1,1  dibromoethane

C2 H 2  2 HBr 
 C2 H 4 Br2

E) Reaction with Ozone :- Acetylene react with Ozone gives

Acetylene Ozonide
 11. Describe two methods of preparation of ethylene. Give equations of ethylene with
(a) Ozone (b) Hypochlorous acid
(c) [Link]. KMnO4 (d) O2 +Heat +Pressure
Ans. Methods of preparation:
1) Dehydration of ethyl alcohol : When ethyl alcohol is heated with Con.H2SO4 at 1700C,
ethylene is formed.
CH 3CH 2OH Con. H 2 SO4
0
 H 2C  CH 2  H 2O
Ethyl alcohol 170 C ethylene

2) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl haldes: When ethyl bromide is heated with alc. KOH,
ethylene is formed.
CH 3CH 2 Br  KOH ( alc ) 
 H 2C  CH 2  KBr  H 2O
 ethylene
Ethyl Bromide

Chemical Reactions
(a) Action with ozone : Ethylene reacts with ozone forming ethylene ozonide. The
ozonide undergoes hydrolysis in the preasence of Zinc dust to give formaldehyde
H 2C  CH 2  O3 
Zinc / H 2 O
 2 HCHO  H 2O2
ethylene 

(b) Action with HOCl: Ethylene reacts with hypochlorous acid to give ethylene
chlorohydrins.

Ethylene Ethylenechlorohydrin

(c) Action with cold and dilute Alk.KMnO4:Cold dilute alkaline KMnO4 solution is called
Bayer’s reagent.

(d)Heating with O2 at high pressure: Ethylene undergoes polymerization gives polythene

n CH 2  CH 2  
High temperature / Pressure
 [CH 2  CH 2 ]n
ethylene polythene
 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Chemical Bonding
1. Fajan’sRules:-
Ans. To Explain nature of a bond between two atons

● As the size of cation increases ionic nature increases

● As the size of anion increases Covalent nature increases
● As the charge of anion / cation increases covalent nature increases
● Cation with Inert gas configuration ns np - ionic (CaCl2)
2 6

2 6 10
Pseudo inert gas configuration ns np nd - Covalent (ZnCl2)

2. sp d Hybridization with PCl5

3

3
The inter mixing of one s- orbital three p
p- orbitals and one d -orbital
orbital is called
cal as sp d
hybridization. In PCl5 P undergoes sp d hybridization
3

P  [ Ne ]3 s 2 3 p 3 (in ground state )

P  [ Ne]3s1 3 p 3 3d 1 (in 1st excited state)

0 0 0
Bond Angles are 90 ,120 ,180 Triagonal bipyramidal shape

3. sp d hybridization with SF6 molecule

3 2

3 2
orbital, three -p -Orbitals and two d- orbitals to form six sp d
Ans. The intermixing of one s-orbital,
hybrid orbitals called as sp d hybridization. In SF6 , S – atom undergoes sp d hybridizatoon
3 2 3 2

S  [ Ne]3s 2 3 p 4 (in ground state)

[Ne]3s13p3 3d 2 (in 2nd Excited state)

0
Bond Angle is 90 and shape is – Octahedral
4. Co-Ordinate
Ordinate Covalent bond and examples.
Ans. A Covalent bond formed between two atoms where both shared pair electrons donated
by one atom called as co-ordinate
ordinate covalent bond or dative bond.
It is represented with arrow  from donor to acceptor

Example:- NH 4 ion
..
H   N H 3   H   NH 3  or NH 4
acceptor Donor Ammonium ion

5. Hydrogen bond and types.

Ans:- Attraction force between H
H-atom and High electronegative atoms like
N, O,F is known as H-bond.

Denoted with three dotted line ((---)

Inter Molecular Hydrogen bond:

bond:- Hydrogen Bond between two adjacent molecules is known
as Inter molecular Hydrogen bond.

Ex- H-F---HF---HF
HF (Hydrogen Fluoride)

Intra Molecular Hydrogen

drogen bond ::-
Hydrogen bond with in a molecule is known as Intra molecular Hydrogen Bond.

Example: O-Nitro Phenol

6. Dipole moment and applications

A dipole moment is the product of the magnitude of the charge and the distance between
the centers of the positive and negative charges
charges.
It is denoted by the Greek letter 'µ'.
µ  Charge  distance of separ ation  q  d
separation
Dipole moment is the measure of the polarity of a bond.
7. Differences between  and  -bonds
 STATES OF MATTER
1. State and explain Graham’s Law of Diffusion
Ans. At constant temperature, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversly proportional to the
square root of its density.

Application: Used to detect poisonous gases iin

n coal mines by using Ansil’s Alarm.

2. Ideal gas and Ideal Gas equation

Ans. The gas which obeys all the gas laws at all conditions is known as an Ideal gas

1
V
Boyle’s Law P
Charle’s Law V  T
Avogadro’s Law V  n
Tn
V
P
RTn
V
P
PV  nRT (where R- gas constant = 0.082 lit atm. [Link]-1)

3. Kinetic Theory of Gases

Ans:- Postulates:-

● All gases contain large no of tiny particles are called as molecules.

● Gas molecules moving randomly with high velocities
● Molecules colloid with each other, collisions are unaffected by gravitational force.
● Gases exert pressure due to collision with walls of the container.
● Kinetic energy T (k )
● There are no attractions and repulsions between gas molecules.
 4) Deduce Boyle’s and Charle’s Law from Kinetic gas equation

Boyles Law Charle’s Law

1 1
PV  mnc 2 , where c is RMS velocity PV  mnc 2 , where c is RMS velocity
3 3
2 1 2 1
PV  . Mc 2 PV  . Mc 2
3 2 3 2
2 2
PV  .K .E ( K .E T ) PV  .K .E ( K .E T )
3 3
2 2
PV  .K .T PV  .KT
3 3
2 K .T 2 KT
P . V .
3 V 3 P
1 At constant P, V  T
P
At constant T, V

5) Deduce Graham’s law and Dalton’sn law from kinetic gas equation

Grahams’ Law Dalton’s Law

1 1
PV  mnc 2 , where c is RMS velocity PV  mnc 2 , where c is RMS velocity
3 , 3
1 for two different gases
PV  Mc 2
3 1 mnc2 1 mnc2
P1  . 1 1 1 & P2  . 2 2 2
3 PV 3P 3 V 3 V
C2  
M d when two gases placed in the same vessel
speed and rate of diffusion are same 1 1
PTV  m1n1c12  m2 n2 c2 2
1 3 3
r
At constant P, d 1 m1n1c1 1 m2 n2 c2 2
2
PT  
3 V 3 V
PT  P1  P2
 STOICHIOMETRY
1.

2.

Ans.
 3.

4.
5.

Ans.
 THERMODYNAMICS

1. Hess law, Law of Constant Heat Summation

Ans:- The total heat energy involved in a reaction is constant whether the reaction takes place
in single or in several steps.

Example:- Formation of CO2 from Graphite and Oxygen

(i) C  O2  CO2 : H f  393.5KJ / Mole

o

1
C  O2  CO : H1o  110.5KJ / Mole
(ii) 2

1
CO  O2  CO2 : H 2o  283.0 KJ / Mole
2

H 0f  H10  H 20  393.5KJ

2. Heat Capacity and C p  Cv  R ( derivation )

Ans:- The amount of heat required to rise the temperature of a body through one degree
called as heat capacity.

Q
C joule.k 1
T
H
CP 
CP  Heat capacity at constant pressure T

E
CV 
CV = Heat Capacity at constant volume T

H  E  PV
H  E  RT
H  E  R T
H E
 R
T T
CP  CV  R CP  CV  R
3. First Law of Thermodynamics [ law of Conservation of Energy]
Ans:- Energy Can neither created nor destroyed during a thermodynamic process, it can be
transformed from one form to another .

Or

It is impossible to construct a perpetual motion machine of first kind, which can produce
work without using external energy.

Mathematical equation :- If a system absorbs ‘Q’ heat then the internal energy change in a
system is equal to the sum of heat and work done.

U  Q  W
4. Define Entropy, Explain with Examples.
Ans:- Entropy is a form of energy, which is measured of randomness or
disorderness of a system.

Q
S  joule.k 1 , Stotal  Ssystem  SSurroundings
T
Entropy of gases > Liquids > Solids

Entropy is a state function and extensive property.

5. Spontaneous process in terms of Gibb’s Energy.
Ans:- A thermodynamic process which takes place on its own without using any kind of
external energy, after a proper initiation called as spontaneous process.
Example: Flow of heat from hotter body to colder body.

Gibb ' s energy change for sponteneous G  ve

Gibb ' s energy change for non sponteneous G   ve
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ACIDS, & BASES
1. Le-Chatlier’s Principle and Applications
Ans:- If a reversible chemical reaction is at equilibrium subjected to change in concentration
or temperature or pressure, then the position of equilibrium shifted in a direction where that
change is reduced or nullified.

a) Haber’s Process: – Preparation Of Ammonia ( NH3 )

N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3 ; H 0   92 KJ

Ammonia formation is exothermic and decrease in no of moles

Optimum conditions: -Low temperature 725-775 K

High Pressure 200-300 atm

Iron Catalyst and Molybynum –Mo Promoter

b)Contact Process:- Preparation of sulphurtrioxide

2 SO 2  O2  2 SO3 ; H  189 KJ
(g) (g) (g)

Preparation of SO3 is exothermic and decrease in no of moles .

optimum conditions:- Low Temperature - 675K ,

High Pressure : 1.5 -1.7 atm.,

Platinum (OR) V2O5 Catalyst

2. Relation between K P & K C for the following reactions
N 2  3 H 2  2 NH 3
a) ( g ) (g) (g)

K P  K C ( RT ) n ,  n  n g ( p )  n( g )( R ) n  2-4 = -2

K P  K c  RT 
2

2 SO 2  O2  2 SO3
b) (g) (g) (g)

K P  K C ( RT ) n ,  n  n g ( p )  n( g )( R )  2  3  1

K P  K C ( RT ) 1

H 2  I 2  2 HI
(g)
c) (g) (g )

K P  K C  RT  , n  n gas ( P )  ng ( R )  2  2  0 ,
n

K P  K C   RT  , K P  KC
o
 CaCO3  CaO  CO2
d) (s) (s) (g)

n  ng ( p )  ng  1  0  1 K P  K C  RT  , K P  KC
1
K P  K C ( RT ) n ,

3. Bronsted-Lawry acid- Base theory or Proton H+ Theory

Acid:- Proton donor is known as Bronsted acid.
Example: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O………
Base:- Proton acceptor is known as Bronsted base
 1 
Example : Cl , OH , CN , H 2O , NH 3 ,......
4. Conjugate Acid- Base Pair with example.
Ans. A pair of an acid and base which are differ by only one proton is called as conjugate
acid- base pair.
 
HCl & Cl  , H 2O & OH , NH 3 & NH 2

Conjugate acid and bases for the following

(a) Acid (+H+) Given [Link] (-H+)

H 3O  H 2O OH 
H 2CO3 HCO3 CO32

H 2 SO4 HSO4 SO42

NH 4 NH 3 NH 2

5. Lewis Acid- base Theory or Electron Pair Theory

Ans:- Acid:- Electron pair acceptor is known as lewis acid

H  , BCl3 , B2 H 6 , CO2 , SO2 , ……

Base:- Electron pair donor is known as lewis base

NH 3 , H 2 O , OH  , Cl  ,......

6. Define (a) pH(b) Buffer solution (c) Solubility product

(d)Common ion effect

a) pH :  The -ve logarithm of concentration of H ions is known as pH



H  
P   log
H  
10
 b) Buffer solution :- A solution which can resist change in pHvalue even by addition of
small amounts of strong acid/ base called as Buffer solution,
 Salt 
 acid 
Henderson’s equation pH  p  log
Ka  
10 for acidic buffer
 salt 
 base 
P OH
p Kb
 log for basic buffer

c) Solubility Product K sp :- The product of concentration of all the cations and anions present
in a saturated solution of a salt is known as solubility product.

d) Common ion effect:- The decrease in solubility of an electrolyte in presence of a common

ion is called as common ion effect.

H
7. Calculate P of
(a) 0.05M H2SO4 ,
Given solution is acid

[H ] 
P H  log 10 ,
[H ]  nf M

1
= 2  0.05  01 =  10

PH  log101
P H
1

(b) 0.05M Ba(OH)2 Given solution is a base


P O H   lo g 1[ O0 H ]

OH    n f  M

1
= 2  0.05  0.1 = 10

POH   log101  1

P H  14  P OH  14  1  13
 8
(c) P of 10 M HCl
H

Given solution is acid

H  
pH   log10
 

 H    10 8  107
 10 7 10 1  1
 1.1 107
7
PH log1.1
10 10

= 0.04  7 = 6.96
 Hydrogen & Its Compounds

1. Preparation methods of Hydrogen Peroxide,

a) Barium Peroxide dissolved in H 2 SO4
BaO2 .8H 2O  H 2 SO4  BaSO4  H 2O2  8H 2O
b) Electrolysis of 50% H 2 SO4 gives H 2O2
2 H 2 SO4  2 H   2 HSO4
 
At cathode :- 2 H  2e  H 2
 
At Anode:- 2 HSO4  H 2 S 2O8  2e
H 2 S2O8  2H 2O  H 2O2  2 H 2 SO4
This method is Used to prepare D2O2
K 2 S2O8  2O2O  D2O2  2 KDSO4

c) 2  ethyl antraquinol  O2  H 2O2  2  ethylanthraquinone

2. H 2O2 Oxidising and Reducing nature

1
H 2O21  H 2 O 2  O20
Ans:- 2
H 2O2 can under goes oxidation and reduction hence I can act as .

Oxidising agent: - PbS  4 H 2O2  PbSO4  4 H 2O

Reducing agent:- HOCl  H 2O2  HCl  H 2O  O2

3. Define Soft and Hard Water. Explan a) Ion-Exchange b) Calgon Method.

Ans: Soft water:- Water which gives good lather with soap
Hard Water: Water which does not give lather with soap.

a) Ion -Exchange Method: Zeolite or Permutit method.

Zeolite is hydrated sodium aiuminium ortho silicate. Na2 Al2 Si2O8 .xH 2O  Na2 Z
Na2 Z  Ca 2  CaZ  2 Na
( aqueous )

b) CalogenMethod:-Calgon is Sodium Hexameta phosphate

Na6 P6O18
Na2  Na4 P6O18   2Ca 2  Na2 CO2 P6O18   4 Na 
Aqueous aqueous
 4. Explain Electron deficient, Precise and Rich Hydrides.
a) Electron deficient: - Formed by group-13 elements. Having less than octet electrons

around the central atom. Ex- B2 H 6

b) Electron Precise:- Formed by group-14 elements. Having exactly 8 electrons around the

central atom. Ex- CH 4

c) Electron Rich: formed by group -15 , group 16 and group 17 elements having lone pairs
 , HF :
on central atoms. Ex- NH 3 , H 2 O
 

5) Utility of Hydrogen as a fuel

Ans:- a) Hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel.

b) Hydrogen is used in coal gas and water gas.

c) Hydrogen is used in oxy-hydrogen torch for welding of metals

d) Hydrogen fuel cells are used to generate electricity .

 S-Block Elemets

1. Properties of Washing Soda

Ans:-

(a) Deca hydrated Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 .10H2O Washing Soda

(b) It is a white crystalline solid and soluble in water

(c) In water it gives a basic solution

NaCO
2 3 HO
2 NaHCO3 NaOH

(d) on Heating it loses water molecules

Na2CO3.10H2O 
375K
9H2O
Na2CO3.H2O
375K
H2O
Na2CO3
Soda ash
2. What do you know about castner-kellner process.

Ans. (a) used to prepare caustic soda- NaOH

(b)Electrolysis of Brine Solution between Mercury cathode and graphite anode gives
NaOH

2NaCl 
H 2O
 2Na  2Cl 
 
At anode:- 2Cl  Cl2  2e
 
At Cathode:- 2 Na  2e  Hg  Na2 Hg (Sodium amalgum)

Na2 Hg  2H2O  2NaOH  H2  Hg

Caustic soda

3. Preparation of Na2CO3 by Solvay Process (Ammonia-Soda)

Ans:-

Required Chemicals are NH 3 , Brine Solution, CaCO3

Principle: - NH 3  CO2  H 2O  NH 4 .HCO3

NH 4 .HCO3  NaCl  Na.HCO3   NH 4Cl

Sodium bicarbonate


2NaHCO3   Na2CO3  H 2O  CO2
    2
4. Biological Importance of N a , K , M g and C a ions.

Ans. Na :-

 Transmission of Nerve Signals

 Regulate flow of water into the cells.

K  :-

 Activate Enzymes
 Transmission of Nerve Signals

Mg  :-

 A Co-Factor for enzymes in ATP transformation

 Present in Chlorophyll a green pigment in plants .

Ca 2 :-
2
 99% of Ca present in Bones and teeth
 Regulate heart beating.
 Group -13 Elements

1. Explain Borax bead test with suitable example

Ans. a) Borax is deca hydrated sodium tetraborate , Na2 B4O7 .10H 2O

b) Borax on heating modifies into a glass like substance called as Borax bead Or Borax
glass.

c) Which is used to detect Basic radicals or metal ions in qualitative analysis

Na2 B4O7 10 H 2O 

 2 NaBO2  B2O3
Example: borax glass

B2O3  CoO  Co  BO2 2

Cobalt oxide
Blue bead (Cobalt Meta borate)

2. Explain Structure of Diborane

Ans. B2 H 6 is known as diborane, which is an electron deficient

● In Diborane four terminal B- H bonds and two B-H-B bridge bondsare

present

● In Diborane, Boron -sp3 Hybridisation

● Bridge bonds are 3 centred -2 electron bonds, known as Banana bonds or

Tau bonds.

3. Two Preparation methods of diborane

Ans:-
a) BF3 reduced with NaH
2 BF3  6 NaH  B2 H 6  6 NaF
b) Sodium Borohydride oxidized with I2
2 NaBH 4  I 2  B2 H 6  2 NaI  H 2
4. How does diborane reacts with (a) H 2O (b) CO (c) N  CH 3 3 (d) NH 3
Ans:-
B2 H6  6H2O  2H3 BO3  6H2
(a) OrthoboricAcid

B2H6  2CO 2 BH3 CO

(b) Coordinated Pr oduct

B2 H6  2N  CH3 3 

 2  CH3 3 N  BH3 
(c) Coordinated Pr oduct

0
(d ) 3B2 H 6  2 NH 3 
200 C
 2 B3 N3 H 6  12 H 2
Borazine or Borazole
 Group -14 Elements
1. Explain the differences between Diamond and Graphite

Diamond Graphite

1 In DiamondC-sp3 1 In Graphite c-sp2

2 Has 3d- covalent network solid 2 Has 2d-hexagonal layer lattice

structure structure

3 Hardest Material 3 Soft Material

4 Bad Conductor of electricty 4 Good Conductor of electricity

2. Explain (a) Allotropy (b) Inert Pair effect (c) Catenation

(a) Allotropy:- The phenomenon of existence of an element in two or more different physical
form
Example: Diamond, Graphite are allotropes of carbon
(b) Inert Pair effect: - The non participating nature of s-electrons in bond formation is known
as inert pair effect.
Example : Tl+1 is more stable than Tl+3 oxidation state.
(c) Catenation:- Self linking of atoms of same element to form long chains or rings called as
catenation Example :- Carbon shows or rings called as catenation Example : Carbon Shows
highest catenation capacity.

3. Short Notes of Silicates and Silicones

4
(a) Silicates :- Silicates are the minerals with SiO4 basic unit
Glass and cement are man made silicates

(b) Silicones :- Organo silicon polymers with R2Sio-repeating units called as silicones.
Silicone polymers are used in painting of Rockets and Insulation Cables.
 Organic Chemistry
1. Geometrical Isomerism. Explain with 2-Butene

Ans:- Isomers with same molecular formulae, but differ in the spatial arrangement of groups
around the doublebonded carbon atoms called as geometrical Isomers

Example : and
Cis-But-2-ene Trans-But-2-ene

When similar groups present at same side of the doublebonded carbon atoms

Cis isomer

When similar groups present at opposite side of the doublebonded carbon atoms Trans
isomer
2. Explain positional and functional group isomerism with two examples.

Ans:-

(A) Positional Isomerism:– Isomers in which differ in the position of subsequent or FG or

Multiple bonds called as positional isomers.

Example

(i)

(ii)

3. Complete the following reactions. Name the products A, B and C

(i)
Ans:- A- 1,2-dibromoethane

B- acetylene
C- 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane.
(ii)

A- Acetylene
B- Benzene
C- Methyl Benzene or toluene

[Link] following named reactions

(a) Wurtz Reaction (b) Decarboxylation (c) Ozonolysis

(a) Wurtz Reaction: Product of Methyl Chloride with sodium metal to form Ethane

2CH 3Cl  2 Na 

DryEther
 CH 3  CH 3  2 NaCl
Methyl Chloride Ethane

(b) Decarboxylation:- Reaction of Sodium Ethanoate with sodalime ( NOOH  CaO ) to form
Methane

CH3COONa  NaOH 
CaO

CH4  Na2CO3
Or

CH3CH2COONa NaOH 
CaO


C2 H6  Na2CO3
[Link] opionate Soda lime Ethane

(c)Ozonalysis: Addition of Ozone O3 to an alkene

 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
STATES OF MATTER

1. What are Isotherms?

2. What are STP conditions ?
3. What is Gram molar volume?
4. Why the gas constant ‘R; is called universal gas constant?
5. Which of the gases diffuses faster among N2, O2 and CH4. Why?
6. How many times methane diffuses faster than sulphurdioxide?
7. Give the relation between the partial pressure of a gas and its mole fraction?
8. What is aqueous tension?
9. What is Boltzmann’s constant?
10. What is RMS Speed?
11. What is compressibility factor?
12. What is Boyle Temperature?
13. Why Pressure Cooker is used is used for cooking food on hills?
14. What is critical Temperature? Give its value for CO2.
15. What is surface tension?
16. What is coefficient of Viscosity? Give its Units.
17. Calculate Kinetic energy of 5 moles of nitrogen at 270C?
18. State Boyles law. Give its mathematical Expression?
19. What are Isochores?
20. What is Laminar flow of a liquid?
21. Find the RMS speed of N2 at 270C.
22. Write the effect of temperature on surface tension and viscosity. Give reason to that.

STOICHIOMETRY

1. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species.
(a) C3O2 (b) H4P2O7 (c)H2S4O6 (d) Fe3O4 (e) CaO2 (f) NaBH4 (g)
H2S2O7
2
(h] KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (i)KMnO4 (j) MnO4 (k) H 2O2
2. How many number of moles of glucose are present in 540 grams of glucose?
3. Calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of sodium carbonate.
7
4. Calculate the number of molecules present in 1.12 10 cc of a gas at STP(c.c-cubic
centimeter =cm3).
5. What is a redox concept? Give an example.
6. What do you mean by significant figures?
7. The empirical formula of compound is CH2O . Its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the
molecular formula of the compound.
8. What are the disproportionation reactions? Give examples.
9. What are comproportionationreaction ? Give examples.
10. What volume of CO2 is obtained at STP by heating 4 grams of CaCO3?
11. How many significant figures are present in the following?
(a) 0.0025 (b) 208 (c) 5005 (d) 126.000 (e) 500.0 (f) 2.0034
12. Round up the following up to three significant figures.
(a) 34.216 (b) 10.4107 (c) 0.04597 (d) 2808
13. What volume of H2 at STP is required to completely burn 100 ml of acetylene.
14. Calculate the volume of O2 at STP required to completely burn 100 ml of acetylene
2
15. Calculate the equivalent weights of Cr2O7 in Acid medium.
16. Calculate the oxidation number to the under lined elements
(a)H2S2O5 (b)H2S2O8 (c) Cr O5 (d) Br3O8 (e) K2MnO4(f)NaH2PO4
17. A Solution is prepared by adding 2 grams of a substance A to 10 grams of water. Calculate
the mass percent of the solute,
18. Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving 4 gm in enough
water to form 250 ml of the solution.
19. Define Weight percentage
20. Define Molarity, Molality and Mole fraction
21. Calculate the equivalent weights of the following
(a) H 2 SO4 (b) NaOH (c) Na2CO3 (d) K 2Cr2O7

22. How many numbers of CaCO3 moles present in 200 grams of CaCO3?
2
23. Calculate the oxidation number of ‘Cr’ in K2Cr2O7 or Cr2O7 .

THERMODYNAMICS

1. Define a system. Give an example

2. No heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings, but work (w) s done on the
system. What type of wall does the system have ?
3. State the first law of the thermodynamics.
4. What are the intensive and extensive properties?
5. Give the equation that gives the relationship between U and H
6. Is increase if entropy the criterion for spontaneity. Why?
7. Explain the relation ship between Gibbs energy Change and equilibrium constant
8. Enthalpy of combustion of carbon to CO2 is -393.5 kJ mol-1. Calculate the heat released
upon formation of 35.2 g of CO2 from carbon and dioxygen gas.
1
9. Given N 2( g )  3H 2( g )  2 NH 3( g ) ; H  92.4 kJ mol
0

What is the standard enthalpy of formation of NH3 gas?

10. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH3OH(l) from the following data.
3
CH 3OH (l )  O2( g )  CO2( g )  2 H 2O( l ) ; H 0  726 kJ mol 1
2
C( g )  O2( g )  CO2( g ) : H 0  393 kJ mol 1
H 2( g )  O2( g )  H 2O( l ) : H 0  286 kJ mol 1
11. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10. What will be the value of  G?
R  8.314 JK 1mol 1 , T  300 K
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS & BASES

1. What is Homogeneous equilibrium? Write two homogeneous reactions.

2. What is heterogeneous equilibrium? Write two heterogeneous reactions.
3. Define equilibrium constant.
4. Write the relation between K P and K C with an example.
5. Give two chemical equilibrium reactions for which K P  KC .
6. What is conjugate Acid- Base pair? Give example.
7. What is the value of KW ? What are its units?
8. All Bronsted bases are Lewis bases explain.
9. All Lewis acids are not Bronsted acids. Why?
10. Give two examples of salts whose aqueous solutions are basic.
11. Give two examples of salts whose aqueous solutions are acidic.
12. Calculate the pH of 0.05 M NaOH solution.
13. Calculate the pH of 0.1 M HCl Solution.
14. Find the pH of 0.05 M Ba(OH ) 2 aqueous solution.
15. Calculate the pH of 10-8 M HCl solution?
16. Calculate the pH of 10-8 M NaOH solution?
17. What is degree of ionization?
18. What are Lewis acid and base? Give suitable example.
19. The concentration of hydrogen ion in a simple of soft drink is 3.8 10 M what is its pH .
3

Hydrogen and its compounds

1. Name the isotopes of hydrogen. What is the ratio of the masses of these isotopes?
2. Why is dihydrogen used in welding high melting metals?
3. Explain the term “SYNGAS”
4. What is meant by coal gasification? Explain with relevant, Balanced equation>
5. What do you mean by autoprotolysis? Give the equation to represent the auto protolysis
of water.
6. Water behaves as an amphoteric substance in the Bronsted sence. How do you explain?
7. Mention any three uses of H2O2
8. Why H2O has a higher B.P than H2S
9. What is Perhydrol and hyperol?
10. Calculate the strength of 10 volume solution of H2O2?
11. How many hydrogen bonded water molecules are associated in CuSO4.5H2O?
12. Define the term Hydride. How are they Classified ?

ALKALI and ALKALINE earth Metals (S-Block Elements)

1. Write completely the electronic configuration of K and Rb.

2. Lithium reacts with water less vigorously than sodium. Give your reasons.
3. Explain the biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium
4. Write a balanced equation for the formation of ammoniated II A metal ions from the
metals in liquid ammonia
5. Describe the importance of Plaster of Paris
6. Write the average composition of Portland cement.
7. Describe the important uses of Caustic soda.
8. Describe the important uses of Sodium carbonate.
9. Describe the important uses of quick lime
10. Why are alkali metals not found in the free state in nature
11. Which is called milk of magnesia? Give its uses.
12. Write the properties of washing soda.
13. Why are IA group elements called alkali metals?
14. Why is Gypsum added to cement?
15. What happens. When Calcium nitrate is strongly heater?
16. Give two uses of (i) Lithium (ii) Sodium
17. Why KO2 is paramagnetic and calculate oxidation state of K?
18. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal hydroxides in water increases down the
group?
19. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water
decreases down the group?
20. Why does potassium carbonate can’t be prepared in solvay process?

GROUP-13 ELEMENTS

1. How do you explain higher stability of TlClthanTl Cl3

2. Is boric acid a protic acid? Explain
3. Explain Inert pair effect
4. What is the hybridization of B in diborane and borazine?
5. Give the formula of Borazine. What is its common name ?
6. Give the formula of (a) Borax (b) Colemanite
7. Sketch the structure of orthoboric acid.
8. Write the structure of AlCl3 as dimer.
3
9. Boron is unable to form BF6 ion – explain?
10. White fumes appear around the bottle neck of anhydrous AlCl3 Give reason.
11. Al react with dil HNO3 but not with concentrated HNO3. Why?
12. Give two uses of Aluminium ?
13. Metal bodies having B10 are used as protective shield. Why?
14. What happened when boric acid is heated?
15. Explain why atomic radius of Ga is less than that of Al .

GROUP-14 ELEMENTS

1. Why is CO poisonous?
2. What is allotropy/ Give the crystalline allotropes of carbon.
3. How does graphite function as a lubricant
4. Graphite is a good conductor -explain
5. Diamond has high melting point -explain
6. Write the uses of ZSM-5
7. C-C bond length in graphite is shorter than C-C bond length in diamond. – Explain.
8. Diamond is used as precious stone -explain
2 2
9. SiF6 Is known while SiF6 is not -explain
10. Name any two man made silicates
11. How is water gas or blue gas prepared?
12. How is producer gas prepared?
13. What is use of Dry ice?
14. Give the use of CO2 in photosynthesis?
15. Write the hybridization of carbon in the following (a) CO2 (b) Diamond (c) Graphite (d)
Fullerene
16. CCl4 is not dissolved in water, but SiCl4 dissolves why? Give reason
17. Give four uses of CO2
18. What are the metal carbonyls?
19. Explain the structure of silica?
20. SiO2 is solid while CO2 is gas explain.
21. Write any four uses of CO2 gas?

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

1. What is chemical oxygen demand (COD)?

2. (a) What is Bio-Chemical oxygen demand (BOD) ?
(b) Give the possible BOD values for clean water and polluted water.
3. Define Receptor
4. Name the major particulate pollutants present in troposphere.
5. (a) What is green house effect? It is caused by …. and …… gases
(a) Mention the harmful effect caused by Global warming

6. Which oxides cause acid rain? And what is its pH value?

7. Name two adverse effects caused by acid rains
8. (a) What is classical smog? And What is its chemical character (Oxidizing reducing)
(b) What is photo chemical smog? And what is its chemical character (oxidizing reducing)
9. What is PAN ? What effect is caused by it ?
10. How is ozone formed in the stratosphere?
11. Give the chemical equations involved in the ozone depletion by CF2Cl2
12. What is ozone hole? Where was it first observed?
13. Name three industrial chemicals that pollute water.
14. What agrochemicals are responsible for water pollution?
15. Define the terms sink & TLV
16. What is pollutant, contaminant, speciation?
17. Mention the harmful effect caused due to depletion of ozone layer.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. Write the reagents required for conservation of bezene to methyl benzene.

2. How is nitrobenzene prepared?
3. Write the conformations of ethane.
4. Write the structures of : Trichloro ethanoic acid, Neopentane, P-Nitro benzaldehyde
5. Discuss Lassaigne’s test
6. Explain the principle of Chromatography.
7. Explain the following
(a) Crystallizations (b) Distillation (c) Steam Distillation (d) Distillation under
reduced pressure
8. How is ethylene prepared from ethyl alcohol? Write the reaction.
9. What is the product formed when sodium propionate is heated with soda lime.
10. What is dehydrohalogenation? Write the equation for the formation of alkene from alkyl
halide.
11. Write the IUPAC Names of

(a) CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  CH  CH 2 (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

12. Write the structural formula of the given compounds

(a) 3, 4, 4,5  Tetramethyl heptane (b) 2  Methyl  1  butene
13. Write a short notes on (a) Wurtz reaction (b) Fidel Craft alkylation (c) Fridel Craft
Acylation
14. What is the type of hybridization of each carbon in the following compound?
HC  C  CH  CH 2
15. Write the following reaction with equation? Polymerization of ethylene?
16. Write the functional isomers of organic compound. C2 H 6O .