Economics Vacation HW

I. Very Short Answer Type

1. The development goal of rural people in India is to have better employment
opportunities, access to quality education and healthcare, improved
infrastructure (such as roads, electricity, and clean water), and higher income
to ensure a better standard of living.

2. The most common indicator for measuring economic development of a country is

per capita income (average income per person).

3. According to the World Bank (2004), countries with per capita income of US
$735 or less per year are classified as low-income countries. For example,
India was classified as a low-income country.

4. The Middle East region has the highest crude oil reserves in the world.

5. People look at a mix of goals for development because development is a

multi-dimensional concept. Different people value different things such as
income, security, freedom, equal treatment, and respect. Therefore, a
combination of goals is necessary for overall well-being.

6. We can ensure sustainability of development by using natural resources

judiciously and promoting practices like afforestation, renewable energy, and
recycling to protect the environment for future generations.

7. Mahatma Gandhi said these words. The statement means that the Earth has
sufficient resources to meet everyone’s basic needs, but if people become
greedy and overexploit resources, there will not be enough for all, leading to
scarcity and inequality.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
Two measures to ensure sustainable development:

 Use renewable resources (like solar and wind energy) instead of non-
renewable resources.
 Promote afforestation and conservation of forests to maintain ecological
balance.

2. Development means improvement in the quality of life of people, including

economic growth, social progress, and better living standards.
Two aspects of development:
  Economic Development: Increase in income, production, and employment.
 Social Development: Improvement in education, health, equality, and
freedom.

3. The quality of life depends on several factors such as:

 Income and employment

 Access to health care and education
 Availability of clean drinking water and sanitation
 Housing and infrastructure
 Social equality and security
 Environmental quality

4. This means that some essential things for a good life, like clean air, a
pollution-free environment, peace, and friendship, cannot be bought with money.
Example: Even a rich person cannot buy fresh air if the environment is
polluted, or good health if there are no proper health facilities available.

5. People have conflicting goals because what may be development for one person
could be destruction for another.
Example: A factory owner may want to build a factory to earn more profits, but
local farmers may oppose it as it could lead to pollution and loss of
agricultural land.
Urban development may benefit city dwellers but may displace rural communities.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

1. Per capita income is not an adequate indicator because:
It does not show income distribution; a few rich people can raise the average
while most remain poor.
It ignores non-monetary aspects like health, education, and equality.
It does not reflect regional disparities within a country.
It does not consider environmental sustainability.
It overlooks social and political factors such as freedom, security, and
justice.
Therefore, other indicators like literacy rate, life expectancy, and Human
Development Index (HDI) are also important.

2. The main criterion used by the World Bank is per capita income.
Limitation:
It does not account for income inequality, quality of life, or access to basic
facilities.
It ignores important aspects like health, education, and environmental
sustainability.
It can be misleading as it averages out the income, hiding disparities among
different groups.

3. Sustainability is important because:

Unplanned development can exhaust natural resources, leaving nothing for future
generations.
It can cause environmental degradation, affecting health and livelihoods.
Sustainable development ensures that economic growth does not harm the
environment or society.
It maintains ecological balance and supports long-term prosperity for all.
Thus, development should be planned in a way that meets present needs without
compromising the future.
Geography Vacation HW
I. Very Short Answer Type
1. Human beings play a vital role in the development of resources as they
identify, utilize, and develop natural substances into resources through their
knowledge, skills, and technology.

2. Potential resources are those resources which are found in a region but have
not yet been utilized. For example, the solar energy in Rajasthan and wind
energy in Gujarat.

3. Community owned resources are those which are accessible to all the members
of the community. For example, village ponds, public parks, and grazing
grounds.

4. Agenda 21 was a declaration signed at the Earth Summit in 1992 at Rio de

Janeiro. It aimed at achieving sustainable development in the 21st century by
combating environmental damage, poverty, and disease through global
cooperation.

5.
Banger Khadar

Older alluvial soil Newer alluvial soil

Less fertile More fertile
Contains kankar (calcareous Does not contain kankar
deposits) Found near river
Found away from river Light in colour
Dark in colour

6.
Gully erosion: The removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water
runoff, forming deep channels called gullies.
Bad land: Land that has become unfit for cultivation due to soil erosion,
especially by gully erosion.
Sheet erosion: The removal of thin layers of soil from large areas by running
water.
Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines of a hill to reduce soil
erosion.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

1. Soil is essential for agriculture, which provides food, fiber, and raw
materials. It supports plant growth, maintains ecological balance, and is
crucial for the survival of living organisms.
2. We need to conserve resources to ensure their availability for future
generations, maintain ecological balance, and prevent environmental degradation
caused by over-exploitation.

3. Black in colour, also called Regur soil.

Rich in clay and moisture-retaining capacity.
Ideal for cotton cultivation.
Contains calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.
Develops cracks in hot weather, which helps in aeration.

4. Nature provides raw materials.

Technology helps in harnessing and utilizing resources.
Institutions (government, society) regulate and manage resource use.
Diagram:

5. Land resources are used for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry,

mining, human settlements, industries, and infrastructure development.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

[Link] Resources: Found in a region but not yet utilized (e.g., wind
energy in Rajasthan).
Developed Resources: Surveyed and their quantity and quality determined for use
(e.g., coal in India).
Stock: Materials in the environment that have potential to satisfy human needs
but humans do not have the technology to access them (e.g., water as a resource
for hydrogen fuel).
Reserves: Subset of stock that can be used with existing technology but are
kept for future use (e.g., water in dams).

[Link] and proper management of grazing.

Planting shelter belts of plants.
Control of mining activities.
Proper disposal of industrial waste.
Terrace and contour ploughing in hilly areas.

3. Sandy texture and low moisture content.

High salt content.
Lack of humus and organic matter.
Pale brown to yellow in colour.
Poor in fertility but can be improved with irrigation.

4. No, resources are not free gifts of nature. They become resources only when
humans recognize their utility and develop them using technology and
institutions. Their value increases with human effort, planning, and
management.
History Vacation HW (*For MCQ only write option)
Eg- 1)a-Metternich
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1) a) Metternich

2)b) Berne

3) a) Conservatives

4) b) Conservative

5) b) Liberty

6) d) All of the above

7) b) France

8) d) Genoa

9) c) Options (a) and (b)

10) c) Options (a) & (b)

I. Very Short Answer Type

11) The main aim was to oppose monarchical governments established after the
Congress of Vienna and to establish nation-states based on the principles of
liberty and equality.

12) The main aim of liberalism was to ensure individual freedom, equality
before law, and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of
goods and capital.

13)The Treaty of Vienna aimed to restore the monarchies overthrown by Napoleon

and to reestablish conservative order in Europe.

14)To create nation-states and end autocratic rule, promoting liberal and
nationalist ideas.
15)Liberalism meant freedom for the individual, equality before the law,
representative government, and free markets.

II. Short Answer Type Questions

16) Female figures were used by artists to personify nations. For example,
Marianne represented France and Germania represented Germany. These figures
symbolized liberty, justice, and the nation itself, often depicted with
national symbols like the tricolor or crown.

17) Artists depicted nations as female allegories to create a visual

representation of national ideals. These allegories embodied virtues such as
liberty, bravery, and the spirit of the nation, making the abstract idea of the
nation more relatable to the people.

18) By the late 19th century, nationalism became associated with imperialism
and militarism. For example, in Germany and Italy, unification was achieved
through wars and conservative policies rather than liberal democratic ideals.
Nationalist movements also began to exclude minorities and promote aggressive
expansion.

19) Economic nationalism promoted the removal of trade barriers and the
creation of unified national markets. This fostered economic integration and
cooperation among people of the same nation, strengthening the sense of
national unity and identity.

20) The female allegory for France was Marianne. Two features:
She wore a red cap, symbolizing liberty.
She was often depicted with the tricolor, representing the French nation.

III. Long Answer Type Questions

21)The population increased rapidly, but jobs did not grow at the same pace,
causing unemployment.
Food shortages led to high prices and widespread hunger.
Peasants suffered due to feudal dues and high taxes.
Small producers faced competition from cheap imported goods, leading to loss of
livelihood.
These hardships led to social unrest and revolts in many parts of Europe.

22)Language: Polish clergy promoted Polish language in resistance to Russian

rule.
Romanticism: Artists and poets glorified national history and folk culture,
inspiring unity.
Folk traditions: Folk songs, dances, and poetry became symbols of national
identity and resistance.

24) Introduced the idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the
citizen).
Adopted a new French flag to replace the royal standard.
Composed new hymns, took oaths, and commemorated martyrs.
Standardized French as the national language, replacing regional dialects.
Abolished internal customs duties and introduced uniform laws and measures.