14/07/2022
AGRICULTURAL POWER AND
TRACTOR OPERATION
JVFabula and EVSicat
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
AGRICULTURAL POWER
(Part IV)
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
1
14/07/2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
Fundamental physical terms:
Mass – a quantity of matter a body contains irrespective of the kind of material
of which it is composed (g, Kg, or lb)
Inertia – property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to remain at rest or
continue in motion in a straight line.
Momentum - a term applied to a body in motion, it is the product of its mass
and velocity at any instant.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
Fundamental physical terms:
Force – is an action, exerted upon a body, that changes or tends to change its
natural state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.
Work – if a force is applied to a body changing its state of motion or if it is in
motion, its rate or direction of travel is changed – then work is done. (kg-m, ft-lb)
Energy – the energy possessed by a body is defined by its capacity for doing
work.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
2
14/07/2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
Fundamental physical terms:
Potential energy – energy possessed by virtue of its position. (kg-m, ft-lb)
Kinetic energy – energy possessed by virtue of its motion.
Kinetic Energy = WV2/2g
where: W = weight of body
V = velocity
g = acceleration of a free falling body
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
Fundamental physical terms:
Torque – a turning or twisting effort or action.
Power - rate at which work is done (ft-lb/min, kg-m/min)
Horsepower - a unit of measurement of power (English) equal to doing work at
the rate of 33,000 ft-lb/min or 550 ft-lb/sec
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
3
14/07/2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
Relation Between Mechanical and Electric Power Units
Electrical work (joules) – amount of work done by a current of 1 ampere
flowing for 1 second under a pressure of 1 volt.
joules = 1 volt x 1amp x 1 sec
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
Electric Power (Watt) – electrical work (joules) per unit time (sec)
Electric power, Watts = joules/sec
= amp x volt x sec/sec
= amp x volt
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
4
14/07/2022
Power and Its Measurement, Fuel
Consumption and Engine Efficiency
It has been found that if mechanical work is done at the rate of 1 ft-lb/sec, then
1.356 W of electric power will be required to do the same;
1 ft-lb/sec = 1.356W; if 1hp = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 hp = 550 x 1.356W
1 hp = 746 W
1 kW = 1.35 hp
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
Horsepower (Hp) of Engines
Indicated Hp (ihp) – the power generated in the cylinder and received by the
piston.
ihp = PLANn/ (33,000 x2) – 4 SCE
ihp = PLANn/(33,000) – 2SCE
where: P = mean effective pressure, psi
L = length of piston stroke, ft
A = area of cylinder, sq. in.
N = rpm
n = number of cylinders
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
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14/07/2022
Horsepower (Hp) of Engines
Belt or Brake Hp (Bhp) – is power generated in the belt pulley and available
for useful work.
Hp = (force on scale due to friction only (lb) x
2π 𝑟 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑟𝑝𝑚)/33000
hp = (net load (lb) x lba (ft) x 2π rpm)/33000
Friction Hp (fhp) – power the engine consumes in operating itself at a given
speed without any load.
ihp – bhp = fhp
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
Horsepower (Hp) of Engines
Drawbar Hp – the power developed at the hitch or drawbar and available for
pulling, dragging or similar efforts.
hp = (average pull (lb) x rate of travel (ft/min))/33,000
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
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ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Mechanical Efficiency – it is the ratio of the brake horsepower to its indicated
horsepower. Usual mechanical efficiency of ICE varies from 75 to 90 percent
depending upon the load, speed and other factors.
Mech’l Effcy (%) = bhp/ihp x 100
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
The principal factors affecting the mechanical efficiency of an engine are the
losses due to friction in the moving parts such as crankshaft, connecting rod
bearings, piston, cylinders, valve mechanism, cooling fan and pump, losses
involved in the induction of fuel mixture and the exhaust of the residue.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
7
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ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Volumetric Efficiency – refers to the relationship of the quantity of fuel mixture
actually drawn into the cylinder by the piston on the intake stroke and producing
power to the actual volume of space displaced by the piston on this stroke.
Usual range is 75 to 85%.
.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Factors affecting volumetric efficiency:
1) Atmospheric pressure and temperature
2) Manifold design (length, size, smoothness)
3) Intake manifold temperature
4) Air filter design and operation
5) Fuel characteristics
6) Piston speed
7) Compression ratio
8) Valve size, opening and timing
9) Engine operating temperature
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
8
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ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Methods to increase volumetric efficiency
1) The use of supercharger
2) Use of multi-barrel carburetors
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal Efficiency – is the ratio of the output in the form of useful mechanical
power to the power value of the fuel consumed.
Thermal Efficiency, % = (bhp/power value of fuel) x 100
output (1hp = 42.42BTU/min = 2545BTU/hr)
input (gasoline = 20,000BTU/lb)
(diesel = 19,000BTU/lb)
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
9
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ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Torque – the turning or twisting effort developed through the engine crankshaft
and applied to the belt pulley or power transmitting mechanism.
Torque varies considerably with engine speed and falls off appreciably at high
speeds. This is probably due to less effective fuel-mixture induction and
reduced volumetric efficiency. Diesel torque is higher and somewhat more
uniform than spark ignition engines. This explain the better lugging
characteristics of diesel engines.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Factors affecting fuel consumption and efficiency:
1. Normal operating compression pressure
2. Operating load: light, medium, heavy
3. Mechanical condition:
a. ignition correctly timed
b. valves correctly timed
c. fuel mixture properly adjusted
d. piston rings and cylinder not badly worn
e. bearing properly adjusted
f. properly lubricated
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
10
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ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Compression and Efficiency
“the greater the compression pressure, the higher the thermal efficiency”
➢in gasoline engines – too high compression causes detonation of the fuel
mixture.
➢diesel engines – “applicable” hence this is more efficient than gas engines.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
ENGINE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Effect of Load on Efficiency
➢ engine operating at a very light load will use more fuel per horsepower-hour.
➢ as the load increases, the fuel consumption decreases until at about nine-
tenths of the maximum power developed by the engine, it gives the most
economical results.
Use engine that fits the job. That is a 20hp engine should not be used to
operate a machine requiring only 5hp. Also, it is not a good practice to use an
engine too small and will be overloaded.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
11
14/07/2022
END OF PART IV
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
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