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There are techniques that are able to detect the minerals even at a very low
concentration (10·• g/ ml)
In addition to the 17 essential elements, beneficial elements: sodium, silicon,
cobalt and selenium are required by higher plants
supply of an essential element becomes limited, plant growth is retarded
D o
mineral Ion concentration in tissues that reduces the dry weight of tissues by
about 10 per cent is considered toxic
nitrogenase which is capable of nitrogen reduction is present exclusively in 00
Prokarvotes
microbe Frankia, produces nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of non- ~ -e E.) lJ. CJ C) 61,, ,. •
q vrt 1111v.;tyCA,(1'11')
• IT
I I
v ,O 0C)(:) ·1
leguminous plants -Alnus
leguminous haemoglobin or leg-haemoglobin: makes the _nodules pink
nodule contains all the necessary biochemical component~, such as the enzyme
nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin (\_ '<.;,'\.., A
enzyme nitrogenase is a Mo-Fe protein \\ "'-.,:(
ammonia: first stable product of nitrogen fixation.,_ \I. _,I)
enzyme nitrogenase is highly sensitive to the'moleculJlr,oxygen; it req lifr,es
anaerobic conditions -.....~_\\
amides contain more nitrogen than the'a[J ino acicf~
transported to other parts of the plant Jia xylem vesse~-.._
'O
along with the transpiration stream i~ nodu]v ~ nts (e.g., soyabean)
export the fixed nitrogen as u~ ' . .
have high nitrogen to carbon ra ·10 . .

Scientist-
"~"' ~,
';';'.~, ~ \\
.....
Julius von Sachs
~- ' demonstrated, for the first time, that plants

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' ' l\i~~lf,J
coul'd be grown to maturity in a defined

....... ,~.-.. ~
\
nutrient solution in complete absence of
soil .

,i:e._ Why it is important

Julius von Sachs demonstrated, for the first
time, that plants could be grown to maturity

'
in a defined nutrient solution in complete
absence of soil.

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PHOTOSYNJ:HESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
Photo~~esis: physio-chemical process by which they use light energy to drive the
synthesis of organic compounds
Importance of photo synthesis:
• responsible for the release of oxygen into the atmosphere by green plants
• primary source of all food on earth
The empirical equation representing the total process of photosynthesis:

-,
-~..#' . Light ~- , . _;
4pf>• cq~ +ti~o ,t.,. , relj~OJ+ 02
In green plants H20 is the hydrogen donor and is oxidised to 02
02 evolved by the green plant comes from H20, not from carbon dioxide
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12H O Light
Process
,. es1sis
J = ~ = = =D
= te:~ a 6C02+ 2
4C6Ji1206+6
hOtosvnthesis: ~O+eo
.,adon of P align themselves along the walls Of 2
LIi'" plasts the
. chloro ·ncident light niesophyll ce11 .0
/ the I lear division of labour within the chi s. Ptilllu..1
0 e is a c oropl " qua .
rher brane system is responsible for trap . ast: ntity
roern • ping the I'
rhe . of ATP and NADPH - hght Reaction ( h ight ener
synthesis P otochem·1ca1 regy an
dn·ven . enzvrnatic reactions
. synthesise sugar h'
stror11 3 • . , w 1ch i
. ns (carbon reactions): not directly light d . ntur(lifo
r- ~d cts of light reactions (ATP and NADPH) n~b ut are
~u
~-
fJiperirTlent Outcomes..
starehformation in two leaves - a ~ test1n. th"' ,•- •
van·egated leaf or a leaf that was partially C \st~ c·h.~twas
'·,. g ea1eaves•f<lr•he
cl,.,., '.:.J Presence 0r
covered with black paper, and exposed to ~O ccu'rr~
:-i1i. "\. onlvmtr,
_e~ ihat photo""' .,,,thes1s
.
light . ...._, le~\i~s in life r ..,ei reenpartsofthe
f is enclosed in a test tube containing:;,..,.., ,the', Pes~nceoflight
lea KOH soaked cotton (which·absorbs "' "" . exposed part 01
some r...,
o·r·s,1arc
-, hwhile
. th the leaf. tested pos,.1ve
,.

" " ' '"" if ,

. ,~ ..,,
CO2 ), while the other half._is exposed't:o tub"e "'t '- eportion that wasinth
ested negat' e
air. The setup is then placed'ii lighl\for . h hive
sometime ("'...... " ' \.'I. ~ - showed! atC02 wasrequiredfor

~'"'
· . \ P otosynthes~

Scientist /Y~ ..., \\v , Importance

Joseph Priestl€y (1733·18041 in performed aseries of experiments
'
', ,,, 'Ir.

'
that revealed the essential role of
..... air in the growth of green plants

~,
discovered oxygen in 1774
observed that acandle burning in a
closed space - abell jar, soon gets
extinguished
a mouse would soon suffocate in a
closed space
concluded that aburning candle or
an animal that breathe the air, both
somehow, damage the air
Plants restore to the airwhatever
breathing animals and burning
candles remove
Jan Ing h;::~;::-:~-------+------;-;:::-.;:: t paspristley
en ousz (1730-1799) Usedsamese u. . ntialto
showed that sunlight is ess\ w
cess that some o
the plant pro f led by burnilli
purifies the air animals
candles or breat in .

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 Page:_
in an experiment with an aquatic
plant showed that In bright sunlight,
small bubbles were formed around
the green parts while in the dark
they did not
found these bubbles to be of
oxygen
showed that it is only the green part
of the plants that could release
oxygen
provided evidence for production of fLTP
Jullus von Sachs In 1854 glucose whel) pla nts grow
- -ii~Y_._P_ __ __
j'
showed tha,t the green substance in
plants (chloroP.J:lYII ~s•we know it
now) is locilted' in' sp( cial bodies
(lt te~_called k ~_loroplc\Sts) with in
4l_P~ant £Elll~..
., . ~ ..._,~ ~
- fo."und ttfa'ttj,e ·green pYsin plants

"·"
the gluc2.~
...,~
is whi;re glucos~ ~1 made, and that
is usually stored as
~ starch ~ C-
T.W Engelmann (1843-1909) j~ - " U#D.g.a .9~~m he split light into its
spec:v_al components and then
illuminated a green alga,

l1~
,
. _c,fodophoro, placed in a suspension
-0f aerobic bacteria
bacteria were used to detect the
sites of 02 evolution
observed that the bacteria
accumulated mainly in the r
•
0
~ blue and red light of the split
.... , spectrum
'- first action spectrum of
({ _~ - -.. __
photosynthesis was thus described
,,.,,Ill.!iadaa1t
. "\:vM -pinete'enth century
~'-,,,. \ )
I · key features of plant
photosynthesis were known
r' ' lius van [lliel (1897-1985) • based on his studies of purple and
green bacteria, demonstrated that
photosynthesis is essentially a light-
dependent reaction in which
~ hydrogen from a suitable oxidisable
compound reduces carbon dioxide
to carbohydrates
Melvin Calvin - use of radioactive 14C by him in algal
photosynthesis studies led to the
discovery that the first CO2 fixation
product was a 3-carbon organic
acid.
• He also contributed to working out

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the complete biosynthetic pathwa.'l!

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. 1w s~C() c~c.) eiackrnan's (1905)

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- -i:.-r, rf. pJGM
ENTS INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS·
. I • d .
Xb,[Link]-. )O,,,b,~-',;Jf&, that we see in eaves 1s ue to four .

.'2T
01our ( . Pigments·
c Chlorophyll a bright or blue green . h ·
--f u
->-o
• int e chr0
, chlorophyll b (yellow green) matogram)
1)e.~~(ot°(h , xanthophylls (yellow) and
u -1 , carotenoids (yellow to yellow-orange)
ts are substances that have an ability t
b
p1gmen . 0 a sorb Ii h A
f the photosynthesis takes place in the bl g t, at specific'
. fof.,.theWavelength sI
roost osynthesis does take place at the other wa ue and red regions

1iA7P 12NAD'+
hoto . . Ve Iength f H. '\ spectru .
PI ophyll fs the maJor pigment responsible fort O
. s the v1sible.,Pect_.,.~ m,some
C3 ch or
I Ophyll b, xanthophylls and carotenoids Which
rapping Ii h ' , rum
g t, other thylaRoid .
ch or ' are,called pigments lik
c 4 ~'3oA1'P 12:t NADPH
absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a access\1 pigmen1s;11lo e
Ht also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxidation
Light Reaction:
CAM 12NADfHt Aka Photochemical phase
Ht include
, light absorption
, water splitting
, oxygen release

• the formation of h~ e_rITT'i he·. ~ ica/ intermediates ATP and NADPH

pigment~ are organi~t't~t~ t~~ cre~ £ i{o'. ~ hemical:
• hght harvest,n~ t . ·.le~_e (bHC)\~lthin the Photosystem 1(PS I)
• Photos~st m ff (PS~ J~ \.)
LHC are made~ ~ ~recl~ f pigm n molecules bound to proteins
photosystem ~:~ttt~e~~ gme~~xcept one molecule of chlorophyll a) forming alight
ha~ ~ item aLs,e,epe~ ennae
· pig~ ts h.1el~ o mak1!-,photosynthesis more efficient by absorbing different wavelengths of
lght. " \ . , / ~ \ \
it,.L~ • • (\
lelJt, .. ·yll a·mole'cule forms the reaction centre
chlorop·h
~ OJ J IthE!'r;eaction centre chlorophyll a has an absorption peak at 700 nm

II C; /
, , , 1

-;;[\; I) / { L
I t
.--
- =r·•'""'"
· P~ s II it has'absorption maxima at 680 nm
ElE~; RON TRANSPORT:
>tem II the re,~;o, ""'" ci>lo,ophvll "''""~•om•""'"" "!"
h f di' ht
O"
t , · • causing
· electrons to become excited and Jump
. .into an orb'tI farther from the atomictnansport
elect rons are picked up by an electron acceptor which . passes them to an electrons r
system co • .
. ,,, ns1st1ng of cytochromes d ct·on or redox potential
.. ,ave"' 'd tion-re u 1
scale .. ,ent of electrons is downhill' in terms of an oxi a
. electro . but are passed
I ctron transport chain,
0 ns are not used up as they pass through the e e
ntothe . h f
· elect Pigrnents of photosystem PS I h they receive red lig t 0
:3 ron · ·t d w en ater
'llav I sin the reaction centre of PS I are also exc, e olecule that has agre
redo
e ength 7 h accepter m
OO nm and are transferred to anot er
xPotential

_CO2. r~ pf{Y) Oo~~wJ~ &: UilL) i

 -

C
- r l
h, 11
ddown . , this time to a molecule of energy.r·ich N.4. Opi-
f eectrons then are Imovectronsre duces NADP+ to NADPH + H+
these e'·seca/led thezscheme, due to its characterstic shape
-~ addition
this wholeofscheme
Dale:_Page:_

-k re moved,,romphotosystem II must be rep/aced

Splitting of Water:
electrons that we '/able due to splitting of water
~c achieved0by elect~ons av~1t d with the PS II; water is split into 2H+, {OJ and
. f tern assoc,a e elect
1.,, tho,eremo"d from Photo,y,1ern / "e p, . "",
~· ,,..,. ••
The electnmeeded
photosystem II
to rep "''"' t.,
0

21fi0 ~4H• +02 +4e- t'<

Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosph~rylatlon: . \. \
h h1
process throug w ·ch ATP is synthesised
. 'H . .;~ ,;,
by cells 1s named Phosphorylation
.
h h rylat
Photop o,p o ion Is the synthesis of ATP from ADP a
~n~d
.. inorgan
. x1c Phol \p,~ te•..•o th,
presence of light ·.
di Phot
o-phosphorylation: When the two pho stems~.. ork in' series· f·
"'"" '
and then the PS I
. ·-
,,

The two photosystems are connected [Link] i ~ctron trans1 •,ort chain, as seen ea ,.
, '""s 11

. .nd of e/ea, Ro•

Jo the z"""''· Both ATP aod •ADPH • H• '.'\,._'"" •~ . •d by t •~ r1er,
~ "''"\ ed Wll4i!! t':f,Bl,otos1,,te,n '"d00.,
Wh"' only PS Ik functJonaJ, •eel~
phosphorylation occurs due to ~ c ". ow~~t \\
possible location in the stroma la'a,~~ .. " ~ \ \
the membrane or lamel/ae of the grana,~{_both PS.($Jd PS II the stroma lamel/ae
membranes lack PS II as w~ NAD,~ductase~ zyme
The excited electron; oes not [Link] on to ~ DP}blit is cycled back to the PS I comp/ex
through the electron tra1sport l~,,
cydic flow henc~, resu/~,dfli l~ e.s_gnthe~s of ATP, but not of NADPH + H+

for exci~ tiori~ ~ so o~ifr~ hen only light of wavelengths beyond 680 nm are
Cyclic photop[~~[Ylati~

Hy~l~~t" .
available
Che~~rc

,~
'"~ar,,
,,..tbese """ • ll•keat,'.,"1o,meot
etal~embra\
'
es of thylakoid of a Proton,,,,,,,.,, "'"' a [Link].
:r:,;,; '- .H
m, time
\ ~( I-•hrougi acc~~ulate,~
~to,[Link] ET~ ne intermembrane space of the mitochondria when electrons move
• st~ j nat cause aproton gradient to develop:

ii ~ ~ iw,. of the"""' mo/eo,; tale, p/ao, on the '""'" "'' of the membraoe, the
P~ tonstheorlumen
Within hydrogen ions
of the that are produced by the splitting of water accumulate
thylakoids

ijj '-' ""'"" - """'h

the Phot"'),tem,, proton, .,, t,ao,po,ted "'"' the
membrane. molecule removes a proton from the stroma while transporting an
electron.
th
When is molecule Passes on its electron to the electron carrier on the inner side of
the membraoe, the Proton 1, "''""' loto the ,.., ,we " the /,men ,100 of the
membrane.
1
iii) The NADP red ct · Al ng
. u aseenzyme 1s located on the stroma side of the membrane.
Orth ''""°" th~ <om, from the "<epto, of elemon, of PS I, protoo, "'
necessary for the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH+ H+.
0

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