Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

The Living World

INTRODUCTION Section - 1

Basic Characteristics of Organisms :

 Highly organised and complex body formed of one or more cells.
 Carry out and control numerous chemical processes.
 Acquire and use energy for metabolism.
 Respond to changes in environment
 Maintain a constant internal environment.
 Grow in size and develop
 Produce offsprings similar to them.
 Adapt to environmental changes
 Gradually evolve into new types of organisms.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS Section - 2

There are some main characters of living organisms :
(i) Growth (ii) Reproduction (iii) Metabolism
(iv) Consciousness (v) Cellular organisation

Growth :
 It is an irreversible increase in number of cells or mass of the living organism.
 Organisms grow by cells division of pre existing cells.
 In unicellular organism cell division is equivalent to cell reproduction or cell multiplication, so they are immortal as
no individual dead body can be seen.
 In multicellular plants and animals growth and reproduction are exclusive events.

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 In plants growth occurs continuously throughout their life span whereas in animals growth is seen only upto a certain
age.
 Growth is feature of both living and nonliving. In living organism growth is intrinsic while in nonliving growth is
extrinsic.
So, growth is not defining property of living organism.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Growth is not defining property of living organism, but intrinsic growth is defining property of living organism.
Growth occurs due to synthesis of two different kinds of substances. These are protoplasmic substances, such as cytoplasm and
nucleus, and apoplasmic substances, such as fibres of connective tissues, matrix of bone marrow and cartilage. Apoplasmic
substances are those substances that are produced by the cells and they form a constituent part of the tissues.
If the rate of the synthetic process or anabolism exceeds that of the destructive process or catabolism, growth occurs. In the
reverse situation, there will be degrowth.

Reproduction :
 It is biological process by which new individuals are produced from pre existing ones.
 Parents pass their genetic information to offsprings.
 Continuity of race is maintained.
 Reproduction can be sexual or asexual
 Asexual reproduction is shown by lower group of organisms (Unicellular/less complex organisms)

Organism method of asexual reproduction

e.g.: Hydra by Budding, Sponges by Gemmule formation, Planaria by Fragmentation, Fungi by Fragmentation
 Sexual Reproduction is shown by higher plants and animals.
 Some living organisms do not reproduce(sterile/Infertile) organisms. e.g., Mule, infertile human couples.
 So reproducion is not defining characteristic of living organism.

HIT-TRICK :
When it comes to unicellular organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, reproduction is synonymous with growth,
i.e., they are mutually (inclusive) events.

Knowledge Enhancer :

Mule : hybrid of male donkey and female horse.

Hinny : hybrid of male horse and female donkey.
Liger : hybrid of male lion and female tiger.
Tigon : hybrid of male tiger and female lion.

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HIT-TRICK :
Anabolism = to make up, to build up. e.g., Photosynthesis
Catabolism = to break down. [Link]
Mostly first alphabet of hybrid is the first letter of male species. e.g. Male lion gives hybrid Liger.

Metabolism :
 Sum total of all metabolic reactions occuring in a living body is called as metabolism.
 Metabolic reactions are nutrition, respiration, excretion etc.
 These work according to physical and biological laws of energy i.e. energy can neither be created nor be destroyed
but can be transferred between cell and its surroundings.
 Organisms are open system as they interact continuously with their environment.
 Smaller the organism higher is the rate of metabolism.
 Metabolism ensures maintenance of life.
 No non living organism exhibits metabolism.
 Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside body in a test tube.
 An isolated metabolic reaction can’t be called as living.
 Therefore, metabolic reactions individually do not represent a living organism.

Consciousness and Response to External Stimuli :

 All living organisms are sensitive to change in physical, chemical or biological properties in their external and internal
environment.
 Consciousness is defining property of living organisms.

Cellular Organisation :
 All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
 Cells show division of labour.
 Virus within cell is considered living.
 Outside cell a virus is like a nucleoprotein crystal.
 So cellular organisation of body is the defining property of life forms.

Knowledge Enhancer :
No non-living object exhibits metabolism. Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell-free systems.
An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside the body of an organism, performed in a test tube is neither living nor non-living
but are living reactions.
Some other characteristics of living organisms are :
(a) Homeostasis-maintenance of dynamic constancy of internal environment despite changes in external environment.
(b) Heredity-Transfer of genetic material from generation to generation. It controls structure and functions of organisms.
(c) Adaptation to act according to changes in environment.

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LIFE SPAN
The average longevity or period from birth to natural death is called life span. It is from a few minutes to several thousand
years.
1. Micro organisms A few minutes to a few hours 17. Carp 47 years
2. Mayfly One day 18. Horse 50 years
3. Cicada One week 19. Crocodile 60 years
4. Moths and Butterflies 1-2 weeks 20. Elephant 75 years
5. Fruitfly 1 month 21. Eagle 90 years
6. Rice/wheat 3-4 months 22. Humans 100 years
7. Rat 4 years 23. Swan 102 years
8. Rose 10 years 24. Turtle 123 years
9. Rabbit 13 years 25. Parrot 140 years
10. Crow 15 years 26. Tortoise 152-160 years
11. Cow 20-25 years 27. Banyan Tree 300-500 years
12. Dog 20-25 years 28. Peepal 2000-3000 years
13. Banana 25 years 29. Sequoia 3000-4000 years
14. Cobra 28 years
15. Cat 35-40 years
16. Whale 37 years

Illustration - 1 What is growth ?

SOLUTION :
Growth is an intrinsic property of living organisms through which it increases mass and number of cells in their bodies.

Illustration - 2 What is metabolism ?

SOLUTION :
Metabolism is defined as the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

Illustration - 3 Why growth and reproduction cannot be taken as defining property of all living organisms ?
SOLUTION :
Non-living things can also increase in mass by accumulation of material on surface. Many organisms do not reproduce
(e.g., mules, sterile worker bees).

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PRACTICE EXERCISE-1
1. Growth in living organisms occurs by :
(1) Division of cells (2) Increase in mass of the living structure
(3) Accumulation of material by external agency (4) Both (1) and (2)

2. When green plants capture sunlight and utilise it to synthesize glucose, the reactions involves during this process are
said to be :
(1) Catabolic reactions (2) Anabolic reactions
(3) Decomposition reactions (4) Chain reactions

3. Which is not a feature of all living organisms?

(1) Metabolism (2) Cellular organisation
(3) Self-consciousness (4) Consciousness

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-A
Choose the correct alternative. Only One choice is Correct :
1. All living organism are linked to one another because :
(1) They have common genetic material of same type
(2) They share common genetic material but to varying degrees
(3) All have common cellular organisation
(4) All of above
2. Which of the following is a defining characteristics of living organism?
(1) Growth (2) ability to make sound
(3) reproduction (4) response to external stimuli
3. Metabolism is feature of :
(1) Living beings (2) Non-Living (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Virus
4. Living and non living objects of nature :
(1) Have similar materials (2) Obey same physiochemical laws
(3) Both A and B (4) Have same materials but obey different physio-chemical and biochemical laws.
5. Which one of the following is defining property of living being ?
(1) Growth (2) Reproduction (3) Metabolism (4) Unconsciousness
6. Apoplasmic growth is through the formation :
(1) Cells walls and cell junctions (2) Matrix and fibres of connective tissue
(3) Intake of water (4) Both A and B.
7. Homeostasis can be defined as :
(1) Tendency of the animals to change with the surroundings
(2) Tendency of the living organism to change the external environment as per their requirements
(3) Tendency of the living organism to resist changes in the external environment
(4) Tendency of the biological systems to resist changes
8. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for :
(1) Reproduction (2) Growth and movement
(3) Responsiveness to touch (4) Interaction with environment and progressive evolution

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9. Mule is the hybrid produced under captive conditions by the cross of :

(1) Female donkey and male horse (2) Male donkey and female horse
(3) Male tiger and female lion (4) Female tiger and male lion

10. Which one of the following statement is correct w.r.t. growth ?

(1) A unicellular organism does not grow
(2) In plants, growth by cell division does not occur throughout their life span
(3) In animals, the growth due to cell division is seen only upto certain age
(4) Unicellular organism shows growth by cell elongation

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION Section - 3

Biological organisation starts with submicroscopic molecular level, passes through microscopic cellular level and microscopic
or macroscopic organismic level and ends in ecosystems and the biosphere.

SOME GREAT WORKERS/SCIENTISTS :

Jean Baptiste Lamarck : First suggested the term biologie (biology).
Ernst Mayr: He is also called ‘The Darwin of the 20th century’, and was one of the 100 greatest scientists of all time.
His research spanned ornithology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and the history and philosophy of
biology. He also pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species.

Carolus Linnaeus : (Karl von Linne) was born in Sweden. At the age of 22, he published his first paper on sexuality of
plants. Later he published 14 treatise and also brought out famous Systema Naturae. His system of classification was a
simple scheme for arranging plants for identifying them again. Karl von Linne with his lectures and publications in Latin
became Carolus Linnaeus.

BIOLOGY IN ANCIENT INDIA

 Cultivation of rice was most likely achieved in India at Mehergarh and Mahagarh about 6,000 years ago.
 Our Vedic literature (2500 BC to 650 BC) recorded about 740 plants and 250 animals. The first attempt of classification
is observed in Chandyogya Upanishad, which classified animals into three categories — Jivaja (Viviparous), e.g.
mammals, Andaja (Oviparous), e.g. birds, reptiles, insects and worms, and Udbhija (Vegetal origin), e.g. minute
animals.
 Parasara grouped angiosperms into Dvimatruka (dicotyledons) and Ekamatruka (monocotyledons). He
characterised the former with Jalikaparna (reticulate-veined leaves) and the latter maunlaparna (parallel-veined
leaves).
 Susruta is one of the earliest scientists who studied human anatomy. Susruta Samhita is considered as the oldest
treatise on surgery. Susruta himself carried out plastic surgery of human nose (rhinoplasty). Susruta also specialised
in ophthalmic surgery (extraction of cataracts). He is, therefore, acknowledged as the ‘Father of Surgery’.
 Susruta Samhita also mentioned about classification of animals, such as Kulacara (those herbivores who frequent
the river banks, e.g. elephant, buffalo, etc.), Matsya (fish), Janghala (wild herbivorous quadrupeds, e.g. deer),
Guhasaya (carnivorous quadrupeds like tiger, lion, etc.).
 Dhanvantari was regarded as the God of Medicine.

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 Charaka was the first physician to present the concept of digestion, metabolism and immunity. Charaka prescribed
medicinal drugs for restoring the balance. Charaka knew the fundamentals of genetics. The indigenous system of
medicine in India is known as Ayurveda. It was developed by taking ideas largely from the doctrines of Charaka
Samhita.
 The Taittiriya Upanishad (ca 7-8 BC) has made important observations on the evolution of life. It traced the
evolution of life to space.
 Manu’s texts in Sanskrit, Manu Samhita or Manusmriti (200 AD) propounded evolution.

BIOLOGY IN ANCIENT WORLD

Theophrastus (370-285 BC), often referred to as ‘Father of Botany’, classified plants on the basis of their habit, form and
texture into four categories: trees, shrubs, undershrubs and herbs. He gave names and descriptions of 480 plants in his
book Historia Plantarum.

Aristotle : A few important contributions of Aristotle are noted below:

 Classified animal species and arranged them into hierarchies.
 Formulated the concept of the Great Chain of Being or Scala Nature, a chain of progressive change in nature.
This corresponds to a sort of evolution.
 Dealt with over five hundred types of animals and dissected nearly fifty of them.
 Studied the developing embryo of the chick.
 He reported that sharks are viviparous but do not develop a placenta like mammals.
 Observed the placenta in dolphins and classed dolphins with mammals.

John Ray, (1627-1705) described more than 18,000 plants and animals in his Historia Generalis Plantarum. He coined
the term species
Systematics : It is scientific study that attempts to recognize describe, name and arrange the diverse life forms, both past
and present, and relationships among living things through time according to an organised plan based on unique features
of species and groups. These relations are visualized as evolutionary related mass based on common ancestory.
 Systematics is the branch of biology that deals with classification of organisms.

Components of Systematics: This field of biology that provides

 Scientific names for organisms.
 Description
 Classification
 Ecological relationships.
 Keys for identification.

Utility of systematics :
 Systematic Arrangement of Organisms: Systematics helps in describing, naming and classifying organisms.

 Identification of Organisms: Identify organisms for quarantine, pest and disease control fossil study, preservation
of wildlife and study newly discovered organisms.

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 Evolutionary Study: Provide useful information about evolution adaptation and diversity of organisms from
past till present.

 Ecological Study: Provide relationship amongest organisms and their environment.

 Applied Biology: Provides basic information for applications in agriculture, horticulture, medical and veterinary
services.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Difference in Taxonomy & Systematics :
Taxonomy Systematics
It is science of identification
It is science of identification,
nomenclature, description and
nomenclature and classification
classification.
It brings out unique properties at
It deals with rules and principles every level of classification and
of classification. evolutionary relationships from
thier comparative study.

HIT-TRICK :
Systematics = Taxonomy + Evolutionary history + Ecological role.

TAXONOMY: It is study that deals with principles and procedures of identification, nomenclature and classification of
organisms.

Components of Taxonomy :
(i) Identification: It is process of determining the correct place of organisms in a classification system and finding
its correct name by studying comparison of features of known species by means of KEYS (identification aid).

(ii) Nomenclature: Science of providing distinct and proper names to organisms

A – Common names B – Scientific name

(A) Common name/vernacular name

 Given in local languages known in a specific area.
e.g., Sparrow
Hindi – Gauriya German – Musch Japanese – Suzune

Limitations of common Name

 Same common name for different kinds of organisms.
 One organism may have more than one names.
 Understood only in local area.
 Lack scientific basis.
 Misleading such as dogfish, silverfish, cuttlefish, jellyfish, star fish and crayfish gives wrong impression of true
fishes.

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(B) Scientific naming system.

 Unique name given in latin language. It is understood universally.
 Based on observable morphological characters.

Advantages of scientific Name

 Every organism has a distinct scientific name.
 There is no possibility of change.
 They are Universally descriptive

Knowledge Enhancer :
Latin language is preferred for scientific names as latin is a dead language and the terms can never change.
There is no modernisation possible in this language.

HIT-TRICK :
BASICS IN CLASSIFICATION
1. Characterisation is describing the characters of organisms
2. Identification
3. Nomenclature is assigning of names to organisms.
4. Classification deals with the mode of arranging organisms or group of organisms into categories.

SCIENTIFIC NAMING SYSTEM

(A) Binomial nomenclature :
 Devised by Carolus Linnaeus.
 A system of providing two names.
The first name - GENUS (Generic epithet)
The second name - SPECIES (Specific epithet)

Rules of Binomial Nomenclature :

 A scientific name generally has two words in Latin or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
 First word denotes the genus whereas the second one is for species.
 Names are printed in italics or are separately underlined to indicate their Latin origin.
 Generic name starts with a capital letter and the specific name with a small letter, e.g. Mangifera indica.
 Each taxonomic group can have only one correct name.
 The name should be short, precise and easy to pronounce.
 Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an
abbreviated form, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.

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Principles of nomenclature
 Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological, bacteriological, and viral nomenclature.

 A botanical name is fixed to a taxon by a type. This is almost invariably dried plant material and is usually deposited
and preserved in a herbarium, although it may also be an image or a preserved culture.

 A guiding principle in botanical nomenclature is priority, the first publication of a name for a taxon but the formal
starting date for purposes of priority is 1st May 1753, the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus.

 In Zoology the starting point is 1758 (1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus’s
Systema Naturae, 10th Edition

CODES :
Nomenclature is goverened by Codes
Codes are framed by IBC and IZC (International Zoological Congress)
International Botanical Congress (IBC) is a large-scale meeting of botanists in all scientific fields
Codes are written in English German and French
First IBC was held at Paris in 1867

There are 5 Codes :

 International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) – 1961
 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) – 1964
 International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature (ICBN) – 1975
 International Code of Viral Nomenclature (ICVN ICTV ) –1966
 International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.( ICNCP ) –1995

Knowledge Enhancer :
Principle of Priority : It is most important of all rules of ICBN. If first name given to organism is valid , that will be considered at
the first preferance. Any other valid name given after that will be considered as ‘synonym’. No names are recognized prior to those
used by Linnaeus in 1758 in 10th edition of systema naturae for animals and 1753 for plants in species plantarum.

The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the
formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those traditionally treated as plants.
It was formerly called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN); the name was changed at the International
Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 as part of the Melbourne Code which replaces the Vienna Code of 2005. The ICN can
only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with the International Association for Plant Taxonomy providing
the supporting infrastructure.

HIT-TRICK :
 In binomial nomenclature, underline the name, don’t apply comma, first letter of generic name is capital, specific epithet
begins with small letter.
 Binomial nomenclature was originally proposed by G. Bauhin. C. Linnaeus is founder of binomial nomenclature.
Method of writing biological/scientific name can be done as

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(B) Trinomial Nomenclature

 By Lamarck
 Name have 3 words
1st name - Genus
2nd name - Species
3rd name - Variety / scientist name / place of origin.e.g. Brassica oleracea botrytis (Cauliflower).

(C) Polynomial Nomenclature :

This system has long descriptive name in Latin. e.g., Caryophyllum-Caryophyllum saxatilis folis grammeis umbellatis
corymbis. Caryophyllum growing on rocks having grass like leaves and umbellate corymb flowers).

(D) Tautonyms :
A tautonym is a binomial scientific name in which the name of the genus and that of the species is identical.
Tautonymy (i.e., the usage of tautonyms) is permissible in zoological nomenclature but tautonyms are considered
illegitimate under the current nomenclature rules for botanical nomenclature .

Example: Axis axis (chital), Bison bison, Gorilla gorilla, Hyaena hyaena, Indri indri, Lutra lutra (otter),
Lemmus lemmus, Lynx lynx, Bufo bufo, Pipa pipa etc.

Autonym : These are the names where species name is similar to subspecies name. Such names are valid in both
zoological and botanical nomenclature

Example: Corvus splendens splendens (Indian crow ).

Acasia nilotica nilotica (Babool)

HIT-TRICK :
In Tautonym generic name is similar to specific name.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Generally, the terms such as classification, systematic and taxonomy are used interchangeably but some taxonomists,
like [Link] (1961), relate them to separate fields. He considers systematics as the study of diversity of organisms and
all their comparative and evolutionary relationships, based on comparative anatomy, comparative ecology, comparative
physiology and comparative biochemistry. He regards classification as a subtopic of systematics that deals with ordering
of organisms into groups and taxonomy as the study of principles and procedures of classification.

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HIT-TRICK :
Type of taxonomy (by Turril)
(i) Alpha(  ) taxonomy-based on morphological characters.
(ii) Beta (  ) taxonomy-based on morphological, genetical, anatomical, cytological, pollen study and other characters.
(iii) Omega (  ) taxonomy-Analysis and synthesis of all information and types of data to develop classification
system based on phylogenetic relationship.

Difference between Classical taxonomy & New Taxonomy :

New Taxonomy ( Julian Huxley1940)
Bio Systematics (Stace, Camp ,Gilly)
Classical Taxonomy Neo Systematics
Old /Orthodox /Descriptive Taxonomy ß – Taxonomy ( Turril)
α –Taxonomy Experimental Taxonomy
Population Systematics
Genecology
Species is basic unit Classifies in more natural and reliable manner
Species is static / fixed /immutable Also called Integrated taxonomy
Only morphological characters are Population / subspecies is basic unit
considered Species dynamic and mutable
Study of diversity and comparative and evolutionary
relationships.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Artificial and natural classification system is based on classical taxonomy.

Branches of Systematics :
(i) Cytotaxonomy: Studies cell traits like type of cell, number of cell and kind of cell structure.
(ii) Karyotaxonomy: Study of nucleus and chromosomes.
(iii) Chemotaxonomy (Biochemical systematics): Chemotaxonomy is based on the chemical constituents of plants.
The chemical constituents of plant species have been found to be stable and do not change easily. The chemical
information can be gathered from any part of the plant. The characters like presence of calcium oxalate crystals,
called raphides, have been found to be common to 35 families. Chemical characters have also helped in establishing
relationships and statistical evaluation of taxonomic information. The sequencing in DNA and chemical nature of
proteins have also been used to establish similarities and affinities.
(iv) Numerical Taxonomy (Adansonian taxonomy): Based on study of multiple characters for evaluating degree of
similarities and difference amongest diverse organisms for finding out relationships, primitiveness and advancement of
a species with help of all known traits.
(v) Experimental taxonomy: Based on experimental determination of genetic inter-relationship and identification of
evolutionary units within and amongest closely related species.

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Illustration - 4 What is systematics ?

SOLUTION : Systematic arrangement which also takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Illustration - 5 What do you mean by nomenclature ?

SOLUTION : The process of naming the living organisms which are identified is known as nomenclature.

Illustration - 6 What does ‘Linn.’ refer to in Mangifera indica Linn. ?

SOLUTION : ‘Linn.’ indicates that the species was first described by Linnaeus.

PRACTICE EXERCISE-2
4. Identification is the process of :
(1) Naming living organism (2) Recognizing the characteristic features of an organism
(3) Categorizing living organism (4) Discovering new species of plants and animals

5. Naming system accepted universally, is known as :

(1) Vernacular names (2) Zoological nomenclature
(4) Biological nomenclature (4) Discovering new species of plants and animals

6. Classification of organisms is required because :

(1) It makes the study of organisms easier and simpler
(2) It enables us to study geographical distribution of some organisms
(3) It makes the study of organisms complex
(4) It leads to ambiguity in study of various organisms

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-B
1. The term systematics refer to :
(1) Identification and classification of organisms
(2) Nomenclature and identification of organisms
(3) Diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship
(4) Different kinds of organisms and their classification
2. New systematics introduced by Sir Julian Huxley is also called as :
(1) Phenetics (2) Cladistics (3) Biosystematics (4) Numerical taxonomy
3. Bionomial nomenclature was published in :
(1) Systema Naturae (2) Genera Plantarium
(3) Genera Animalium (4) Historia Plantarium

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4. ICZN was adopted in :

(1) 1960 (2) 1970 (3) 1964 (4) 1974
5. “Systema Naturae” was written by :
(1) Linnaeus (2) Aristotle (3) Hippocrates (4) Darwin
6. Autonym is valid in :
(1) Only in botanical nomenclature (2) Only in zoological nomenclature
(3) Both in botanical & zoological nomenclature(4) Only in bacteriological nomenclature
7. Taxonomy without phylogeny is like bones without flesh” was remarked by :
(1) John Hutchinson (2) Takhtajan
(3) Oswald Tippo (4) Bentham and Hooker
8. The classification of organisms on basis of number and size of chromosomes is called as :
(1) Biochemical taxonomy (2) Numerical taxonomy
(3) Chemo taxonomy (4) Karyotaxonomy
9. Basic unit of taxonomy is :
(1) Class (2) Order (3) Genus (4) Species
10. ICNCP is :
(1) International code for nomenclature of cultivated plants
(2) Indian code for nomenclature of cultivated plants
(3) International code for natural conservation project
(4) International code for naming conserved plants.

HEIRARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION/TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES Section - 4

 Introduced by Linnaeus
 The sequence of arrangement of taxonomic categories in a decreasing order.
 Any rank of classification is called a taxon.
 Closely related organisms are put together in a group called as taxonomic category.
 There are seven obligate (major) and many intermediate categories.

Obligate Categories
 Kingdom
 Divison/Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species

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HIT-TRICK :
 Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick : KPCOFGS
 Taxonomic hierarchy refers to stepwise arrangement of categories.
 Taxon is a unit of classification.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Taxonomic Categories = 7 Obligate Categories + Intermediate Categories + Intraspecific Categories

Species (Term given by John Ray)

 Fundamental/smallest/lowest unit of taxonomy.
 Species is group of closely related organisms (morphologically, anatomically, cytologically, biochemically and
physiologically similar) which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
 Species share common gene pool (number of genes)
 Biological concepts of species was given by Ernst Mayr based on reproductive isolation in species.
 Species is basic taxonomic category.
 Members of species do not interbreed with members of other species.

Exceptions : Mule (infertile) produced by cross between a donkey and a horse. Intermediate categories are those
categories which are based on obligate categories.

Knowledge Enhancer :

 Sibling Species: True species which do not interbreed but are otherwise difficult to separate on the base of morphologi
cal characters alone.
 Agamospecies - Reproducing asexually.

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 Palaeospeices - Species known from fossils only.

 Monotypic species - Species without differentiation of subspecies/varieties. e.g., Homo sapiens.
 Polytypic species - Species with two or more varieties e.g. Panthera leo (lion), Panthera tigris (Tiger) Panthera
pardus (Leopard) Panthera onca (Jaguar).

GENUS : Assembly of related species which evolved from a common ancestor having certain common characters.
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) – Genus Solanum Solanum melongena (Brinjal) – Genus Solanum

Knowledge Enhancer :
 Monotypic Genus: genus having a single species. e.g., Homo sapiens.
 Polytypic Genus: genus having two or more species.
 Panthera leo (Lion)
 Panther tigris (Tiger) Genus Panthera.
 Panther pardus (Leopard).

 Solanum
 Withania
 Datura Family Solanaceae
 Petunia
 Nicotiana

 Convolvulus
Family Convolvulaceae
 Ipomoea

Family:
 Taxonomic category including one or more related genera with certain correlated characters.
 It ends with suffix –aceae and –idae.

Order:
 Taxonomic category including one or more related families with some common features.
 It ends with suffix -ales in plants whereas have different suffix in animals.

 Solanaceae
Order Polymoniales
 Convolvulaceae

 Felidae (Cat family)

Order Carnivora
 Cancidae (Dog family)
Class:
 Taxonomic category made of one or more related orders.
 Class ends with the suffix –phyceae, -opsida, –ia, –mycetes and –ae

 Rosales
 Passiflorales
 Polemoniales Class Dicotyledoneae
 Sapindales
 Ranales

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 Carnivora (Carnivorous)
 Rodentia (Rodents)
 Marsupilia (Kangaroos) Class Mammalia
 Chiroptera (Bats)
 Primata (Apes and man)

Phylum or Division:
 For Animals-Phylum is used. For plants-Division is used.
 These includes organism belonging to different classes having a few common characteristics.
e.g.,

Pisces
Common Characters
Amphibia
 Notochord Phylum
Reptilia
 Dorsal hollow nerve chord Chordata
Aves
 Gill slits
Mammalia

Kingdom
 Highest taxonomic category.
 Includes all organisms, sharing a set of distinguishable common characters.
 e.g., Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi.

Knowledge Enhancer :

Genus is a group of species which are related and share number of characters. For example, potato, tomato and brinjal though they
constitute different species belong to the same genus Solanum. Similarly lion, leopard and tiger have several common features and
are included in the genus Panthera. This genus differs from another genus Felis which includes cats.

Family : Family, has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species. Families are
characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Among plants for example, three different
genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are placed in the family Solanaceae. Among animals for example, genus Panthera, comprising
lion, tiger, leopard is put along with genus, Felis (cats) in the family Felidae.

Cat and a dog are placed in different families : Felidae and Cancidae, respectively.

Order is an assemblage of families resembling one another in a few characters. These characters are less similar as compared to
many genera put in a family. Families like Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae are put in the order Polymoniales on the basis of some
related floral characters.

Class represents organisms of related orders. The order named Primata comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon is put along with
order Carnivora representing tiger, cat and dog. Both the orders are assigned to class Mammalia.

Phylum includes all organisms belonging to different classes having a few common characters. Among the animals, the phylum
Chordata includes classes Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia,

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HIT-TRICK :

SPERMATOPHYTA
PHYLUM/DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
phyta CHORDATA
mycota ARTHOPODA
ANGIOSPERMAE
EUMYCOTA

opsida LYCOPSIDA
RHODOPHYCEAE
phyceae
DICOTYLEDONAE
CLASS ae MAMMALIA
ia ASCOMYCETES
mycetes INSECTA

SAPINDALES
ales CYPRINIFORMES
PRIMATA
ORDER/COHORTS formes
CARNIVORA
a
DIPTERA
POLYMONIALES

HOMONIDAE
FAMILY aceae MUSCIDAE
FELIDAE
idae
CANIDAE

Knowledge Enhancer :
Difference in Taxon and Category :
Taxon Category
1. Represents a real biological object/organism. 1. It represents a rank or level.
2. It deals with unit of classification assigned to rank. 2. It deals with rank or level in hierachial classification of
organisms.
3. It may belong to any rank or category. 3. It belongs to one particular rank or level.

Classificatoin of some organisms :

Common Phylum
[Link]. Biological name Gneus Family Order Class
name /Division
1 Man Homo sapiens Homo Hominidae Primata Mammalia Chordata
2 Mango Mangifera indica Mangifera Anacardiaceae Sapindales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae
3 Wheat Triticum aestivum Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyledonae Angispermae
4 Horse Equus capalus Equus Equidae Perissodactyla Mammalia Chordata
5 Housefly Musca domestica Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda
6 Cockroach Periplaneta americana Periplaneta Blattidae Dictyoptera Insecta Arthropoda
7 Brinjal Solamum melongena Solanum Solanaceae Polymoniales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae

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Illustration - 7 What do you understand by taxonomic hierarchy ?

SOLUTION :
The serial wise or orderly arrangement of taxonomic categories or rank is known as taxonomic hierarchy.

Illustration - 8 Define species

SOLUTION :
Species is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile off springs.

Illustration - 9 Differentiate between Taxon and category

SOLUTION :
Taxon is recognised and assigned while category is abstract . Taxon is a group of real organisms while category is a rank
or level in a hierarchy

PRACTICE EXERCISE-3
7. Find the correct match :
(a) tuberosum – Panthera (b) pardus – Canis (c) lupus – Canis (d) aureus – Solanum

The correct choice is :

(1) Only (a) and (c) (2) (a), (b) (c) (3) (b), (c) and (d) (4) Only (c)

8. Carnivora includes :
(1) Group of organisms belonging to related genera
(2) Group of orgaisms belonging to related species
(3) Group of organisms belonging to related families
(4) Group of organisms which are similar in all features

9. The group of organisms belonging to one or more related orders are assigned to :
(1) Different class but same family
(2) Same class on basis of a few similar characters
(3) Any taxa lower to order, in taxonomical hierarchy
(4) Same family due to similar morphological characters

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-C
1. Which statement is true?
(1) Tautonyms are not allowed in plants
(2) Tautonyms are not allowed in animals
(3) Tautonyms normally allowed in animals and sometimes allowed in plants
(4) Tautonyms allowed only in bacteria
2. Which of the following is a correct name?
(1) Solanum Tuberosum (2) Solanum tuberosum
(3) Solanum tuberosum linn (4) All of above

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3. Find odd one w.r.t. taxon :

(1) Gourds (2) Palms (3) Conifers (4) Grasses
4. Match the following and choose the correct option:
Column - I Column - II
[A] Family I. Tuberosum
[B] Kingdom II. Polymoniales
[C] Order III. Solanum
[D] Species IV. Plantae
[E] Genus V. Solanaceae
I II III IV V I II III IV V
(1) D C E B A (2) E D B A C
(3) D E B A C (4) E C B A D
5. Species as unit of classification was first employed by :
(1) Huxley (2) De Candolle (3) John Ray (4) Linnaeus
6. Order primata and carnivora are placed in same class :
(1) Hominidae (2) Mammalia (3) Insecta (4) Chordata
7. A genus with a single species is :
(1) Monotypic (2) Typical (3) Atypical (4) Polytypic
8. Common and generic names are similar in case of :
(1) Felis (2) Gorilla (3) Mangifera (4) Saccharum
9. Taxon Tiger represents :
(1) Species (2) Genus (3) Family (4) Glass
10. Roundworms is a taxon that denotes :
(A) Genus (2) Family (3) Phylum (4) Class

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TAXONOMIC AIDS Section - 5

These are procedures and techniques used to store and preserve information as well as specimen of various plants and
animals for their taxonomical studies.

Herbarium :
 Places where different plant species are collected, pressed and mounted on paper, sheets, properly labelled,
systematically arranged and available for reference or study.
 Sheets size: 16 ½” × 11 ½” (41 cm × 29 cm).

Each sheet carries label providing the following information:

Name of Institution. Locality / Place (Habitat).
Name of the collector. Date and Time.
Common English name. Local name.
Botanical name. Name of the family to which it belongs.

Knowledge Enhancer :
Steps of herbarium technique :

(A) Collection:
 Material must be complete and fully grown.
 It should be disease free.
 Collections are kept in metallic vasculum/Polythene bags to preserve moisture.

(B) Drying:
 Plant collections are pressed in ordinary newspaper folders in plant press.

(C) Poisoning: To keep away microbes by 0.1% of HgCl2 , CS2, DDT, PDB etc.
(D) Mounting : Mounting on herbarium sheet.
(E) Stiching : Dried specimen are stitched on herbarium sheet.
(F) Labelling : Label is on right hand side of herbarium sheet.
(G) Deposition : Done according to Bentham and Hooker system of classification.

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Equipments necessary for collection of plant specimens

Major Herbaria :
Some important Herbaria of the World are listed below :
 Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (Largest)  Museum of Natural History, Paris
 Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Peterburg, Leningrad
 New York Botanical Garden  British Museum of Natural History, London.

Herbaria in India:
 Central National Herbarium of Indian Botanical Garden, Kolkata.
 Herbarium of Forest Research institute, Dehradun.  National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow.

Importance of Herbaria
 Provides information’s about the local flora. Depicts the morphological variations among species.
 Identification of unknown plants.

Botanical Garden (Living Herbaria) :

 Specialised garden nurturing and maintaining living plants for botanical studies concerned with identification,
conservation, public education, aesthetics and recreation.
 Plant grown is given label similar to herbaria indicating its scientific name and family which is belonging to it.
 It is Ex-situ conservation of plants.
 Generally plants grown in botanical garden can survive in climate of the area.

Some important Botanical Gardens of the World are listed below :

 New York Botanical Garden, U.S.A.
 Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, London, developed in 1600s. It is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world
today.

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 Padua Botanical Garden, Italy.

 Main Botanical Garden, Moscow (largest botanical garden).
 Royal Botanical Garden, Ontario, Canada.

Some important Famous Botanical Gardens of the India are listed below :
 Indian Botanical Garden, Kolkata (largest botanical garden of India and Asia).
 Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling.

Importance of Botanical Garden :

 Growing important flora of local varieties.
 Growing and maintenance of endangered varieties
 Keeping records of local plant varieties.
 Provide living plant materials for systematic works.
 Conservation of plants for different purposes.

HIT-TRICK :
Specialised gardens
Arboretum – for woody trees, Pinetum – for pines,
Orchidarium – for orchids, Bambusetum – for bamboos

Museum :
 The specimen of plants and animals are kept in museums in jar containers filled with chemical solutions and as dry
specimens.
 Only those plants are kept in museums which cannot be preserved in herbaria.
 Insects are preserved in insect boxes. They are dried and pinned.
 Larger animals like birds and mammals are preserved as stuffed animals.
 Skeleton of large animals are also preserved in museum.

Some important Museums of India are listed below :

 National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Delhi
 Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai etc.
Importance of Museum :
 Centre of research and education.
 Help in taxonomic studies and identification of various organisms.

Knowledge Enhancer :
 Animals and plants specimen are preserved in preservative solution (FAA = Formaldehyde + Acetic acid + Ethyl alcohol)
 Birds beak, feet, egg, feather and nests are also kept in museum.
 Molluscan shells, elephant tusks, fossils are also kept in museum.

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Zoological Parks :
 Protected areas where wild animals are kept for public exhibition in their natural environment.
 High standard of care and assurance of food, medical facilities and treatment is provided.
 Centers of recreation for children and are commonly known as zoo.

Some important Zoological Parks of India are listed below :

 National Zoological Park, Mathura Road, New Delhi.
 Prince of Wales Zoological Garden, Lucknow, U.P.
Importance of Zoological Park :
 Breed animals otherwise facing threat of extinction.
 Help in taxonomic studies and identification of animals.
 Source of tourist attraction.
 Provide knowledge about different native and exotic wild animals, birds, reptiles, fish and flora to general public.

Taxonomic Key : A booket containing a list of characters and their alternates

 Analytical taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on similarities and dissimilarities in
their characters.
 Depending upon the taxonomic category, a key may be class key, order key, family key, genus key and species key.

Couplet : The keys are based on set of contrasting characters generally in a pair.

Lead : Each characters of the couplet or statement in the key is lead.

 One has to choose correct option between two statement of characters of definite species so that animal
or plant is identified accurately.
 Keys are analytical in nature.

Types of Keys :
Indented key (Yoked Key) :
 The key contains a sequence of choices between two or more characteristics.
 By careful selection of characters in each subdivision the exact name of organism can be arrived at.

Bracketed Key :
 The key uses contrasting characters in a pair called couplet.
 Couplet provides choice between two opposite options, through which one can select or reject to trace position
of organism.

Importance of Key :
 Identification of various taxa, class, order, family genus and species.
 Identification of unknown organisms.

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Knowledge Enhancer :
INDENTED KEY BRACKETED KEY
1. The indented keys have two lead of each 1. The bracketed keys keep the two leads of
every couplet for and easier comparison of
couptlets separated by the couptlets following
the alternatives.
the first lead that makes it difficult to compare
with alternatives.
2. There is wastage of paper because the keys 2. The bracketed keys utilise space in each page
efficiently and so they are cheaper to print.
utilise the right side of the page and so they
are expensive to print.
3. These are known as yoked keys. 3. These are known as parallel keys.
4. They won’t group taxa. 4. They will group taxa.
5. They give visual presentation of group. 5. They don’t give a visual presentation of the
group.
6. Leads are next to each other. 6. Leads are far apart.

Taxonomic Literature :
Monographs : Give comprehensive account of complete compilation of available information of any one family or genus
at a given time.

Example : The Genus Pinus: by N T Mirov, The Genus Datura: by A F Blakeslee

Manuals : Hand book that contains a compiled information, listing and describing the occurrence, collection and identification
of all plants and animals species growing in a particular area.

Flora (Inventory of plant species in a particular area) : The information about the specimens is compiled and published
in a form of a book (Flora), which gives a list of total plant species in a particular region, country or continent together with
a brief description. We have several floras such as :

 Flora of British India by J.D. Hooker.

 Flora of Delhi by J.K. Maheshwari.

 Flora Indica by William Roxburgh.

 Flora Simlensis by [Link]

 Flora of Tamilnadu by K M Mathew

 Flora of Purandhar by H. Santapau

Catalogues : List of register that enumerates all the species (plants and animals) with brief description aiding identification
found in a particular area methodically.

Publications like periodicals and dictionaries are brought out to provide information about new additions and updated
information

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Type Specimen :
Application of name of taxa of the rank of family or above is determined by means of nomenclature types. The type
specimenis a herbarium sheet of specimen used by author. Type of a genus is species and that of a family is a genus
Holotype : Nomenclature type
Isotype : Duplicate of holotype
Paratype : Any other specimen described alongwith holotype
Syntype : Any one of the two or more specimens cited by author when there is no holotype
Lectotype : Specimen selected from original material to serve as nomenclature type where there is no holotype
Neotype : New nomenclatural type when the original material is missing

Illustration - 10 What is a ‘Pinetum’ ?

SOLUTION :
Garden with collection of conifers

Illustration - 11 What is the difference between Botanical Garden and Herbarium ?

SOLUTION :
 Botanical Garden : Collection of living plants.
 Herbarium : Collection of dried, pressed and preserved plant specimens on sheets.

Illustration - 12 What are uses of taxonomic keys ?

SOLUTION :
Taxonomic key is one of the taxonomic tools in the identification and classification of plants and animals. It is used in
the preparation of Monographs and Flora.

PRACTICE EXERCISE-4
10. Herbarium sheets provide information about :
(1) Place from where animal specimen is collected
(2) Place and date on which plant specimen was collected
(3) Only botanical name of the plant specimen mounted or it
(4) Date, place and local name of acellular organism mounted on such sheets
11. In museum, insects are preserved by :
(1) Pinning without killing them and then preserving in containers
(2) Killing, pinning and then mounting an special boxes
(3) Mounting them alive in jars with various preservative solutions
(4) Killing, pinning and then stuffing them.

12. Each statement of the key is called :

(1) Couplet (2) Taxon (3) Lead (4) Category

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IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-D
1. Which of the following taxonomical aid is related with quick referral systems in taxonomic studies?
(1) National Zoological Park, Delhi (2) NMNH, Delhi
(3) Central National Herbarium, Calcutta (4) Both (1) and (2)

2. Select the odd one out w.r.t. Botanical gardens :

(1) Collection of living plants for reference (2) Indian Botanical Garden is at Howrah
(3) It is a method of ex-situ study (4) Collections of preserved plants and animals specimens

3. Read the following statements carefully and select correct option :

I. In zoological parks, conditions similar to natural habitats are provided to animals
II. Keys are generally analytical in nature
III. In herbarium sheet, local names are not mentioned
IV. Taxonomical aids are useful in knowing bioresources
(1) Only (I) & (II) (2) (I), (III) & (IV) (3) (I), (II) & (IV) (4) All of the above

4. Which of the following includes the alphabetical arrangement of species of a particular place describing features?
(1) Periodical (2) Catalogues (3) Monograph (4) Flora

5. Match column -I with column -II :

Column I Column II
[a] Museum (i) Information on one taxon
[b] Herbaria (ii) Couplet
[c] Botanical garden (iii) Arranged on universally accepted classification system
[d] Taxonomic key (iv) Educational institutes
(v) Records of local flora for monographic work
(1) a(iv), b(iii), c(v), d(ii) (2) a(ii), b(v), c(i), d(ii)
(3) a(iv), b(i), c(iii), d(v) (4) a(v), b(iii), c(iv), d(ii)

6. Select the incorrect statement :

(1) Museums often have collections of skeletons
(2) Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category
(3) Taxonomic keys are based on the contrasting characters
(4) Monograph is useful in providing information for identifications of names of species found in an area

7. Study the following statements regarding the preparation of herbarium sheets:

I. Plant should be collected in flowering stage
II. Every detail regarding the plant such as locality, ecological conditions, vegetative and floral characters, etc.
should be noted
III. Plants are evenly pressed by unfolding all the plant parts between blotting papers (or newspapers) with the help
of plant press
IV. Blotting papers need not be changed until the plant gets dried
V. After drying, the plant specimen is carefully mounted/pasted on the herbarium sheets
VI. The herbarium sheet is labelled on the lower right hand corner representing the number of plant specimen, date
of collection etc.

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Which of the above statements is/are not correct?

(1) I only (2) IV only (3) I and IV (4) III and IV

8. Read the following statements regarding biological museums.

I. Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutes such as schools and colleges
II. Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference.
III. Specimens are preserved in the containers of jars in preservative solutions.
IV. Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning.
V. Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved.
VI. Skeletons of mammals are not allowed to be kept in museums.
Which of the above statements is(are) not correct?
(1) II and III (2) I and VI (3) V only (4) VI only

9. An example of Ex-Situ conservation is:

(1) National Park (2) Seed Bank
(3) Wildlife Sanctuary (4) Sacred groove

10 Largest herbarium of India is at :

(1) Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjeeling (2) Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur
(3) National Botanical Garden, Lucknow (4) Forest Research Institute, Dehradun

Knowledge Enhancer :
 William Hornaday-Coined term wildlife in book “Our vanishing wildlife”.
 World Conservation day -3rd december
 Wildlife Institute in India-Located at Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
 Ranthambore National park-is located in Rajasthan
 Dudhwa National park-is located in U.P.
Fathers
 Father of Taxonomy - Linnaeus  Father of Indian Taxonomy - H. Santapau
 Father of Zoology - Aristotl  Father of Botany - Theophrastus
Books
 Philosphia Botanica - Carolus Linaeus  Genera Plantarum - Bentham and Hooker
 Historia Generalis Plantarum - John Ray  Philosophie Zoologique - Lamarck
 Die naturalichen Pflanzenfamilia - Engler and Prantl
 Flora of Armenia - Takhtajan  Families of flowering Plant - Hutchinson
Terms
 Neo systematics - Julian Huxley  Phylogeny - Lamarck
 Systematics - [Link]  Species - John Ray
 Taxonomy - A.P. Candolle  Taxon - Alfred Myer
 Division - [Link]

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example - 1 Find odd one w.r.t. taxon :

(1) Orchids (2) Grasses (3) Insects (4) Elephants

SOUTION: (3)
Insects is a class taxon while Elephants, Orchids and Grasses.

Example - 2 A natural system of classification is also :

(1) 2- dimensional (2) A horizontal system
(3) Based on typological species concept (4) Both (1) and (2)

SOLUTION: (4)

Such systems are based on dynamic species concept.

Example - 3 Match the following and choose the correct option:

Column - I Column - II
[A] Family (i) sapiens
[B] Kingdom (ii) Sapindales
[C] Order (iii) Ficus
[D] Species (iv) Monera
[E] Genus (v) Cancidae
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(1) D C E B A (2) E D B A C
(3) D E B A C (4) E C B A D
SOLUTION: (1)
Cancidae is a family of dogs. Ficus is Peepal and Banyan. Sapiens is species of human beings.

Example - 4 In living organisms,the chemicals/biomolecules are constantly being made and changed from one form to
the another. Such activity is :
(1) Metabolism (2) Catabolism (3) Reproduction (4) Irritability

SOLUTION: (1)
Metabolism is sum total of all chemical reaction. Synthetic reaction are called anabolism

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Example - 5 Species is :
(1) Population of individuals having same genotypes and phenotypes
(2) A group of individuals inhabiting a geographical area
(3) A group of interbreeding populations
(4) Population of one type

SOLUTION: (3)
Species have many populations which are interfertile.

Example - 6 The twin characters of growth are :

(1) Decrease in mass and increase in number (2) Increase in mass and decrease in number
(3) Decrease in mass and number (4) Increase in mass and number

SOLUTION: (4)

The twin characters of growth are increase in mass and number

Example - 7 Which of the following groups consist of organisms which multiply by fragmentation?
(1) Earthworm, Amoeba, fungi (2) Earthworm, fungi, bacteria
(3) Fungi, filamentous algae, protonema of mosses (4) Amoeba, Hydra, bacteria

SOLUTION : (3)
Protonema of mosses represent young stage of gametophyte which is similar to algae.

Example - 8 Extrinsic growth can be seen in :

[A] Mountains [B] Animals [C] Viruses
[D] Boulders [E] Sand mounds [F] Rolling ice
(1) A, D, E, F (2) B, C, D, E (3) C, D, E, F (4) A, B, D, E

SOLULATION : (1)
Extrinsic growth is found in nonliving object.

Example - 9 Process of regeneration is seen in :

(1) Fungi (2) Yeasts (3) Algae (4) Planaria

SOLUTION : (4)
Planaria shows true regeneration.

Example - 10 Self consciousness is a feature of

(1) Only human being (2) All animals
(3) All organisms (4) All plants
SOLUTION : (1) Self consciousness is a feature of only human being. All organisms show consciousness.

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Example - 11 Which of the following are considered as neither living nor non-living?
[A] Coma patients [B] Prions [C] Viroids
[D] Virions [E] Mycoplasmas [F] Ray fungi
(1) A, B, D and F (2) B, C, E and F (3) A, B, C and D (4) A, B, C and E

SOLUTION: (3)
Prions are infectious proteins while viroids are free living RNA and virions are nucleoproteins.

Example - 12 Aristotle divided animals into :

(1) Protozoa and metazoa (2) Vertebrata and invertebrata
(3) Chordata and non-chordata (4) Enaima and Anaima

SOLUTION: (4) Enaima are animal group having RBC while Anaima have no RBC.

Example - 13 Binomial nomenclature for plants became effective from :

(1) 06 - 07-1736 (2) 01- 05-1753 (3) 01- 08- 1758 (4) 05 - 08 -1771

SOLUTION : (2)
This is date of publication of book `Species Plantarum’ by Linnaeus.

Example - 14 Genus as unit of classficiation was first employed by :

(1) Huxley (2) De Candolle (3) Tournfort (4) Linnaeus

SOLUTION : (4)
Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist

Example - 15 Read the following statements

I. In unicellular organisms term growth and reproduction are used interchangably
II. Reproduction cannot be a defining character of living organism
III. Mules and worker bee are sterile
IV. Regeneration is a kind of asexual reproduction in which fragmented organism regenerates the lost part
How many of the above given statements is(are) correct ?
(1) One (2) Two (3) Three (4) Four

SOLUTION : (4)

Reproduction is absent in some living organisms because they are sterile. In unicellular prokaryotes growth and
reproduction are synonymous i.e. they are same things.

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 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

MIND MAP
 Reproduction and growth are NOT defining properties.
 In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events.
 Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living reactions.
 All organisms can sense and respond to environmental cues.
 In the nineteenth century, 1st Ed. of Species Plantarum and the 10th Ed. of Systema Naturae were chosen as starting points
for the Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature respectively.
 Any one can study, describe, identify and give a name to an organism provided certain universal rules are followed.
These rules are framed and standardised by International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
 Rules for Nomenclature :
• Latinised names are used.
• First word is genus, second word is species name.
• Printed in italics; if handwritten then underline separately.
• First word starts with capital letter while species name written in small letter.
 Cladistics classifies organisms according to the historical order in which the evolutionary branches arose. This led to the
emergence of new systematics (Sir Julian Huxley 1940) or biosystematics.
 Tournfort — gave modern concept of Genera
 Jean Baptiste Lamarck - coined the term phylogeny/biology (biologie) and gave Trinomial nomenclature
 Carolus Linnaeus - Used five ranks: class, order, genus, species, and variety (COGSV)
 The higher the category lesser will be the number of common characteristics of organisms belonging to that category.
As we go from the lowest rank species towards kingdom the number of common characters decreases.
 Family /subfamily name are given after prominent type genus — Asteraceae (Aster )
 Name of categories higher than genus are not italics but bold and capital
 Same species word can be used several times/several genera
 Compound specific name – when species name has two words connected by a hyphen
• Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
• Capsella bursa-pastoris
 Generic and common name are same for Gorilla, Eucalyptus, Cosmos, Rhinoceros
 The term phylogeny was introduced by Lamarck but the concept was established by Ernst Haeckel (1866).
 Taxon :
• Species —- tiger, dog, neem, banyan
• Genus —- citrus, eucalyptus, crow, wolf
• Family —- orchids, grasses, bear, elephant
• Order —- spider, lizard, yeast, mushroom

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 Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

• Class —— ferns, flowering plants, insects, birds, conifers

• Phylum – flatworm, roundworm, seed plants
 Three Domains of Life : Proposed by Carl Woese in 1990 who also proposed the six kingdom classification for living
organisms. The three Domains are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
 Cat and dog belongs to different genus (Felis & Canis)
 Self consciousness is only found in human being.
 A cladogram is an assembled data with regard to their shared characters forming a tree like diagram.

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 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

FUNDAMENTAL
1. Growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events for (2) (i) Biodiversity, (ii) 17 to 18 lakh
(1) Monerans (2) Protists (3) (i) Taxonomy, (ii) 1.7 to 1.8 million
(3) Plants and few bacteria (4) (i) Biodiversity, (ii) 17 to 18 million
(4) Majority of higher plants and animals
9. A group of individual organisms with fundamental
2. Consider the given statements. similarities
A. Non-living objects grow by increase in mass. A. Is lowest obligate category in hierarchy.
B. Properties of tissue arise as a result of interactions B. Cannot interbreed naturally.
among the constituent cells. (1) A and B are correct (2) A and B are incorrect
(1) Both A and B are correct (3) Only B is incorrect (4) Only A is incorrect
(2) Only A is correct
10. Mark the mismatched pair.
(3) Only B is correct
(1) Indian Botanical Garden - Howrah
(4) Both A and B are incorrect
(2) Systema Naturae - Linnaeus
3. Each plant is labelled indicating its botanical name and (3) Autotrophic moneran - Anabaena
family name only in (4) Monotypic genera- Solanum
(1) Botanical gardens
11. In the given box, how many taxonomical aids are concerned
(2) Museum (3) Herbarium
with the conservation of live specimens for future studies?
(4) More than one option is correct
Zoological parks, Museum, Botanical gardens, Herbarium
4. Solanum melongena and Mangifera indica belong to (1) One (2) Two
(1) Different family but same order (3) Three (4) Four
(2) Different order and class
12. Select the correct match
(3) Same class and division
Column-I Column-ll
(4) Different class but same division Ex-situconservation
(a) (i) Herbaria
of plants
5. The two kingdom classification system, given by Linnaeus, Serve as quick referral
does not distinguish between (b) systems in (ii) NBRI, Lucknow
taxonomical studies
(1) Unicellular and multicellular organisms Collection of
(c) skeletons ofanimals (iii) Zoos
(2) Eukaryotes and prokaryotes too
(3) Naked and cell walled organisms Enable us to learn
(d) about food habits and (iv) Museum
(4) More than one option is correct behaviour of animals
6. Growth is synonymous with reproduction in (1) a (ii), b (i), c (iv), d (iii)
(1) Bacteria and Protists (2) a (ii), b (i), c (iii), d (iv)
(2) Planaria and Spirogyra (3) a (i), b (ii), c (iv), d (iii)
(3) Ferns and protonema of moss (4) a (iv), b (i), c (iii), d (ii)
(4) Higher plants and animals 13. Nostoc, Chlamydomonas, Yeast and Spirogyra are placed
7. The most obvious and technically complicated feature of together in the same kingdom in ___(1)__ system mainly
all living organisms is on the basis of ___(2)___
(1) Growth (2) Reproduction (1) (2)
(3) Consciousness (4) Metabolism (1) Two kingdom, Cell wall
8. The number of species that are known and described on (2) Four kingdom, Cell type
earth refer to (i) which range between (ii). (3) Two kingdom, Body organisation
(1) (i) Classification, (ii) 1.7 to 1.8 billion (4) Five kingdom, Body organisation

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 Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

14. Organisms with cellular body organisation only and loose 21. Awareness of the surroundings and response to external
tissue level body organisation are placed into total (w.r.t. stimuli is
Whittaker’s system) (1) Shown by most advance and complex eukaryotes
(1) One and one kingdom respectively only
(2) One and two kingdom respectively (2) Homeostasis
(3) Two and one kingdom respectively (3) Shown by higher plants and animals only
(4) Two and two kingdom respectively (4) Defining property of living organisms
15. In taxonomic hierarchy, given below organisms are 22. Choose incorrect option w.r.t. features of living organisms
representative of how many families? (1) Growth is seen only upto a certain age in animals
Wheat, Potato, Brinjal, Mango (2) Sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in
(1) Two (2) Three
our body is metabolism
(3) Four (4) One
(3) No non-living object is capable of reproduction
16. Which of the following provide index to the plant species (4) In multicelled organisms, we are not clear about
found in particular area? the usage of terms like growth and reproduction
(1) Manual (2) Flora
23. Which of the following taxonomic categories are common
(3) Monograph (4) Catalogue
for Triticum and Mangifera ?
17. For Viruses, scientific names are based on agreed principles (1) Division, kingdom
and criteria which are provided in (2) Division, class (3) Order, class
(1) ICZN (2) ICNB (4) Family, order
(3) ICBN (4) ICTV
24. Taxonomic category with a group of related genera is
18. Biological classification system which was introduced by
(1) Anacardiaceae, Primata
Carl Woese divided the Monera into
(2) Poaceae, Diptera
(1) Three domains (2) Two domains
(3) Hominidae, Canidae
(3) Six domains (4) One domain
(4) Sapindales, Anacardiaceae
19. According to five kingdom classification system below
25. Which of the following is correct w.r.t. rules of binominal
organisms or groups belong to how many kingdoms?
nomenclature?
Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Mycoplasma,
(1) Same specific name can be given to organisms
Archaebacteria, Amoeba, Moulds, Paramoecium
belonging to different genera
(1) Two (2) Three
(2) Scientific name is italicised in hand written
(3) Four (4) Five
description
20. Which of the following represents the correct positioning
(3) Specific name is followed by generic name
of organisms according to Linnaean classification system?
(4) Second component in biological name starts with a
(where P - Plantae and A - Animalia)
capital letter
(a) Mosses (b) Blue green algae
(c) Fungi (d) Bacteria 26. Choose correct option for the missing words.
(e) Protozoa (f) Vertebrates Solanum + A  Solanaceae
(g) Invertebrates Panthera + B  C
(1) P - (a), (b), (c), (d); A - (e), (f), (g) (1) A - Lycopersicon, B - Canis, C - Canidae
(2) P - (a), (b), (d); A - (c), (e), (f), (g) (2) A - Datura, B - Felis, C - Felidae
(3) P - (a), (b), (c); A - (d), (e), (f), (g) (3) A - Mangifera, B - Canis, C - Canidae
(4) P - (a), (c), (e); A - (b), (d), (f), (g) (4) A - Oryza, B - Felis, C - Felidae

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 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

27. Which of the following group of organisms represents taxa 34. In binomial nomenclature
at same level ? (1) Each name has two components of italics origin
(1) Monocots, angiosperms (2) Both words are generally in Latin and written in
(2) Lion, animals italics
(3) Wheat, mango (3) The first word represents the specific epithet
(4) Tiger, chordates (4) Name of the author appears after the specific epithet
and should be underlined if handwritten
28. Detailed information about a particular taxon is present in
(1) Manual (2) Flora 35. Taxonomy involves all, except
(3) Monograph (4) Catalogue (1) Characterisation and identification of organisms
(2) Nomenclature of organisms
29. Which of the following taxonomic aids provide information (3) Classification of organisms
about the local flora as well as flora of distant areas? (4) Evolutionary relationships between organisms
(1) Museum, herbarium
36. Biological concept of species was given by ___________
(2) Herbarium, botanical garden
and based upon ___________ isolation
(3) Botanical garden, museums
(1) Ernst Mayr, reproductive
(4) Herbarium, flora
(2) Linnaeus, reproductive
30. Arrangement of organisms into convenient categories on (3) Ernst Mayr, morphological
the basis of similarities and differences in certain easily (4) de Candolle, behavioural
observable but fundamental characters is
37. More common characters are present in which one of the
(1) Taxonomy (2) Classification
following taxonomic categories?
(3) Nomenclature (4) Identification
(1) Family (2) Genus
31. Living organisms are characterised by all, except (3) Order (4) Class
(1) Metabolism 38. Sweet potato and potato are placed in the
(2) Ability to self-replicate (1) Same family and different orders
(3) Interaction with only physical stimulus (2) Different families and different orders
(4) Ability to self-organise (3) Different orders but same class
32. Read the statements carefully and select correct set of (4) Different families but same order
statements. 39. Find out the correct sequence of taxonomic categories in
(i) Intrinsic growth is defining property of living ascending order
organisms (1) Species  Family  Genus
(ii) Yeast and Hydra reproduce asexually by spore (2) Kingdom  Class  Division
formation (3) Order  Class  Division
(iii) Reproduction is synonymous with growth in (4) Genus  Class  Order
Amoeba
40. Carnivora is an assemblage of
(1) All options (2) (i) & (ii) (1) Mammalia & Felidae
(3) (i) & (iii) (4) (ii) & (iii) (2) Felidae & Canidae
33. The most obvious and technically complicated feature is (3) Convolvulaceae & Solanaceae
__A__ in ___B___ . (4) More than one option is correct
(1) A - Consciousness; B - All living organisms 41. Which one of the following is defining property of living
(2) A - Metabolism; B - All living organisms being ?
(3) A - Self-consciousness; B - Multicellular organisms (1) Growth (2) Reproduction
(4) A - Reproduction; B - All organisms (3) Metabolism (4) Unconsciousness

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42. Taxonomy which is based of sequencing of DNA and (1) International classification of biological
chemical nature of proteins is nomenclature
(1) Chemotaxonomy (2) Cytotaxonomy (2) International class of biological nomenclature
(3) Adansonian taxonomy (3) International code of botanical nomenclature
(4) Karyotaxonomy (4) International classification of biological naming

43. While preparing herbarium dried specimens are poisoned 48. ‘Taxa’ differs from ‘taxon’ due to
by using a solution of (1) this being a higher taxonomic category than taxon
(1) 10% HgCl2 (2) 0·1% MgCl2 (2) this being lower taxonomic category than taxon
(3) 0·1% CuSO4 (4) 0·1% HgCl2 (3) this being the plural of taxon
(4) this being the singular of taxon
44. Binomial epithet includes
(1) Genetic epithet + author citation 49. The total number of insects species, that are known and
(2) Specific epithet described, range between
(3) Generic epithet + specific citation (1) 0.5-1.0 million (2) 1.1-1.2 million
(4) Generic epithet + specific epithet + author citation (3) 1.025 million (4) 2.5-3.0 million

45. According to the three kingdom classification the fungi [Link] of the following combinations is correct for
were placed in wheat ?
(1) Animalia (2) Protista (1) Genus Triticum, Family Anacardiaceae,
(3) Plantae (4) Monera Order Poales, Class Monocotyledonae
(2) Genus Triticum , Family Poaceae,
46. In the hierarchial classification, the number of obligate
Order Poales, Class Dicotyledonae
categories is
(3) Genus Triticum , Family Poaceae,
(1) 7 (2) 8
Order Sapindales, Class Monocotyledonae
(3) 6 (4) 12
(4) Genus Triticum, Family Poaceae,
47. ICBN stand for Order Poales, Class Monocotyledonae

ENABLE
1. Founder of binomial nomenclature was (1) 16s-rRNA (2) 28s-rRNA
(1) Linnaeus (2) Mendel (3) 23s-rRNA (4) 5.8s-rRNA
(3) Darwin (4) Lamarck
6. Find odd one out w.r.t. taxonomic category
2. Interbreeding is possible between two members of (1) Poaceae (2) Homonidae
(1) Order (2) Family (3) Malvaceae (4) Insecta
(3) Genus (4) Species
7. Find an incorrect statement w.r.t. taxonomial aids
3. A place of collection of dried plant specimen is (1) Herbarium serves as quick referral system in
(1) Arborateum (2) Herbarium taxonomial studies
(3) Botanical gardens (4) All of these (2) Plant species are grown for identification purpose
4. The category that includes related species is in botanical gardens
(1) Class (2) Order (3) Keys are based on the pair of contrasting
(3) Division (4) Genera characters called couplet
5. Carl Woese found that the six kingdoms naturally cluster (4) Monographs provide a complete index of species
into three main domains on the basis of the sequence of in a given area

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8. Find out if one of the following categories is incorrect (3) Two names by two scientists
w.r.t. Mango (4) One scientific name with two words, generic and
(1) Family — Anacardiaceae specific
(2) Order — Polemoniales
18. Choose the correct sequence of taxonomic categories
(3) Class — Dicotyledonae
(1) Class - Phylum - Order - Family - Genus - Species
(4) Division — Angiospermae
(2) Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
9. A group of freely interbreeding plants constitutes a (3) Division - Class - Family - Order - Genus - Species
(1) Genera (2) Species (4) Phylum - Order - Class - Family - Genus – Species
(3) Class (4) Family
19. Phenetic classification of organisms is based on
10. Biological concept of species was proposed by (1) Sexual characteristics
(1) Linnaeus (2) Julian Huxley (2) Observable characteristics of existing organisms
(3) Mayr (4) John Ray (3) The ancestral lineage of existing organisms
(4) Dendrogram based on DNA characteristics
11. Find the odd one out (w.r.t. category)
(1) Division (2) Tribe 20. In the light of recent classification of living organisms into
(3) Order (4) Class three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya), which
one of the following statements is true about Archaea?
12. The complete compilation of information about any family
(1) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects
is called
(2) Archaea have some novel features that are absent
(1) Manual (2) Monograph
in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(3) Flora (4) Catalogue
(3) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and
13. In taxonomic keys, the pairs of contrasting traits are known eukaryotes
as (4) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes
(1) Doublet (2) Couplet
21. A group of related genera, with still less number of
(3) Lead (4) Alleles
similarities as compared to the genus and species,
14. Mark the incorrect one constitutes
(1) Growth is extrinsic type in non-living objects (1) Order (2) Class
(2) Self-consciousness is present in human beings (3) Family (4) Division
(3) Most living and some non-living objects are
22. In Whittaker’s system of classification, organisms with
capable of reproduction
multicellular and loose tissue level body organization have/
(4) Cellular organisation is the defining feature of life
show
forms
a. Chitinous cell wall
15. Members of which of the following groups are not b. Absence of cell wall
concerned with the same taxon ? c. No nuclear membrane
(1) Rice, Dog (2) Insects, Housefly d. Heterotrophic nutrition
(3) Potato, Mango (4) Man, Wheat (1) a&d (2) b & c
16. Find the odd one (w.r.t. taxonomic categories) (3) b&d (4) c & d
(1) Muscidae (2) Primata 23. The organism with eukaryotic cell structure and cellular
(3) Sapindales (4) Poales grade of organization only are contained in the kingdom
17. In binomial nomenclature, every organism has (w.r.t. five kingdom classification)
(1) Two names, one latin other common (1) Protista (2) Fungi
(2) Two names, one scientific other common (3) Monera (4) Plantae

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24. Which of the following kingdom includes the members 30. Chlorella is placed alongwith Paramecium and bacteria
which show highest nutritional diversity? in the same kingdom by
(1) Fungi (2) Plantae (1) Linnaeus (2) E. Haeckel
(3) Animalia (4) Protista (3) Copeland (4) R.H. Whittaker

25. Find incorrect statement for Ernst Mayr 31. Read the following statements
(1) His research spanned ornithology, taxonomy, (i) Insecta and Dicotyledonae are present on same rank.
zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and the (ii) Human is present in order Hominidae
history and philosophy of biology. (iii) Poales is present on higher rank than Mammalia.
(2) Pioneered the currently accepted definition of a How many of the above given statements is/are correct?
biological species (1) (i) (2) (ii)
(3) Mayr was awarded the three prizes widely regarded (3) (iii) (4) None of these
as the triple crown of Biology 32. Find incorrect statement
(4) Was California University evolutionary biologist (1) Most obvious and technically complicated feature
26. Find incorrect statement of all living organisms is this ability to sense their
(1) In multicellular organisms, reproduction refers to the surroundings or environment and respond to these
production of progeny possessing features more or environmental stimuli which could be physical,
chemical or biological.
less similar to those of parents.
(2) Plants respond to external factors like light, water,
(2) Fungi multiply and spread easily due to the millions
temperature, other organisms, pollutants, etc.
of asexual spores they produce.
(3) All organisms, from the prokaryotes to the most
(3) In Planaria (flat worms), we observe false
complex eukaryotes can sense and respond to
regeneration
environmental cues.
(4) No non-living object is capable of reproducing or
(4) Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal
replicating by itself.
breeders only in plants
27. Choose correct placement of groups w.r.t. the two
33. Which of the following category is not true for human
kingdom classification system
being ?
a. Mosses + __ A__  - Plantae
(1) Mammalia (2) Primata
b. Vertebrates + ___B__  Animalia
(3) Hominidae (4) Carnivora
c. Fungi + __C__  Plantae
(1) A-Algae, B - Fungi, C - BGA 34. Find incorrect statement
(2) A - Ferns, B - BGA, C - Algae (1) Properties of tissues are not present in the
(3) A - BGA, B - Protozoans, C - Mosses constituent cells but arise as a result of interactions
(4) A - Gymnosperms, B - Bacteria, C - Ferns among the constituent cells.
(2) Properties of cellular organelles are not present in
28. Bacteria, BGA, fungi, mosses, ferns and seeded plants the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise
were kept in the same kingdom by as a result of interactions among the molecular
(1) Whittaker (2) Carl Woese components comprising the organelle.
(3) Linnaeus (4) Copeland (3) Living organisms are self-replicating, evolving and
29. Multicellular organisms with heterotrophic mode of self-regulating interactive systems capable of
nutrition only are included in total how many kingdoms in responding to external stimuli.
Whittaker’s system? (4) All living organisms – present, past and future, are
(1) Three (2) Two not linked to one another by the sharing of the
(3) One (4) Four common genetic material, but to varying degrees.

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35. Find incorrect statement (1) a (iv), b (iii), c (ii), d (i)

(1) Biological names are generally in Latin and written (2) a (iii), b (i), c (iv), d (ii)
in italics. They are Latinised or derived from Latin (3) a (i), b (ii), c (iii), d (iv)
irrespective of their origin. (4) a (ii), b (iv), c (i), d (iii)
(2) The first word in a biological name represents the 40. According to Whittaker, PPLO are included in kingdom :
genus while the second component denotes the (1) Monera (2) Protista
specific epithet. (3) Fungi (4) Slime moulds
(3) Both the words in a biological name, when
41. Taxonomy which is based on mathematical comparison of
handwritten, are separately underlined, or printed in
similarities and dissimilarities is :
italics to indicate their Latin origin.
(1) Chemotaxonomy
(4) Name of the author appears after the specific epithet,
(2) Cytotaxonomy (3) Numerical taxonomy
i.e., at the end of the biological name and is always
(4) Karyotaxonomy
written in full form
42. Domain Archaea includes how many kingdoms (w.r.t. Six
36. Find incorrect statement
kingdom system)?
(1) The earliest classifications were based on the ‘uses’
(1) 2 (2) 3
of various organisms.
(3) 1 (4) 4
(2) The word systematics is derived from the Latin word
‘systema’ which means systematic arrangement of 43. Unicellular organisms with holophytic nutrition are included
organisms. in how many kingdoms according to Whittaker’s system of
(3) Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his classification ?
publication. (1) Two (2) Three
(4) Systematics never takes into account evolutionary (3) Four (4) One
relationships between organisms. 44. Find incorrect statement
37. According to 5 kingdom system of classification how many (1) Classification is not a single step process but
kingdoms contain unicellular eukaryotes? involves hierarchy of steps in which each step
(1) 1 kingdom (2) 4 kingdom represents a rank or category.
(2) Since the category is a part of overall taxonomic
(3) 2 kingdom (4) all the 5 kingdoms
arrangement, it is called the taxonomic category and
38. Tomato belongs to class dicot of angiosperms and belongs all categories together constitute the taxonomic
to family hierarchy.
(1) Poales (2) Solanaceae (3) Each category, referred to as a unit of classification,
(3) Rannales (4) Parietales in fact, represents a rank and is commonly termed as
39. Match the following taxon
Column I Column II (4) These taxonomic groups/categories are not
a. Three kingdom (i) Carl Woese distinct biological entities and are merely
classification morphological aggregates.
b. Four kingdom (ii) Whittaker 45. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched
classification with its particular named taxonomic category?
c. Five kingdom (iii) Copeland (1) Cuttlefish – Mollusca, a class
classification (2) Humans – Primata, a family
d. Six kingdom (iv) Haeckel (3) Housefly – Musca, an order
classification (4) Tiger – tigris, a species

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46. Which of the following is not recognised by botanists ? taxonomical aids because :
(1) Division (2) Variety (1) They help in correct identification
(3) Tautonym (4) Trinomial name (2) They provide the index of the plant species found
in particualar area
47. According to three kingdom classification the slime moulds
(3) They are used in the study of anatomy
are placed in:
(4) Both (1) and (2)
(1) Animalia (2) Protista
(3) Plantae (4) Monera 50. In taximetrics :
(1) All characters are given equal importance except
48. In India IARI is situated at :
morphological traits
(1) Calcutta (2) Bombay
(2) Few characters are selected
(3) Madras (4) New Delhi
(3) Genetical characters having maximum weightage
49. Flora, Manuals and Monographs are included in (4) Percentage similarity is calculated

EFFICIENT
1. Find incorrect statement (4) Taxonomic studies of various species of plants,
(1) Genus comprises a group of related species which animals and other organisms are useful in agriculture,
has more characters in common in comparison to forestry, industry and in general in knowing our bio-
species of other genera. resources and their diversity.
(2) Genera are aggregates of closely related species.
4. Find correct statement regarding characters of living being
(3) Family, has a group of related genera with more
(1) Growth, reproduction, ability to sense environment
number of similarities as compared to genus and
(2) Ability to self-replicate
species.
(3) Interact and emergence
(4) Generally, order and other higher taxonomic
(4) All of these
categories are identified based on the aggregates of
characters. 5. True species are
2. Find incorrect statement (1) Interbreeding
(1) Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are (2) Sharing the same niche
included in the order Polymoniales mainly based on (3) Feeding on the same food
the floral characters. (4) Reproductively isolated
(2) The animal order, Carnivora, includes families like 6. Find incorrect statement
Felidae and Cancidae. (1) Biological museums are generally set up in
(3) Order Primata comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon educational institutes such as schools and colleges.
(4) In case of plants, classes with a few similar characters (2) Key is a taxonomical aid
are assigned to a higher category called Phylum (3) Manuals are useful in providing information for
3. Find incorrect statement identification of names of both living and extinct
(1) Lower the taxa, fewer are the characteristics that the species
members within the taxon share. (4) Classification is the process by which anything is
(2) Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of grouped into convenient categories based on some
determining the relationship to other taxa at the same easily observable characters.
level.
7. Branch of Biology dealing with classification is
(3) Taxonomists have also developed sub-categories to
(1) Ecology (2) Biogeography
facilitate more sound and scientific placement of
(3) Taxonomy (4) Eugenics
various taxa.

Self Study Course for Medical Entrance Efficient 41

 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

8. The phylogenetic system refers to grouping 16. Which one of the following cannot be taken as defining
(1) According to floral similaries property of all life forms?
(2) Of plants in order of their increasing complexities (1) Cellular organization
(3) According to evolutionary trends (2) Self-consciousness
(4) According to all morphological characters (3) Ability to interact and respond to environmental
9. Holotype is stimuli
(1) Specimen cited with original description (4) Metabolism
(2) Specimen used by an author as nomenclature type 17. Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are
(3) Duplicate of first identified specimen (1) Living things
(4) None of these (2) Non-living things
10. Statistical method is used in ......... type of classification (3) Living reactions
(1) Phenetic (2) Numerical (4) More than one option is correct
(3) Taximetrics (4) All of these
18. Which one of the following is correct representation of
11. Find incorrect statement binomial epithet w.r.t. mango?
(1) We sense our environment through our sense (1) Mangifera Indica
organs. (2) Mangifera indica Linn
(2) All organisms, from the prokaryotes to the most (3) Mangifera Indica Linn.
complex eukaryotes can sense and respond to (4) Mangifera indica L.
environmental cues
19. In the given statement “potato is a dicot and dicots are
(3) Plants respond to external factors like light, water,
plants”.
temperature, other organisms, pollutants, etc
(4) All organisms can not handle chemicals entering (1) Taxon potato represents family
their bodies (2) Taxon dicot represents class
(3) Taxon plant represents species
12. In which year, Julian Huxley gave the New Systematics?
(4) Taxon potato represents genus
(1) 1940 (2) 1840
(3) 1801 (4) 1901 20. Taxonomic category with comparatively less number of
common characters is
13. Diversification in plant life appeared
(1) Family (2) Order
(1) By seed dispersal
(3) Genus (4) Variety
(2) Due to long periods of evolutionary changes
(3) Due to abrupt mutations 21. The animal order “Carnivora” includes families like
(4) Suddenly on earth (1) Felidae and Cancidae

14. The growth by cell division occurs continuously (2) Felidae and Hominidae
throughout their life span in (3) Hominidae and Cancidae
(1) Majority of lower animals (4) Muscidae and Hominidae
(2) Higher animals (3) Plants 22. The prime source of taxonomic studies is
(4) Only heterotrophic plants (1) Classification of plants and animals
15. The filamentous algae and the protonema of moss easily (2) Nomenclature
multiply by (3) Identification
(1) Spores formation (2) Fragmentation (4) Collection of actual specimens of plant and animal
(3) Budding (4) Binary fission species

42 Efficient Self Study Course for Medical Entrance

 Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

23. Order is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few (2) Properties of cellular organelles are not present in
similar characters. Choose the correct option w.r.t. such the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise
assemblage. as a result of interactions among the molecular
Families Order components comprising the organelle.
(1) Convolvulaceae Polymoniales (3) Biology is the story of evolution of living organisms
Poaceae on earth.
(2) Felidae Carnivora (4) The word systematics is derived from the Latin word
Cancidae ‘systema’ which means systematic arrangement of
(3) Poaceae Sapindales organisms
Anacardiaceae 30. Find incorrect statement
(4) Hominidae Primata (1) Growth cannot be taken as a defining property of
Muscidae living organisms
24. To facilitate more sound and scientific placement of various (2) A dead organism does not grow
taxa, taxonomists have also developed (3) Reproduction refers to the production of progeny
___________________ in the hierarchy. possessing features more or less similar to those of
(1) Broad categories (2) Obligate categories parents
(3) Sub-categories (4) Reproduction is an all-inclusive defining
(4) More than one option is correct characteristic of living organisms

25. The taxonomical aid as store house of collected plant 31. The basis of classification used by Carl Woese was
specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets (1) Cell structure (2) Mode of nutrition
is (3) Pigments (4) r RNA
(1) Museum (2) Botanical gardens 32. Find incorrect statement
(3) Herbarium (1) All living organisms are made of chemicals
(4) More than one option is correct (2) All plants, animals, fungi and viruses exhibit
26. Select incorrect statement for one of the taxonomical aid metabolism
based on the contrasting characters generally in pair (3) Cellular organisation of the body is the defining
(1) Generally analytical in nature feature of life forms
(2) Same taxonomic key are required for each category (4) Human being is the only organism who is aware of
such as family, genus and species himself, i.e., has self-consciousness.
(3) Each statement is lead 33. From the given box, how many characters can be taken as
(4) This results in the acceptance of only one statement defining property for all life forms?
out of pair Extrinsic growth, Reproduction, Isolated metabolic reactions
27. Ex-situ conservation of organisms is associated with in vitro, Intrinsic growth, Self- consciousness, Ability to
(1) Botanical gardens and museums sense only physical stimulus and mount suitable response.
(2) Herbarium and zoos (1) Three (2) Two
(3) Zoos and botanical gardens (3) Four (4) One
(4) Museum and herbarium 34. Read the statements carefully and select appropriate answer.
28. Biological organization starts with: A. Properties of tissues are present in the constituent
(1) atomic level cells.
(2) cellular level (3) organismic level B. Flat worms show true regeneration.
(4) submicroscopic molecular level C. Non-living objects also grow by increase in mass.
(1) All statements are correct
29. Find incorrect statement (2) A and B are correct (3) A and C are incorrect
(1) Patients lying in coma in hospitals is not brain-dead (4) Only A is incorrect

Self Study Course for Medical Entrance Efficient 43

 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

35. Find one with respect to taxa belonging to different levels (2) Classification, Naming
in hierarchy. (3) Conservation, Preservation
(1) Lion, Tiger, Leopard (4) More than one option is correct
(2) Wheat, Monocots, Plants 43. Choose the correct option for taxonomic keys
(3) Felis, Panthera, Homo I. Each statement of key is ___A__.
(4) Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae II. Set of characters used in a pair is ___B___.
36. Select incorrect statement w.r.t. binomial nomenclature III. Pairs of __C__ characteristics are used.
(1) Given by Carolus Linnaeus (1) A - Couplet, B - Lead, C - Non-alternating
(2) Being practised by biologists all over the world (2) A - Lead, B - Couplet, C - Non-contrasting
(3) First word in a biological name represents the genus (3) A - Lead, B - Couplet, C - Alternate
while the second component denotes the specific (4) A - Couplet, B - Lead, C - Contrasting
epithet 44. Which of the following serve as means for ex-situ
(4) Biological names are written in Latin and conservation of rare and endemic plant and animal species
underlined separately when printed respectively?
37. Which one of the following represents the choice made (1) Herbarium, Museum
between two opposite options which results in acceptance (2) Botanical Garden, Zoological park
of only one and rejection of the other? (3) Botanical Garden, Museum
(1) Flora (2) Manuals (4) Herbarium, Zoological park
(3) Key (4) Monographs 45. Higher the taxonomic category, _______ is the number of
38. Which one of the following character was not used by organisms and ________ is the number of common
Whittaker in his classification system? features.
(1) Cell structure (1) Higher, more (2) Fewer, less
(2) Thallus organisation (3) Higher, fewer (4) Fewer, more
(3) r-RNA gene sequencing 46. Choose odd one w.r.t. obligate categories
(4) Phylogenetic relationship (1) Genus and Family (2) Family and Order
(3) Tribe and Variety (4) Order and Class
39. Whittaker classification system did not differentiate which
of the following group of organisms as kingdom? 47. The science which deals with diversity of organisms and
(1) Fungi and plants all their comparative and evolutionary relationship is
(2) Animals and bacteria (1) Wider field of science than taxonomy
(3) Eubacteria and archaebacteria (2) Referred to as systematics
(4) Both (2) & (3) (3) Based on phylogeny
(4) More than one option is correct
40. Select odd one w.r.t. broad categories in taxonomic hierarchy
(1) Kingdom and Division 48. Choose incorrect option w.r.t. some important rules of
(2) Phylum and Class (3) Sub-species and Tribe binomial nomenclature
(4) Order and Family (1) The generic name is followed by specific epithet and
then the name of author
41. Select incorrect taxonomic category valid for Housefly
(2) Both words in biological component are separately
(1) Muscidae (2) Diptera
underlined when handwritten
(3) Insecta (4) Chordata
(3) Biological names are generally in Latin and written
42. Which of the following functions are performed by in italics
taxonomic aids? (4) The name of the author is printed in Roman and
(1) Identification, Store house underlined

44 Efficient Self Study Course for Medical Entrance

 Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

49. Consciousness is a _________ feature and self (4) Defining, non-defining

consciousness is a _________ feature of all life forms 50. A group of organism that is descended from a common
(1) Defining, defining ancestor i.e. monophyletic taxon called as :
(2) Non-defining, non-defining (1) Grade (2) Clade
(3) Non-defining, defining (3) Cline (4) Progenote

IMPECCABLE
1. Binomial nomenclature was first issued in 8. Binomial system of nomenclature was given by
(CBSE AIPMT-2007) (UP CPMT-2008)
(1) Systema Naturae (2) Genera Plantarum (1) Julian Huxley (2) Bentham and Hooker
(3) Genera Animalium (4) Species Plantarum (3) Linnaeus (4) Casper Bauhin
2. Actinomycetes are being put under which of the following? 9. The number of species classified in ‘Species Plantarum’ is
[AMU 2007] (DUMET-2008)
(1) Kingdom Fungi (2) Kingdom Monera (1) 5000 (2) 6000
(3) Kingdom Plantae (4) Kingdom Protoctista (3) 4000 (4) 3800
3. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the same 10. New systematics introduced by Sir Julian Huxley is also
species if they (CBSE AIPMT-2007) called (Kerala CEE-2008)
(1) can reproduce freely with each other and form seeds (1) phenetics (2) cladistics
(2) have more than 90 percent similar genes (3) biosystematics (4) numerical taxonomy
(3) look similar and possess identical secondary
metabolites 11. Phenetics is also called (Haryana PMT-2008)
(4) have same number of chromosomes (1) classical taxonomy
(2) artificial taxonomy
4. The biological definition of a species depends on
(3) neo-taxonomy (4) adansonian taxonomy
(Punjab PMET-2007)
(1) the geographical distribution of two groups of 12. Term ‘Alfa taxonomy ’ was given by (BCECE-2008)
organisms (1) Turril (2) Bateson
(2) reproductive isolation of two groups of organisms (3) Linnaeus (4) Darwin
(3) anatomical and developmental differences between 13. Phenetic classification of organisms is based on
the two groups of organisms [CBSE PMT 2008]
(4) difference in the adaptation of two groups of (1) Sexual characteristics
organisms (2) Observable characteristics of existing organisms
5. The biological concept of species was formulated by (3) The ancestral lineage of existing organisms
(Punjab PMET-2007) (4) Dendrogram based on DNA characteristics
(1) Mayr (2) Stebbins 14. In the light of recent classification of living organisms into
(3) Heywood (4) Love
three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya), which
6. National Botanical Research Institute is situated at one of the following statements is true about Archaea?
(DUMET-2007) [AIPMT 2008]
(1) Lucknow (2) Kolkata (1) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects
(3) Mumbai (4) Chennai (2) Archaea have some novel features that are absent
7. Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis are in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes
good examples of : (Kerala CEE-2007) (3) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and
(1) Sympatric species (2) Allopatric species eukaryotes
(3) Polytypic species (4) Sibling species (4) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes

Self Study Course for Medical Entrance Impeccable 45

 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

15. Phylogenetic system of classification is based on (1) monera (2) protista

(CBSE AIPMT-2009) (3) fungi (4) plantae
(1) evolutionary relationships 24. Classification that considers several characters of
(2) morphological features ancestors is (CET Chd. 2009)
(3) chemical constituents (1) phylogenetic (2) artificial
(4) floral characters (3) natural (4) phyllotaxy
16. Linnaean system of plant classification is based on 25. According to Whittaker’s five kingdom classification the
(UP CPMT-2009) unicellular, non-nucleated organisms are placed in
(1) morphological and anatomical characters (COMED K UGET 2009)
(2) evolutionary trends (3) floral characters (1) monera (2) protista
(4) None of the above (3) plantae (4) animalia
17. Systematics term was given by (PMT-Raj. 2009) 26. Which of the following statements regarding universal rules
(1) Lamarck (2) de Candolle of nomenclature is wrong? (Kerala CEE-2010)
(3) Linnaeus (4) Darwin (1) The first word in a biological name represents the
18. The phylogenetic system of classification was put forth genus
by (Kerala CEE-2009) (2) The first word denoting the genus starts with a
(1) Carolus Linnaeus capital letter
(3) Both the words in a biological name, when
(2) George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker
handwritten are separately underlined
(3) Aristotle
(4) Biological names are generally in Greek and
(4) Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl
written in italics
19. Which one of the taxonomic aids can give comprehensive
27. ‘Systema Naturae’ was written by (Kerala CEE-2010)
account of complete compiled information of any one genus
(1) Ernst Mayr (2) Carolus Linnaeus
or family at a particular time? (Kerala CEE-2009)
(3) R H Whittaker (4) W M Stanley
(1) Taxonomic key (2) Flora
(3) Herbarium (4) Monograph 28. Which of the following domain was not suggested by
Woese ? (OJEE-2010)
20. Systematic botany means (J&K CET-2009)
(1) Animalia (3) Archaea
(1) system analysis
(2) Bacteria (4) Eukarya
(2) systematic arrangement of organs of plants
(3) systematic study of organelles and tissues 29. ‘Taxa’ differs from ‘taxon’ due to : (DPMT 2010)
(4) methodical study of plants, dealing with (1) this being a higher taxonomic category than taxon
identification, naming and classification (2) this being lower taxonomic category than taxon
(3) this being the plural of taxon
21. Datura innoxia belongs to the order and family respectively (4) this being the singular of taxon
(J&K CET-2009)
(1) Malvales, Fabaceae (2) Passiflorales, Poaceae 30. Which of the following combinations is correct for maize?
(DPMT 2010)
(3) Polemoniales, Solanaceae
(1) Genus : Zea, Family : Anacardiaceae,
(4) Sapindales, Anacardiaceae
Order : Poales, Class : Monocotyledoneae
22. A phylum common to unicellular animals and plants is (2) Genus : Zea, Family : Poaceae,
(DPMT 2009) Order : Poales, Class : Dicotyledoneae
(1) monera (2) plantae (3) Genus : Zea, Family : Poaceae,
(3) fungi (4) protista Order : Sapindales, Class : Monocotyledoneae
23. The most widespread group of organisms of earth belongs (4) Genus : Zea, Family : Poaceae,
to kingdom ([AMU 2009) Order : Poales, Class : Monocotyledoneae

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 Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

31. IUCN stands for : (DPMT 2010) 40. The basic unit of classification is (J&K CET-2011)
(1) Indian Union for Conservation of Nature (1) species (2) genus
(2) International Union for Conservation of Nature (3) family (4) phylum
(3) Indian Union for Chemical Nomenclature 41. The term ‘Taxonomy’ was introduced by
(4) International Union for Conservation of Nutrients (J&K CET-2011)
32. A group of related genera, with still less number of (1) de Candolle (2) Bentham and Hooker
similarities as compared to the genus and species, (3) Linnaeus (4) Huxley
constitutes: (DPMT 2010) 42. Scientific study of diversity of organisms and their
(1) Order (2) Class evolutionary relationships is (J&K CET-2011)
(3) Family (4) Division (1) Morphology (2) Anatomy
33. Classification of organisms based on evolutionary as well (3) Taxonomy (4) Systematics
as genetic relationships is called : (DPMT 2010) 43. Arrange the following in the ascending order of Linnaean
(1) Biosystematics (2) Phenetics hierarchy. (KCET-2011)
(3) Numerical taxonomy (4) Cladistics (1) Kingdom–Order–Species–Genus–Class–Family–
Phylum
34. True species are (CBSE 2010)
(2) Kingdom–Family–Genus–Order
(1) Interbreeding
(3) Kingdom–Phylum–Class–Order–Family–Genus–
(2) Sharing the same niche
Species
(3) Feeding on the same food
(4) Species–Genus–Family–Order–Class–Phylum–
(4) Reproductively isolated
Kingdom
35. Nomenclature given by Linnaeus is (OJEE-2011)
44. Select the wrong statements. (Kerala CEE-2011)
(1) binomial (2) trinomial
I. Lower the taxon, more are the characteristics that
(3) phylogenetic (4) natural the members within the taxon share.
36. Taxonomic hierarchy refers to (DUMET-2011) II. Order is the assemblage of genera which exhibit a
(1) stepwise arrangement of all categories for few similar characters.
classification of plants and animals III. Cat and dog are included in the same family–Felidae.
(2) a group of senior taxonomists, who decide the IV. Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Carolus
nomenclature of plants and animals Linnaeus.
(3) a list of botanists or zoologists, who have worked (1) I, II and III (2) II, III and IV
on taxonomy of a species or group (3) I and IV (4) II and III
(4) classification of a species based on fossil record 45. Animals are classified into hierarchical group. In which one
37. Father of Botany is (OJEE-2011) of the following, the largest number of species are found?
(1) Aristotle (3) Darwin (WB JEE-2012)
(2) Robert Hooke (4) Theophrastus (1) Genus (2) Order
(3) Family (4) Class
38. Family is placed between (OJEE-2011)
46. Which one of the following is not a correct statement?
(1) order and class (2) genus and species
(1) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved
(3) class and genus (4) order and genus
plant specimens
39. The framework system of classification in which various (2) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants
taxonomic categories are arranged in order of logical for reference
sequence is called (J&K CET-2011) (3) A museum has collection of photographs of plants
(1) systematics (2) classification and animals
(3) hierarchy (4) taxon (4) Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of specimens

Self Study Course for Medical Entrance Impeccable 47

 The Living World Vidyamandir Classes

47. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which The two correct statements are
one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature (1) B and C (2) C and D
(NEET 2016 PHASE-1) (3) A and D (4) A and B
(1) The names are written in Latin and are italicised
51. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II
(2) When written by hand the names are to be underlined.
and select the correct option given below: (NEET 2018)
(3) Biological names can be written in any language
Column I Column II
(4) The first word in a biological name represents the
It is a place having a
genus name and the second is a specific epithet.
a. Herbarium i collection of pres erved
48. The label of a herbarium sheet does not carry information plants and animals
on (NEET 2016 PHASE-2) A lis t that enumerates
(1) date of collection (2) name of collector methodically all the s pecies
b. Key ii found in the an area with
(3) local names (4) height of the plant
brief des cription aiding
49. Match column I with column II for housefly classification identification
and select the correct option using the codes given below Is a place where dried and
(NEET 2016 PHASE-2) c. M us eum iii pres s ed plant s pecimens
mounted on s heets are kept
Column - I Column - II
A booklet containing a lis t of
A. Family (i) Diptera
characters and their
B. Order (ii) Arthropoda d. Catalogue iv alternates which are helpful
C. Class (iii) Muscidae in identification of various
D. Phylum (iv) Insecta taxa.
(1) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii (2) A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i Options
(3) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i (4) A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii a b c d
(1) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
50. Study the four statements (A-D) given below and select
(2) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
the two correct ones out of them (NEET 2016 PHASE-2)
(3) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
A. Definition of biological species was given by Ernst
(4) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
Mayr.
52. Select the correctly written scientific name of Mango which
B. Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants
was first described by Carolus Linnaeus: (NEET 2019)
C. Binomial nomenclature system was given by R.H.
(1) Mangifera Indica
Whittaker.
(2) Mangifera indica Car. Linn.
D. In unicellular organisms, reproduction is
(3) Mangifera indica Linn.
synonymous with growth
(4) Mangifera indica

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
TRY SECTION
1. 4 2. 2 3. 3 4. 2 5. 3 6. 1 7. 4 8. 3
9. 2 10. 2 11. 2 12. 3

48 Answers Self Study Course for Medical Entrance

Vidyamandir Classes The Living World

ANSWERS TO IN CHAPTER EXERCISES

1. 4 2. 4 3. 1 4. 4 5. 3 6. 2 7. 4 8. 4
A
9. 2 10. 3
1. 3 2. 3 3. 1 4. 3 5. 1 6. 3 7. 2 8. 4
B
9. 4 10. 1
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 1 5. 3 6. 2 7. 1 8. 2
C 9. 1 10. 3
1. 3 2. 4 3. 3 4. 1 5. 1 6. 4 7. 2 8. 4
D
9. 2 10. 2

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
FUNDAMENTAL
1. 4 2. 1 3. 1 4. 3 5. 4 6. 1 7. 3 8. 2
9. 3 10. 4 11. 2 12. 1 13. 1 14. 3 15. 2 16. 2
17. 4 18. 2 19. 2 20. 1 21. 4 22. 4 23. 1 24. 3
25. 1 26. 2 27. 3 28. 3 29. 2 30. 2 31. 3 32. 3
33. 1 34. 2 35. 4 36. 1 37. 2 38. 4 39. 3 40. 2
41. 3 42. 1 43. 4 44. 4 45. 2 46. 1 47. 3 48. 3
49. 3 50. 4
ENABLE
1. 1 2. 4 3. 2 4. 4 5. 1 6. 4 7. 4 8. 2
9. 2 10. 3 11. 2 12. 2 13. 2 14. 3 15. 2 16. 1
17. 4 18. 2 19. 2 20. 2 21. 3 22. 1 23. 1 24. 4
25. 4 26. 3 27. 3 28. 3 29. 2 30. 2 31. 1 32. 4
33. 4 34. 4 35. 4 36. 4 37. 1 38. 2 39. 1 40. 1
41. 3 42. 3 43. 1 44. 4 45. 4 46. 3 47. 2 48. 4
49. 4 50. 4
EFFICIENT
1. 3 2. 4 3. 1 4. 4 5. 4 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3
9. 2 10. 4 11. 4 12. 1 13. 2 14. 3 15. 2 16. 2
17. 3 18. 2 19. 2 20. 2 21. 1 22. 4 23. 2 24. 3
25. 3 26. 2 27. 3 28. 4 29. 1 30. 4 31. 4 32. 2
33. 4 34. 4 35. 2 36. 4 37. 4 38. 3 39. 3 40. 3
41. 4 42. 4 43. 3 44. 2 45. 3 46. 3 47. 4 48. 4
49. 4 50. 2
IMPECCABLE
1. 4 2. 2 3. 1 4. 2 5. 1 6. 1 7. 4 8. 3
9. 2 10. 3 11. 4 12. 1 13. 2 14. 2 15. 1 16. 3
17. 3 18. 4 19. 4 20. 4 21. 3 22. 4 23. 4 24. 3
25. 1 26. 4 27. 2 28. 1 29. 3 30. 4 31. 2 32. 3
33. 4 34. 4 35. 1 36. 1 37. 4 38. 4 39. 3 40. 1
41. 1 42. 4 43. 4 44. 4 45. 4 46. 3 47. 3 48. 4
49. 1 50. 3 51. 4 52. 3

Self Study Course for Medical Entrance Answers 49