SCL-90-R.

UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.

Prof. M.M. Casullo.

THE SCL-90-R SYMPTOM INVENTORY by L. Derogatis

María Martina Casullo. Marcelo Pérez.
(2008)

This inventory has been developed to assess patterns of symptoms present in individuals.
and can be used in both community tasks and clinical diagnosis.
Each of the 90 items that make it up is answered based on a five-point scale.
points (0-4). It is evaluated and interpreted based on nine primary dimensions and three
global indices of psychological distress:

Somatizations (SOM)
2) Obsessions and Compulsions (OC)
3) Interpersonal sensitivity (IS)
Depression (DEP)
5) Anxiety (ANS)
Hostility (HOS)
7) Phobic anxiety ( FOB)
Paranoid ideation (PAR)
9) Psychoticism (PSYCH).

Global Severity Index (GSI)

Total of positive symptoms (TPS)
3) Positive Symptomatic Discomfort Index (PSDI)

These three indicators reflect differential aspects of the disorders to be evaluated.

In general terms, a person who has completed their primary education can...
to respond without major difficulties. In case the subject shows reading difficulties, it is
It is advisable for the examiner to read each item aloud.

Under normal circumstances, its administration does not require more than fifteen minutes. It is requested to
the person being evaluated should respond based on how they have felt during
the last seven days, including today (the day of inventory management).
patients with intellectual disability, delusional ideas, or psychotic disorder are poor candidates for
Answer the SCL-90. It is applicable to individuals between 13 and 65 years of age.

THE NINE DIMENSIONS OF SYMPTOMS.

These dimensions were defined based on clinical, rational, and empirical criteria.

SOMATIZATIONS
Evaluate the presence of discomforts that the person perceives related to different
body dysfunctions (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory).

OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS

Includes symptoms that are identified with the clinical syndrome of the same name:
Thoughts, actions, and impulses that are experienced as impossible to avoid or not.
desired.

INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY
It focuses on detecting the presence of feelings of inferiority and inadequacy, in
especially when the person compares themselves to their peers

DEPRESSION
The items that make up this subscale represent a representative sample of the
main clinical manifestations of a depressive disorder: mood
dysphoric, lack of motivation, low vital energy, feelings of hopelessness, ideations
suicidal.

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

ANXIETY
Evaluate the presence of general signs of anxiety such as nervousness, tension,
panic attacks, fears.

HOSTILITY
This dimension refers to thoughts, feelings, and actions characteristic of the
presence of negative feelings of anger.

PHOBIC ANXIETY
This discomfort refers to a persistent response of fear (towards specific people, places,
objects, situations) that is itself irrational and disproportionate in relation to the
stimulus that provokes it.

PARANOID IDEATION
Evaluate paranoid behaviors fundamentally as disorders of thought:
projective thinking, suspicion, fear of loss of autonomy.

PSYCHOTICISM
This dimension has been constructed with the intention of representing the construct as such.
continuous dimension of human experience. It includes symptoms related to states of
solitude, schizoid lifestyle, hallucinations, and thought control.

ADDITIONAL ITEMS.

The SCL-90-R includes seven items. that do not incorporate into the nine dimensions already
mentioned but have clinical relevance:
19: Little appetite
44: Sleep problems
Thoughts about death or dying
60: Eating in excess
Waking up very early.
Unsettled dream.
Feelings of guilt.

GLOBAL INDICES.

1) Global Severity Index (GSI): it is a very good indicator of the current level of the
severity of discomfort. It combines the number of symptoms recognized as present with the
intensity of the perceived discomfort.

2) Total of positive symptoms (TSP): it is estimated by counting the total number of items that have
a positive response (greater than zero). In general population subjects, raw scores
equal to or less than 3 in men and equal to or less than 4 in women are considered
as indicators of a conscious attempt to appear better than they really are.
(positive image).
Raw scores above 50 in men and above 60 in women indicate the opposite:
tendency to exaggerate their pathologies.

3) Positive Symptomatic Distress Index (PSDI): aims to evaluate the style of

response indicating whether the person tends to exaggerate or minimize the discomforts they experience
they affect.
Extreme scores in this index also suggest response patterns that must
to be analyzed in terms of feigned attitudes.

The original English Manual of the test contains studies on its Validity.
Structural and Convergent as well as regarding its internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
(Derogatis, 1994. Minnesota. National Computer System).

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

Assessment and interpretation of the inventory

1) For each of the answers to the items, the following values will be assigned:

Nothing: 0 Very little: 1 Little: 2 Quite: 3 Much: 4

With those five numbers, it will be completed on the sheet for the calculation of the scores.
value that corresponds to each response. For example, if for item number 1 the examined
he marked a cross in the column headed with the option 'little', where it says in the
spreadsheet where it says 1…… it should be completed with the number two: 1..2.. From the
The same procedure is followed with the 90 answers.

Each of the nine primary dimensions has its items in the same row
the sheet for score calculation. For each dimension, the values will be summed.
all the answers that make it up, and the result will be written where it says 'total'.
Then the number of responses in that dimension will be counted and noted in "Nº"
Finally, the average will be calculated by dividing the 'total' number by the 'Nº'.
The value will be written in 'average'.
Example:

SOMATIZATIONS (SOM):
Total average
[Link].[Link].[Link].2.Æ 17
No. resp.
12 1.41

3) The additional items do not constitute a dimension, but in order to later be able to calculate
the global severity index will be calculated by summing up as it has been done for
obtain the total, without making the average.
4) To calculate the global severity index (GSI), the values of all the
answers and is divided by the number of answers given (90 if answered to
all). A practical way to do this is by adding the value of the 'total' boxes of
the nine dimensions and the additional answers and divide that value by the number
of given responses.
5) The total number of positive symptoms (TSP) is the number of responses different from zero that
God the examined
6) The Positive Symptomatic Distress Index (PSDI) is calculated by making the same sum as
for IGS but this time instead of dividing by the number of responses it is divided by the
number of responses given different from zero, that is to say for TSP
These twelve raw scores will be transformed into a normalized T score for your
appropriate reading. These scores will be entered into the corresponding box on the sheet.
of calculations:

SCL-90-R scores
SOM OBS YES DEP ANS HOS FOB PAR PSIC IGS TSP IMSP

Scores above 63 points are considered elevated.

at the 90th percentile), which indicates a person at risk.
9) Gross TSP scores less than or equal to 6 in males and 13 in females
(adolescents), may indicate a tendency to show itself excessively free from
Raw TSP values above 71 in men and 75 in women
would indicate, on the contrary, exaggerated discomfort or dramatization.
Extreme values in IMSP could indicate a deliberate attempt to show oneself.
too good or bad. An IMSP lower than 1.00 (gross) with a very low TSP (less than or
equal to 3 in men and 4 in adult women) generally indicates a tendency to show
free of psychological problems. IMSP greater than 3.20 in adults suggests dramatism.
Greater than 3.50 extreme drama.

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

Sheet for score calculation

The direct or raw scores are calculated for each of the nine dimensions and the three indices.
2) Sum the values assigned to each item and divide that total by the number of items answered.
Those raw scores are converted into normalized T scores using a table.
4) A person is considered AT RISK if their normalized T score is equal to or greater than 63.

1) SOMATIZATIONS (12 items)

Total average
1…. 4…. 12…. 27…. 40…. 42…. 48…. 49…. 52…. 53.... 56.... 58....Æ No. resp.
SOM

2) OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS (10 items)

Total average
3..... 9….. 10….. 28….. 38….. 45….. 46….. 51….. 55….. 65….. Æ No. resp. OBS

3) INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY (9 items)

Total average
6….. 21..... 34….. 36….. 37..... 41..... 61..... 69….. 73….. - - - - - - - Æ No. resp. YES

4) DEPRESSION (13 items)

Total average
5....14....15... 20.... 22.... 26… 29… 30… 31… 32....54... 71... 79.....Æ No. resp. DEP

ANXIETY (10 items)

total average
2..... 17….. 23….. 33….. 39….. 57….. 72….. 78….. 80….. 86….. Æ No. resp. ANS

HOSTILITY (6 items)
Total average
11….. 24….. 63….. 67….. 74….. 81….. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Æ No. resp. HOS

7) PHOBIC ANXIETY (7 items)

Total average
13….. 25..... 47….. 50….. 70......75….. 82….. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Æ No. response. FOB

8) PARANOID IDEATION (6 items)

Total average
8..... 18..... 43..... 68..... 76..... 83..... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Æ PAR
No. resp.

9) PSYCHOTICISM (10 items)

Total average
7….. 16….. 35..... 62….. 77..... 84….. 85….. 87….. 88….. 90….. - - - Æ No. response PSIC

(7 items) Total
19......44...... 59…....60....... 64…...66.......89…... Æ No. resp.

Number of responses
Σ total
answered
IGS
GLOBAL SEVERITY INDEX Æ /
TOTAL OF POSITIVE SYMPTOMS Æ TSP
Σ total SP
SYMPPTOMATIC DISCOMFORT INDEX POSITIVE Æ IMSP
/
T Scores SCL 90-R
SOM OBS YES DEP ANS HOS FOB PAR PSIC IGS TSP IMSP

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

AVERAGE VALUES AND DISPERSION OBTAINED IN SAMPLES OF

ADOLESCENTS and ADULTS

The samples were taken from the general population of the city of Buenos Aires and
Greater Buenos Aires, as part of mandatory practical activities for students who
they took the course THEORY AND TECHNIQUES OF EXPLORATION AND DIAGNOSIS, Module I,
Chair 2, (Faculty of Psychology, UBA), in the years 2003 (adults) and 1998 (adolescents).
The 588 adolescents who made up the sample were aged between 12 and
19 yearsx=15, s=1.5) and the 760 adults between 25 and 60 years oldx=41 , s=9 ). The values
the average and standard deviation of each sample were:

DIMENSIONS OF SYMPTOMS FEMININE MALE N: 275 t

N: 313

x s x s
Somatizations 1.28 0.78 0.99 0.72
Obsessions, Compulsions 1.22 0.78 0.75 0.57 *
Interpersonal Sensitivity 0.92 0.69 0.47 0.47 *
Depression 1.19 0.80 0.67 0.55 *
Anxiety 1.08 0.82 0.56 0.54 *
Hostility 1.10 0.90 0.92 0.80
Phobic Anxiety 0.52 0.60 0.27 0.44 *
Paranoid Ideas 1.07 0.90 0.77 0.72 *
Psychoticism 0.70 0.65 0.42 0.47 *
Global Severity Index 0.93 0.58 0, 59 0.40 *
Total of Positive Symptoms 42, 90 18, 95 30,60 16, 43 *
Positive Distress Index 1, 82 0, 52 1.64 0, 5 *

DIMENSIONS OF SYMPTOMS FEMININE MALE t

N: 381 N: 379

x x s
Somatizations 0.85 0.62 0.57 0.48 *
Obsessions, Compulsions 1.12 0.70 1.0 0.69 *
Interpersonal Sensitivity 0.85 0.63 0.69 0.59 *
Depression 1.05 0.69 0.81 0.59 *
Anxiety 0.96 0.64 0.74 0.56 *
Hostility 0.80 0.66 0.78 0.65
Phobic Anxiety 0.41 0.51 0.29 0.39 *
Paranoid Ideas 0.90 0.78 0.85 0.71
Psychoticism 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.47
Global Severity Index 0.16 0.09 0.13 0.07 *
Total of Positive Symptoms 38.78 16.71 33.82 17.05 *
Positive Distress Index 1.90 0.48 1.81 0.45 *

The asterisks in the t column indicate that there are significant differences between the values.
media by gender, with a significance level p=< 0.01, which justifies using benchmarks
differentiated with that variable. On the other hand, the obtained values were markedly
different from those in the original sample studied by Derogatis in the USA and which appear in the
Manual in English of the SCL-90-R, therefore the use of the local norm is essential.
to validly interpret the obtained scores.

In order to determine the need for more than one scale for adults, it was divided into three.
age groups (25 to 34, 35 to 45, and 46 to 60 years) and a one-way ANOVA was calculated, no
no significant differences were obtained on any scale between those groups, so it
she created a unique scale.

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

Adolescent Rules
Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and Greater Buenos Aires.

FEMALE adolescents
T SOM OBS IF DEP ANSWERS HOS FOB FOR PSYCH IGS TSP IMSP T
300,00 0,10 0,11 0,08 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,07 7,00 1,00 30
350,08 0,20 0,22 0,15 0,10 0,17 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,19 13,00 1,10 35
400,25 0,50 0,44 0,38 0,30 0,29 0,00 0,17 0,10 0,37 22,00 1,30 40
450,42 0,80 0,78 0,70 0,50 0,50 0,14 0,50 0,20 0,56 32,13 1,50 45
500,75 1,20 1,11 1,00 0,90 0,83 0,29 0,83 0,60 0,84 43,00 1,76 50
551,18 1,66 1,56 1,54 1,40 1,33 0,57 1,50 0,90 1,17 52,00 2,02 55
601,58 2,10 2,00 1,92 1,90 2,00 1,00 2,05 1,40 1,53 63,00 2,40 60
63 1.89 2,4 2,33 2,31 2.2 2.5 1.29 2.5 1,6 1,71 69,7 2,54 63
652,08 2,60 2,44 2,46 2,40 2,81 1,57 2,67 1,80 1,86 72,39 2,66 65
702,84 3,20 3,11 3,23 3,15 3,55 2,57 3,26 2,50 2,33 80,62 3,10 70
753,34 3,30 3,57 3,65 4,02 4,00 2,89 3,35 3,01 2,78 88,06 3,36 75
803,42 3,30 3,78 5,25 4,38 4,00 3,43 3,67 3,20 3,12 89,00 3,37 80
Normalized T scores. General population Buenos Aires. N: 313 ages 12 to 19. Casullo – Pérez (2006)

MALE adolescents
I AM WATCHING IF DEP ANS HOS FOB PAR PSIC IGS TSP IMSP T
300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 3.56 0.90 30
350,00 0,10 0,11 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,12 8,00 1,00 35
400,02 0,30 0,22 0,15 0,10 0,17 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,19 13,00 1,17 40
450.17 0.50 0.36 0.35 0.20 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.10 0.33 20.00 1.33 45
500,33 0,90 0,67 0,54 0,40 0,67 0,14 0,67 0,30 0,52 30,00 1,54 50
550,58 1,30 1,00 0,77 0,70 1,17 0,29 1,00 0,50 0,71 39,00 1,80 55
600,92 1,80 1,33 1,23 1,00 1,67 0,57 1,50 0,80 0,97 47,00 2,14 60
63 1,08 2,01 1,56 1,46 1,31 2,02 0,71 1,83 1,01 1,1 52,1 2,29 63
651,31 2,20 1,67 1,62 1,43 2,33 0,86 2,00 1,28 1,27 56,00 2,47 65
701,75 2,72 2,24 2,11 2,07 3,21 1,32 2,71 1,92 1,60 71,00 2,81 70
752,23 3,48 2,84 2,83 2,89 3,62 3,37 3,49 2,43 2,26 74,53 3,72 75
803,08 3,89 3,00 3,00 3,70 3,67 4,00 4,83 2,50 2,39 76,00 4,00 80
Normalized T scores. General population Buenos Aires. N: 275 ages 12 to 19. Casullo – Pérez (2006)

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

Adult Standards
Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and Greater Buenos Aires.

FEMALE adults
T SOM OBS IF DEP ANS HOS FOB PAR PSIC IGS TSP IMSP T
300,00 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,15 9,00 1,12 30
350,17 0,20 0,11 0,23 0,20 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,28 15,00 1,25 35
400,25 0,40 0,22 0,38 0,30 0,17 0,00 0,17 0,10 0,37 21,12 1,43 40
450,42 0,70 0,44 0,62 0,60 0,33 0,00 0,33 0,20 0,52 29,00 1,59 45
500,75 1,00 0,67 0,85 0,80 0,67 0,29 0,67 0,40 0,73 37,00 1,85 50
551,00 1,40 1,11 1,23 1,20 1,00 0,57 1,17 0,70 1,04 47,00 2,12 55
601,49 1,80 1,44 1,77 1,60 1,50 0,86 1,67 1,00 1,36 57,00 2,41 60
63 1,83 2,10 1,67 2,00 1,80 1,67 1,14 2,00 1,10 1,62 62,00 2,53 63
652,00 2,20 1,89 2,23 2,13 1,83 1,29 2,17 1,30 1,74 66,00 2,67 65
702,36 2,90 2,60 2,80 2,50 2,56 2,00 3,00 1,97 2,18 74,00 2,99 70
752,87 3,41 3,00 3,31 3,04 3,17 2,63 3,78 2,57 2,46 77,71 3,15 75
803,00 3,50 3,00 3,69 3,10 3,33 3,14 4,00 2,70 2,54 82,00 3,27 80
Normalized T scores. General population Buenos Aires. N: 381 ages 25 to 60. Casullo - Pérez (2008)

MALE adults
T SOM OBS IF DEP ANS HOS FOB PAR PSIC IGS TSP IMSP T
300,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,11 5,60 1,05 30
350,00 0,20 0,00 0,08 0,10 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,17 10,00 1,22 35
400,08 0,30 0,11 0,23 0,20 0,17 0,00 0,17 0,00 0,29 16,00 1,36 40
450,25 0,50 0,33 0,38 0,40 0,33 0,00 0,33 0,20 0,41 23,80 1,56 45
500,42 0,80 0,56 0,69 0,60 0,67 0,14 0,67 0,30 0,61 32,00 1,75 50
550,75 1,30 0,89 1,02 0,90 1,00 0,29 1,17 0,50 0,88 41,20 2,00 55
601,08 1,70 1,33 1,38 1,30 1,33 0,57 1,50 0,90 1,10 52,00 2,25 60
63 1,25 1,90 1,56 1,62 1,60 1,67 0,86 1,83 1,20 1,32 57,00 2,40 63
651,42 2,20 1,67 1,77 1,70 1,83 1,00 2,07 1,40 1,49 61,00 2,53 65
701,75 2,60 2,38 2,42 2,28 2,57 1,43 2,67 1,74 1,84 75,00 2,91 70
752,31 3,40 3,00 2,88 2,67 3,17 1,88 2,95 2,17 2,17 79,72 3,30 75
802,50 3,60 3,22 3,15 2,70 3,83 2,71 3,17 2,30 2,22 85,00 3,65 80
T scores normalized. General population Buenos Aires. N: 379 ages 25-60. Casullo – Pérez (2008)

7
 SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

University of Buenos Aires. Faculty of Psychology. Chair Prof. M.M. Casullo. 1998. CONICET.

L. R. Derogatis.
U.B.A. Adaptation 1999.

Name
Mark with a cross the corresponding options
Sex:
Ο Woman Ο Man
Education:
Incomplete Primary Ο Incomplete secondary education Ο Incomplete secondary education

Complete Primary Ο Completed high school Ο Completed tertiary/university education

Marital status:
The single Ο Divorced Ο Widower/Widow
The Married Ο Separated Ο In a couple

Occupation:............................................................................................................
Place of birth:.............................................................................................
....................................................................................

Below we present a list of problems that people have.

Read each of them and mark your answer with a cross in the box.
corresponding, thinking about how he felt, to what extent that problem affected him
have worried or bothered during the last week (7 days).

It has five (5) response options:

NADA - MUY POCO - POCO – BASTANTE – MUCHO.

There are no right or wrong answers: all are valid. Do not leave sentences unanswered.

Headache.
Nervousness.

3. Unpleasant thoughts that wouldn't leave my head.

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 SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

4. Feeling of dizziness or faintness.

5. Lack of interest in sexual relationships.

6. Criticizing others.

Feeling that someone else can control my thoughts.

8. Feeling that others are to blame for what happens to me.

9. Having difficulty memorizing things.

10. To be worried about my lack of desire to do something.

11. Feeling angry, irritable.

12. Chest pain.
13. Fear of open spaces or streets.
14. Feeling very low on energy.
15. Thinking about taking my life.
16. Hearing voices that other people do not hear.
Shivers in my body.
18. Losing trust in most people.
19. Not feeling like eating.
20. Cry over anything.
21. Feeling uncomfortable with people of the opposite sex.

22. Feeling trapped or confined.

23. To be startled suddenly for no reason.
Explode and not be able to control myself.

25. Being afraid to go out alone from my house.

26. Feeling guilty about things that happen.

27. Pain in the back.
28. Not being able to finish the things I started doing.

29. Feeling lonely.

30. Feeling sad.
31. Worrying too much about everything that happens.
32. Not having interest in anything.

33. To have fears.

34. To feel hurt in my feelings.
35. To believe that people know what I am thinking.
36. Feeling that I am not understood.

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 SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

37. To feel that I don't get along well with people, that I'm not liked.

38. Having to do things very slowly to be sure that

they are well done.
My heart beats very hard, it accelerates.

40. Nausea or stomach pain.

Feeling inferior to others.
42. Cramps in hands, arms, or legs.
Feeling that I am being watched or that people are talking about me.

Having trouble falling asleep.

Having to control what I do one or more times.
46. Having difficulties making decisions.
47. Being afraid of traveling by train, bus, or subway.
48. Having difficulties breathing well.
49. Cold or heat attacks.
I have to avoid getting close to some places or activities because I
it makes you afraid.

51. Feel like my mind goes blank.

Tingling in some part of the body.
To have a lump in one's throat.
54. Losing hope in the future.
55. Difficulties concentrating on what I am doing.
56. To feel weakness, frailty, in parts of my body.
57. To feel very nervous, agitated
58. Feeling my arms and legs very heavy
59. Thinking that I'm about to die.
60. Eating too much.
61. To feel uncomfortable when people look at me or talk about me.

62. Having ideas, thoughts that are not mine.

Need to hit or hurt someone.
64. Waking up very early in the morning without a need.
65. Repeating many times something I do: counting, washing myself, touching things.

66. Sleeping with problems, very restless.

67. Need to break or destroy things.
68. Having ideas, thoughts that others do not understand.
69. Being very concerned about what others might think of me.

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 SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

70. Feeling uncomfortable in places with a lot of people.

71. To feel that everything takes a lot of effort.

72. Having severe fear or panic attacks.

Feel bad if I am eating or drinking in public.

Getting myself into arguments very often.

Getting nervous when I am alone.
Feeling that others do not value me as I deserve.
Feeling lonely even when being with people.
78. To be restless; unable to sit still without moving.
Feeling useless.
80. Feeling that something bad is going to happen.

Screaming or throwing things.

Fear of fainting in the middle of the crowd.

83. To feel that they take advantage of me if I let them.

84. Thinking about things related to sex that bother me.

85. Feeling that I must be punished for my sins.

Having images and thoughts that scare me.
Feeling that something is wrong in my body.
88. Feeling distant from other people.
89. To feel guilty.
90. To think that there is something in my head that doesn't work well.

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SCL-90-R.
UBA Adaptation. CONICET. 1999/2008.
Prof. M.M. Casullo.

Bibliography:

Beaglehole, R.; Bonita, R. and Kjellstrom, T. (1994). Basic Epidemiology. Washington: Office
Pan American Health Organization,

Casullo, M. M. and Castro Solano, A. (1999). Psychopathological symptoms in students

Argentine adolescents. Yearbook of Research, Faculty of Psychology, University of
Buenos Aires, 7, 147-157.

Casullo, M.M. and Fernández Liporace, M. (2001). Psychological discomforts in students

[Link],10 (1) 155- 162.

Casullo, M. M., Cruz, M. S.; González, R and Maganto, C. (2003). Psychopathological symptoms in
adolescents. Comparative study. Ibero-American Journal of Diagnosis and Evaluation
Psychological, 16, (2), 135-149.

Derogatis, L. (1994). SCL-90-R. Symptom Checklist-90-R. Administration, Scoring and

Procedures Manual. Minneapolis: National Computer System.

Friedman, G. (1975). Principles of Epidemiology. Buenos Aires: Panamericana.

Valsiner, J. (2004). Culture in Psychology. Between social positioning and producing new
[Link] & Psychology,10, (1), 5-27.

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