FACULTY OF BUSINESS SCIENCES

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCES

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL

THEME:

THE TEXT

Work presented by:

Yessenia Ayala Ccori

TEACHER:

Lic.

COURSE:

COMMUNICATION

SEMESTER 1

JULIACA - PERU 2015

 DEDICATION

To our Parents and Family Members who are the pillar

fundamental that they have taught us principles and values
which have helped to consolidate our goals
proposals throughout our lives. Also to everyone
those who were involved in the preparation of the
present research.

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 GRATITUDE

This work has been made possible thanks to the participation, support and the
company of many people. First of all, I must thank my
parents, for giving me life and educating me.

We would like to especially thank the course teacher, a person

essential in this research, as well as in our training
university and professional. Thanks to him for supporting us
unconditionally and for sharing, since we were just kids, so many
knowledge about research, teaching, and life in general.

3
 PRESENTATION

The present work concerning everything that is the text has been carried out to
to have a little more knowledge or information, since this topic is very
important for our professional training as future accountants of the country.

This topic, no matter how simple the title 'text' may seem, is a subject that few tackle.

managed and ignored by a large majority of people, to have a clearer idea

clear of this will help us to write our more clearly
documents, reports, etc.

Hoping that this topic will be of great help to other related students.
to our specialty, as it sought to simplify the topics in a way
make it more understandable.

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 INDEX

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

PRESENTATION.......................................................................................................4

1. THE TEXT..........................................................................................................7

2. TYPOLOGY THE TEXTS ARE:........................................................................8

2.1 TEXT LINGUISTIC.................................................................................8

2.2. INFORMATIVE TEXT..................................................................................8

2.3. SCIENTIFIC TEXTS..................................................................................8

2.4. ADMINISTRATIVE TEXTS........................................................................9

2.5. LEGAL TEXTS.....................................................................................9

2.6. JOURNALISTIC TEXTS.............................................................................9

2.7. HUMANISTIC TEXTS...........................................................................10

2.8. LITERARY TEXTS.................................................................................10

2.9. ADVERTISING TEXTS...........................................................................10

2.10. DIGITAL TEXTS..................................................................................11

2.11 TEXTUAL SEQUENCES.............................................................11

2.11.1 NARRATIVE TEXT............................................................11

2.11.2 DESCRIPTIVE TEXT..........................................................................11

2.11.3 ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT.........................................................12

2.11.4 TEXT EXPOSITORY...........................................................................12

2.11.5 There are two types of expository texts:...............................................13

[Link] Texts informative or educational.................................................13

[Link] Texts specialized or argumentative.......................................13

3. PROPERTIES OF THE TEXT..........................................................................14

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 3.1 LA TEXTUAL COHESION

3.1.1 Recurrence mechanisms.........................................................14

3.1.2 Replacement mechanisms ....................................................................14

3.1.3 Ellipsis

3.1.4 Text markers .............................................................................15

3.1.5 Textual connectors ..............................................................................15

3.2. TEXTUAL COHERENCE.................................................................15

3.3. TEXTUAL ADAPTATION......................................................................16

4. THE DISTRACTION...........................................................................................16

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................20

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 THE TEXT

Originating from the Latin textus, the word text describes a set of
statements that allow for a coherent and orderly message, whether in a manner
written or through speech. It is a structure composed ofsignsy
a determined writing that provides space for a meaningful unit

A text is a composition ofsignsencoded in asystem of

writinglike aalphabetwhat forms a dissenting unit. Its size can be
variable.

It is also text a composition of printable characters withgrapheme

generated by aalgorithmofcipherthat, although they make no sense to
any person can be deciphered by its original recipient. In other
words, a text is a fabric of signs with a communicative intention that
makes sense in a certain context.

The essential ideas communicated by a text are contained in what is usually

call "macro propositions", structural units of a higher level or
global, which provide coherence to the text constituting its central thread, the skeleton
structural that cohesively links high-level formal linguistic elements, such as the
titles and subtitles, the sequence of paragraphs, etc. In contrast, the 'micro'
"propositions" are the elements that assist the cohesion of a text, but
at a more particular or local level. This distinction was made in 1980.

The microstructural or local level is associated with the concept of cohesion. It

refers to one of the phenomena specific to coherence, that of relationships
particularities and local variations that occur among linguistic elements, both those that
they refer to each other like those who have the function of connecting and organizing.

It is also a set of sentences grouped into paragraphs that talks about a

specific theme.

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 2. THE TYPES OF TEXTS ARE:

2.1 LINGUISTIC TEXT

They are the texts that use linguistic signs to define or communicate something, it is
to say, the written or spoken words. In other words, a text is a
a framework of signs with a communicative intention that makes sense in
determined context.

In linguistics, the term text refers both to productions where there is only a
sender (monogestioned or monocontrolled situations) such as those in which several
they exchange their roles (polygenic or polycontrolled situations) like the
conversations.

2.2. INFORMATIVE TEXT

They serve to inform, explain, transmit, and communicate information.

Among them, we have magazines, newspapers, brochures, cards, news which is
a resource for people who use multitasking systems or social networks.

[Link] TEXTS

They are produced when presenting or demonstrating the advances in a certain way.
writing: the conference, the presentation or the communication (type of text). Genres
Typical examples of this kind are the doctoral thesis, the bachelor's thesis, the article.
scientific or scientific geography. They can use a very scientific language
specialized, if they are addressed to experts in a specific field, or else a
clearer and more accessible language, if addressing inexperienced individuals with
informative fines.

[Link] TEXTS

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They are those that are produced as a means of communication between the individual and

certain institution, among institutions the individuals.

y Genders
Typical administrative documents are the certificate, the greeting, the application, or the official bulletin.

These are highly formalized texts, with rigid structures and that
they often serve the purpose of informing.

[Link] TEXTS

Legal texts are the judgment, the appeal, or the law. They are the texts produced
in the process of administering justice, although they are a subtype of texts
administrative due to their importance and peculiarities. Legal texts
They are usually considered and studied as an independent group. This type of
texts present a logical and progressive ordering of the contents. It stands out
the objectivity in his narration: in form, there is no room for ambiguity and the
misinterpretations. It is a very explicit language, with sentences
statements in the third person singular, impersonal and reflexive passive.
To produce when presenting the advances in an oral conference format.

[Link] TEXTS

They are those whose purpose is to inform about facts and topics of general interest.
These texts are collected in the written press and in the oral press. In addition to
informing, opinions or criticisms about certain facts are also allowed,
valuations, behaviors and attitudes; sometimes space is even given to
playful issues. Characteristics of journalistic texts:

These are very heterogeneous texts that can provide national information.
international, local, sports... For this reason, newspapers are divided into
sections.

Both the sender and the receiver have a collective nature. The relationship between
the sender and receiver is unidirectional, as no response is expected.

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Journalistic text appears in different genres, such as news, chronicle,
the report, the interview, and the opinion piece. The boundary between these genres
tends to be diffuse, as a journalistic text can combine the news with the
interview, for example. On the other hand, journalistic texts can be
informative, interpretative, or opinion-based, depending on the function they intend to fulfill.

2.7. HUMANISTIC TEXTS

Although it is a type of text that is difficult to define, it is classified as 'texts

"humanistic" refers to those that address some aspect of the human sciences:
psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. from the author's own point of view,
without the level of formalization of scientific texts. The most literary genre
the essay is representative.

[Link] TEXTS

They are all those in which the poetic and/or literary function is manifested, already
as a fundamental element (as in poetry) or secondary (as in
certain historical or educational texts.)

The literary genres are poetry, the novel, the short story or tale, theater, and the essay.
literary (including myths). They are classified into narrative, lyrical, and dramatic.

[Link] TEXTS

It is a special type of text whose function is to convince the reader about the
qualities of a consumer item, and encourage consumption of that item. The
The fundamental advertising text is the ad. This need to attract attention.
The reader's perspective often leads the advertising text to generally employ resources such as the

combination of word and image, word games, slogans or the

eye-catching fonts.

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 [Link] TEXTS

Some examples of these types of texts can be found in

blogs, SMS, chats, and on web pages. Their emergence is linked to the new
technologies, giving rise to a new genre of texts, nonexistent in the world
analog, which has its own characteristics. These are the most modern,
due to the use of ICT, but their information will always remain in doubt according to the site

Where is the information extracted from?

2.11 TEXTUAL SEQUENCES

They are abstract schemes or superstructures or global structures that

they can present intertwined alternates throughout a text, and that involve
a series of linguistic features. The basic textual sequences are
four: narration, description, argumentation, and exposition.

2.11.1 NARRATIVE TEXT

The narrative text is the account of events that unfold over time or
a specific place and carried out by real or imaginary characters,
following a temporal, casual, or fictional order. Example, stories.

2.11.2 DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive texts are those that describe the narrated facts, oral,
writings, etc.

2.11.3 ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

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It is about the type of texts in which reasons for or against are presented.
of a certain "position" or "thesis", in order to convince the interlocutor through
of different arguments.

Elements

Argumentative texts can present, among others, two types of structure:

the cause-effect structure and the problem-solution structure.

The cause-and-effect structure is typical of texts whose purpose is

analyze the causes of a certain fact or the consequences that arise
they derive from that fact.

The problem-solution structure is characteristic of texts in which

they provide solutions to adverse facts or situations. This type of text
they generally belong to essays, opinion articles, etc.

2.11.4 EXPOSITORY TEXT

An expository text is one in which information is presented in a neutral and objective manner.

certain facts or realities. Unlike argumentation, through the

Expository text does not try to convince, but to show and inform.

Elements

A precise, clearly identified and delimited topic.

A structure, that is, a way of organizing the information that
present in the text.
A purpose established beforehand by the sender and interpreted
later by the receiver.
The sender can be individual or collective; it can also be private or
institutional. Sometimes, the receiver is a group of people with
defined characteristics, however, the texts must be adapted.
They generally belong to this genre, advertisements, commercials, recipes of
kitchen, etc.

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 2.11.5 There are two types of expository texts:

[Link] Promotional or informational texts

It is a type of expository text that is aimed at a broad audience that uses
vague information and formal vocabulary, that is, neither technical nor specialized.
We find it in notes, textbooks, encyclopedias, exams,
conferences, collectibles, etc.

The characteristics of informative texts are:

Clearly and objectively inform about a topic of general interest as long as

the topic is well exemplified.

It is aimed at a general audience.

It is easy to understand.
Use standard vocabulary.
It has objectivity.

[Link] Specialized or argumentative texts.

It is a type of specialized expository text aimed at an audience.

specific to a certain area of knowledge that requires or uses a lexicon
specialized and technical information. We find it in reports, laws, articles
of scientific research, etc.

The characteristics of specialized texts:

It informs about a very specific topic.
It is directed towards an expert receiver in the subject matter discussed.
It is difficult to understand for those who are not familiar with the topic.
Use specific terminology.
It shows great objectivity.
3. PROPERTIES OF THE TEXT

3.1 TEXTUAL COHESION

Cohesion is a property of texts that consists of the grammatical relationship.

and semantics between the statements that form that text. The mechanisms for

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achieve that cohesion, that relationship between the statements that form the text
son

3.1.1 Recurrence mechanisms that consist of the repetition of

words, group of words or sentences.

Juan is playing with the ball. It is the ball his parents gave him.

We saw your girl. The little one turned seven yesterday.

3.1.2 Substitution mechanisms that consist of avoiding the

repetition of words, groups of words or sentences.

Yesterday two vehicles collided on the road. The event occurred

at four

For example: Pedro works. Juan does the same.

Juany María prepared for the exam. She passed, but she couldn't.
to introduce oneself.

We found them on the mountain. Juan was also there.

3.1.3 Ellipsis consists of omitting what is understood.

For example: Today the first graders are going on a field trip; tomorrow, the second graders.

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3.1.4 Textual markers that help the receiver to interpret the meaning
of the message, as they inform about the sender's attitude towards the statement:

Fortunately, it has all ended.

3.1.5 Textual connectors that establish relationships between the different

parts of a text. Within this groups are, among others:

Summative connectors: and, moreover, also...

Contrasting connectors: but, however...
Consequence or cause connectors: then, therefore, for
consequently...
Discourse connectors: first of all, to conclude, next...

[Link] COHERENCE

Coherence is a property of texts that consists of selecting

and organizing the information that the speaker wants to convey so that it can be
perceived in a clear and precise manner by the receiver. It is a property that is
related to the organization of information and with the knowledge that
the sender and the receiver share the context. A coherent text has the
following characteristics:
All statements revolve around a theme.
It is internally organized or structured. That is to say, all parts
are related to each other. It presents a thematic progression that can
introduce oneself in various ways, taking into account that the topic is information
known and the theme is the new or unknown information. The sender must have
Always take into account the recipient's knowledge about the topic.

3.3. TEXTUAL ADEQUACY

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In order to determine the etymological origin of the term distraction that we now
occupy, we would have to go back to Latin. And it is in the word 'distractio',
where that one is located. However, we cannot overlook that she, in turn,
it comes from the verb 'distrahere', composed of two parts: the prefix 'dis-', which is
separation or divergence
drag

In today's article, we will continue discussing the topic of the properties of

[Link] we have seen before, a text must possess a series of
Properties for the communicative process to be correct. We know that the
Texts must be coherent, meaning they must have a structure.
unitary semantics; and also, that these must be made in a way
cohesive, meaning that the parts that make it up must be perfectly
connected to one another. Well, alongside coherence and the
cohesion we find a third property that texts must fulfill and that
We are going to present below, this is the adaptation.

4. THE DISTRACTION

Distraction is the action and effect of distracting. Thisverbit refers to entertaining,

entertain or detach theattentionof someone to that which it was applied or to which it should have been
apply it. For example: "Due to a distraction by the defense, the home team lost
one to zero and was eliminated", "The boss is very angry and said he will not tolerate
another distraction
was cooking.

When we talk about distractions, it's important to be clear that there are many.
very diverse fields. However, it is often one of the most common

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talking is one of those things that happen when you are behind the wheel of a vehicle.
These can lead not only to the car leaving the road but also to a
collision with another car, getting involved in a hit-and-run, or even experiencing another type of

serious accident. All these situations can lead to damage

materials up to serious physical injuries and even death of the
involved parties.

Among the most common distractions that drivers have and that
The following are the most common causes of accidents:

Using the GPS.

Talk on the mobile phone or send a WhatsApp.
To turn on the radio as well as to raise or lower its volume.
To eat or to drink.
Lighting a cigarette as well as smoking in general.
Look for any type of object needed in the glove compartment.
Either singing or talking with another passenger.
And looking at herself in the rearview mirror to put on makeup.

Distraction, therefore, is something that draws the attention of apersonWhen

someone gets distracted, stops paying attention to something and drifts towards the new point
of interest. There are deliberately sought distractions, harmless distractions and
distractions with consequences that can be very dangerous.
In the first group, we can mention thegamesthe shows that allow
relaxation and rest. In this case, the person consciously seeks
to distract oneself in order to set aside daily worries, at least for a while.
Attending a theater play, watching television, or reading a magazine are distractions.
habitual.

In the realm of involuntary distractions, we can find different

actions that have no major consequences. Wash the same thing twice.

17
pants, leaving the TV on when leaving the house or not knowing where it is
putting away a shirt is a minor distraction. Other distractions, on the other hand,
they can be risky and even fatal, such as talking on the phone while
driving a car or leaving a baby alone in a bathtub with water.
Originating from the Latin word textus, the word text describes a set of
statements that allow for a coherent and ordered message, whether in a way
written or through the word. It is a structure composed ofsignsy
a determined writing that gives space to a meaningful unit.

5. CONCLUSIONS

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 CONCLUSION 1: The text is the basic unit of expression that is constituted by
linguistic signs to interact in a group and exchange meanings, has
a communicative intention depending on the context.

CONCLUSION 2: In the content, there is the theme on which they are divided based on this.

some subtopics of these subtopics a thematic proposition after it some

concepts and finally to achieve coherence.

CONCLUSION 3: On the other hand, the form constitutes a written discourse that
Divide into paragraphs based on these paragraphs; there must be sentences and phrases.
to finally achieve a cohesion.

CONCLUSION 4: As we finalize the conclusion, we can also see that there exists
a textual superstructure that is determined by the author's intention and that
It can be in three forms: Narrative, Expository, and/or Argumentative.

CONCLUSION 5: But to conclude we must know that if we want to achieve a

We must use both coherence and cohesion as well.
that are linked in order to achieve the correct text.

[Link]

Oscar Loureda Lamas /Textual Typology/. Publisher: ARCO/BOOKSS.A.

2003.

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FRIAS NAVARRO, Matilde. Recreational processes for theconstructionof
texts: interpretation and composition. Open Classroom. Firstedition1996
- Colombia.
LOZANO ALVARADO, Saniel. Paths ofLanguageTrujillo - Peru. Third
Edition 1995
Lexus Student Encyclopedia. Thema Editorial Team S.A. Edition 2000.
Definition of text. Available
[Link] 4, 2013
Textual typologies. Available
Invalid input. Please provide text to be [Link] 3, 2013

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