INDEX OF WATER SYSTEMS DESIGN STANDARDS

POTABLE

CHAPTER I
SUPPLY SOURCES
1.1 Sources 1
1.1.1 Types of Sources 1
1.2 Groundwater 1-7
1.3 Surface Waters 7-8

CHAPTER II
DESIGN PERIOD FOR THE STRUCTURES OF THE SYSTEMS AND
Population Projection
2.1 Design Period 8
2.2 Future Population 9-10

CHAPTER III
SUPPLIES AND WATER DEMAND FOR CONSUMPTION
3.1 Provisions 10-12

CHAPTER IV
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CONDUIT SYSTEMS
AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
4.1 Network Design 13-16
4.2 Gravity systems 16
Pumping distribution 16-17

CHAPTER V
WATER PURIFICATION PROCESSES

5.1 Pretreatment processes 18-22

5.2 Treatment Processes 22-52

CHAPTER VI
WATER DISINFECTION
6.1 Disinfection 52-53
6.2 Type of chlorine to be used 53
6.3 Selection of the capacity of gas chlorine containers 53-54
6.4 Design criteria for disinfection booths or rooms 54
6.5 Protective equipment 55
6.6 Methods of chlorine application 55
6.7 Application Point 55-56
6.8 Contact time 56
6.9 Chlorine dosing method 56
CHAPTER VII
STORAGE
7.1 Calculation of Storage Capacity 56-60
7.2 Types of tanks 60-61

CHAPTER VIII
CONDUIT LINES
8.1 Driving Lines 61-62
8.2 Gravity Conduction 62-65
8.3 Pumping Line Guidelines 65-66
8.4 Material of the Pipes 66
8.5 Layout 67
8.6 Formulas to Use in the Calculation of Conduction Lines 67-69

CHAPTER IX
PUMPING STATIONS
9.1 General Considerations of Pumping Stations 69-72
9.2 Design of Pumping Stations with Centrifugal Pumps 72-74
9.3 Calculation of Power 74-75
9.4 Pumping equipment 75-76
9.5 Pipes and Valves in Suction and Discharge of Pumps 76-77
9.6 Electrical Equipment 77-78

GLOSSARY
ANNEXES
 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS AND
SANITARY SEWAGE

The following document was prepared by: MSc. Eng. Flor de Maria Solórzano and
analyzed and discussed by a committee made up of:

Ing. Jorge Martínez

Ing. Teodoro Vega
Ing. Patricia Norory
Ing. Ricardo Caballero
Ing. Saul Zelaya
Ing. Franklin Oyuela
Ing. Helga Cálix
Ing. Isai Sevilla
Ing. Lissy Cárcamo
Engineer Alejandro López Nieto
Ing. Estela Domínguez
Ing. Hector Pineda
Sr. Edgardo Milla

The following individuals also participated by sending written comments:

Eng. Rodolfo Ochoa
Ing. Julio Velarde
MSc. Ing. Juan Carlos Godoy
Ing. Teodoro Vega
 INTRODUCTION

The rules shown below aim to provide design criteria that

allow ensuring compliance with institutional requirements for proper viewing
and subsequent execution of water purification projects, potable water supply, and
sanitary sewerage, as well as wastewater treatment for the Metropolitan area.

Regarding the Drinking Water Design Standards, these consist of nine (9)
chapters, whose main themes to be addressed are as follows: 1.- Sources of supply is
to say the new developments to be built outside the urban area, or those that have
specific characteristics that cannot feasibly be supplied with drinking water from the network
mayor of the city of Tegucigalpa, so they will be able to obtain water from their own source of
supply; the developer must present the complete studies for the respective analysis
of feasibility or use for its approval by the Services Feasibility Committee of
SANAA according to the provisions of the Regulation to Regulate the Use of the Systems of
Drinking Water, Sanitary and Storm Sewage for Urbanizations and Subdivisions for the
Metropolitan Area of Tegucigalpa, which must speak out on the matter by issuing the
corresponding report to the developer, with the necessary observations. 2.- Design period
for the structures of the systems and population projection (according to methods of
calculation of future population). 3.- Water supply and demand for consumption according to
classification of residential areas and according to the different uses of water.
Hydraulic design of water conduction and distribution systems, design parameters,
gravity systems and pumping systems, emphasizing the aspects to consider in
the design of the distribution network of a locality. 5.- Processes of water purification in the
case of water that does not come from the general network of the drinking water system of the Division
Metropolitan of SANAA and do not meet the drinking water requirements established by the standards
current sanitary conditions, which should be corrected through appropriate treatment;
understanding the essential processes for achieving the desired quality for purposes
of supply. 6.- Disinfection of water, that is, all waters that meet the
physical-chemical characteristics for water intended for human use and consumption must be
subjected to the disinfection process prior to their entry into the network to ensure quality
bacteriological water, the minimum disinfection treatment to be used will preferably be
chlorine base or chlorinated compounds. 7.- Water storage through tanks, is
to say when demand studies demonstrate the need for storage works,
they must ensure a continuous water service and compensate for variations in consumption thus
how to store the necessary volumes to combat fires; the tanks must be designed
that are necessary for storage, in such a way that they are capable at all times
to meet the highest demands that arise during the system's useful life, also that
also maintain sufficient reserves to face both the cases of
interruptions in the energy supply, such as in cases of damage to the lines of
conduction or any other element. 8.- Conduction lines whether by gravity or
pumping and the design criteria for each of them. 9.- Pumping stations, types of
pumping stations, equipment selection, motors, etc.

The Wastewater Design Standards consist of ten (10) chapters, the

which are related to the following topics: 1.- Collection of wastewater through
conventional sanitary sewer systems; the hydraulic design of the system is
will guide to operate solely as free drainage by gravity, avoiding in the
measurement of possible situations of critical flow. 2.- Collection of wastewater through
of simplified sanitation sewer systems, which is used in cases where
more economical works are mainly required for small populations (urban-
rural areas) or developing neighborhoods, these systems are allowed as long as the rules are respected.
constructive elements of the system, and maintenance is provided by the community, so that
There must be good socialization of the project. 3.- Wastewater treatment systems
which include the necessary studies prior to the selection of a system of
wastewater treatment, known as treatability studies which are important for
design with a higher degree of security. 4.- Selection of technologies for treatment of
wastewater, the aspects to consider for their design. 5.- Processes of
treatments, physical, chemical, and biological processes with which water can be treated
residuals. 6.- Types of treatment according to physical, chemical, and biological processes.
biological, these treatments make up what is known as Wastewater Treatment Plant
Residuals (WWTP). 7.- Tertiary treatments which are important according to reuse.
what we intend to give to the treated wastewater. 8.- Treatment of the sludge that also
It has to do with the reuse that is given as part of the byproducts generated by the wastewater treatment plant. 9.-
Storm sewer systems, storm sewer design, and pumping stations.
which should continue to be the exception and not the rule in sewer systems,
because they make the operation more difficult and more expensive; however, they are necessary for
cover uphill sections, or assist the flow on flat terrain. The need to have a
The pumping station, as well as its size and location, should be determined based on the
general technical and economic conditions. It is important to consider for the design of
the pumping stations that solid contaminants must also be pumped
together with the wastewater.

Any project for the supply of drinking water and/or sanitary sewerage, as well as the
components that integrate it will adjust to what is provided within the context of the present
DESIGN STANDARDS. The use of criteria different from those presented here must
to be previously approved by the SANAA.
 Glossary of Drinking Water Design Standards

Aeration
Aeration is a process to improve water quality, through which it is put into
contact with the air.

Draining area
It is the area that recharges rainwater either superficially or by infiltration towards a point.
Determined. The water recharge area can be surface and underground.

Coagulation
Coagulation is the most important process in a rapid filtration plant; from this process
it depends on the efficiency of the whole system. The coagulation process transforms the small
particles in large aggregates, so that sedimentation is facilitated. The overall process
Coagulation includes the stages of destabilization and flocculation, which is the transportation stage.
provoking the growth of aggregated particles.

Gravity conduction
A gravity pipeline is one that is set up to transport the required flow.
downstream, from a potential load between its ends that can be used to overcome the
losses due to friction, originated in the duct when the flow occurs.

Maximum daily consumption (QMD)

It is the flow of the day with the highest consumption; it will be calculated considering the coefficient of variation.
daily CVD, which is the relationship between the value of the Maximum Daily Consumption recorded in a year and
the average consumption related to that year.

Maximum hourly consumption (QMH)

It is the flow of the day with the highest consumption and at the hour of greatest demand; it will be calculated
considering the hourly coefficient of variation CVH, which corresponds to the hour of highest
demand. The value of CVH is obtained through systematic observation of meters.
installed downstream of the distribution tanks.

Average daily consumption (Qm)

Amount of water required to meet the needs of a population in one day
average consumption.

Decantation or Sedimentation.
One of the most widely used processes in water treatment is sedimentation. It
Sedimentation is understood as the removal, due to gravitational effect, of particles in
suspension in a fluid, and that have a specific weight greater than the fluid.

Laminar or high-rate decanters

By placing parallel plates or modules of different types in the area of
sedimentation, a large deposition surface for the sludge is obtained in these units,
significantly reducing the surface area of the tanks.
 Glossary of Drinking Water Design Standards

Disinfection
The disinfection of water is a unitary treatment process aimed at
guarantee the potability of it from a microbiological point of view, ensuring the
absence of pathogenic microorganisms. Normally the disinfection process is used
as part of a series of treatment operations that make up a plant. In its form
more simply, disinfection is applied as the only treatment for excellent natural waters
quality (groundwater, springs, etc).

Diffusers
These units can be adapted to waters that coagulate through adsorption mechanisms, or of
sweeping.

Filtration
Filtration involves the removal of suspended and colloidal particles present in a
aqueous suspension that flows through a porous medium. In general, filtration is the action
final that is carried out in a water treatment plant and, consequently, is responsible
principle of producing quality water that meets drinking standards.
filtration can be done using slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and pressure filters or
others approved by the SANAA.

Slow filtration
Slow filtration is a water treatment process by which water is passed through.
over a bed of sand in a descending or ascending shape and at a low speed, being its
the main advantages are the following:
9No chemical products are used (except chlorine for disinfection)
9Simplicity of design, construction, and operation
9Does not require electrical energy
9Ease of cleaning (does not require backwashing)
The main disadvantages are:
9Little flexibility to adapt to emergency conditions
9Poor efficiency in color removal (20-30%)
9It needs a large area for its installation.
9Presents poor results for water with high turbidity
9A large amount of filter media is needed.

Rapid filtration
Rapid filtration refers to the clarification treatment that consists of the processes of
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration.

Slow downward flow filter

A slow downward flow filter consists of a rectangular or circular box that contains a
sand bed, a gravel bed, a drainage system, simple inlet and outlet devices
with their respective controls and a treated water chamber for disinfection.
 Glossary of Drinking Water Design Standards

Quick filters
The filters are the most complex units of a water treatment plant. The objective
the main principle of filters in a rapid filtration treatment plant is the separation of
particles and microorganisms that have not been removed in the decantation process. In
the consequence of the work that the filters perform depends directly on the greater or lesser
efficiency of the preparatory processes.

Flocculation
The main objective of flocculation is to gather destabilized particles to form
aggregations of greater weight and size that settle more efficiently.

Flocculators
In this unit, the water is given a slow agitation that should promote growth.
floccules and their preservation until they exit it. The energy to produce the agitation of the water
it can be hydraulic or mechanical.

Mesh or fabric flocculators

The interleaved fabrics in a channel oppose a localized resistance to the flow, tending to
uniforming it, reducing the incidence of short circuits and acting as elements of
compartmentalization.

Paddle flocculators
They make up the most commonly used type of units, which can be either vertical or horizontal, with pallets.
parallel or perpendicular to the axis. The most advantageous is the vertical axis, as it prevents the use of
transmission chains and dry well chains for engines.

Hydraulic flocculators
Any device that uses hydraulic energy dissipated by the flow of water can
to constitute a hydraulic flocculator. There are several types, among which the following can be mentioned:
horizontal or vertical flow screen flocculators, of porous media, Alabama or Cox type and
of meshes.

Mechanical flocculators
In these units, the water flow is circulated through tanks equipped with agitators.
driven by means of electric energy.
These units vary depending on the position of the axis and the type of agitator used.
In the first case, there are horizontal and vertical units, and in the second case, paddle flocculators.
and turbines.

Cox or Alabama type flocculator

In these units, the water makes an upward-downward movement within each
compartment, so it is very important to determine the water propulsion speed,
so that this behavior happens.
 Glossary of Drinking Water Design Standards

Infiltration gallery
An infiltration gallery is a horizontal and permeable conduit built to intercept and
collect groundwater that flows by gravity (unconfined aquifer).
For a gallery to be successful, it must be located in a permeable aquifer that has the level
high groundwater and being fed by a suitable and nearby source, whose quality in the aspect
make it usable.

Hydrants
Hydrants are special pieces that should preferably be located on the lines.
matrices of the distribution networks. Taking into account their specific function, their
capacity according to the nature of the areas they must protect. The
Hydrants will preferably be installed on primary or secondary lines.

Injectors
In this type of units, the instant homogenization of the coagulant with the flow is achieved.
of water, based on regulating the speed of the jets and the number of jets within the
water mass section.

Conduction line
It will be defined as 'driving line', the part of the system made up of the set of
ducts, artworks, and accessories intended to transport water from the source of
supply, from the place of capture, to a point that can very well be a tank
regulation, a purification plant, or the distribution network its capacity will be calculated with the
flow of the maximum daily consumption or the one considered most convenient to take from the source
of supply according to the nature of the problem being studied.

Spring
A spring is a point located in the Earth's crust where groundwater surfaces.
that appears on the surface in the form of a current.

Quick mix
This term refers to the conditions of agitation intensity and retention time that must
gather the water mass at the moment when the coagulant is dosed, with the aim of
coagulation reactions occur under the optimal conditions corresponding to the mechanism
of predominant coagulation. To ensure the intimate contact of the chemical substances with the
water, a device for rapid mixing must be provided. For this purpose, it may be used
mechanical, hydraulic or other suitable agitation.

Mixers
In these units, the dispersion of the coagulant is carried out throughout the entire mass of water to be treated. This
dispersion must be as homogeneous as possible, in order to destabilize all the
particles present in the water, and optimize the coagulation process that takes place in it
unity.

Hydraulic relief mixers

 Glossary of Drinking Water Design Standards
These units are suitable for waters where coagulation occurs most of the time.
through an absorption mechanism. The types most frequently used have the advantage of
serve as mixing units and flow measurement units.

Design Period
It is the prediction period that will serve for the development of the projects and which will depend
of the available hydraulic resources, possibilities for population development, possibilities
to establish areas for future development, etc.

SANAA
National Autonomous Service of Aqueducts and Sewers

Upflow units (laminar settlers)

In an upward-flowing laminar decanter, the most important thing is to achieve a distribution.
uniform flocculated water across the entire plate area and a uniform collection of it as well
effluent on top of the plates, to achieve the most uniform flow distribution
possible on the entire decantation surface

Mechanical units (mixers)

In these units, the mixture is made in rectangular or cylindrical tanks where the flow remains
held for a period of time while being shaken by mechanical systems for the purpose of
produce turbulence.

Compensating volume
It is the water needed to compensate for the hourly variations in consumption.
 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
SANAA
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

CHAPTER I

SUPPLY SOURCES
1.1 Sources

The new developments that wish to be built outside the urban area, or that due to their
intrinsic characteristics make it unfeasible to supply from the city's main grid.
Tegucigalpa, they will be able to obtain water from their own supply source.

In this case, the developer must submit the complete studies including reports.
about the environmental conditions of the sources for the respective feasibility analysis
or for use for its approval by the Service Feasibility Committee of SANAA,
who must express themselves regarding this by issuing the corresponding opinion on
developer, with the necessary observations.

1.1.1 Types of Production Sources

The sources of production will be surface or underground springs and must cover
1.5 times the maximum daily demand at the end of the design period; the investigation will focus on the
minimum and maximum flows, through direct measurements and collection of existing data.
If the production source does not cover 1.5 times the maximum daily demand, it
it will be necessary to construct storage facilities which must be
approved by the SANAA.

1.2 Groundwater
a. Necessary information
For the supply through groundwater, information must be obtained.
next:

• Geology: Geological and stratigraphic information. Physical characteristics of

aquifer or aquifer systems (thickness, boundaries, etc.). Hydraulic properties of
aquifer or aquifer system (permeability, specific yield, coefficient
of storage, etc.).
• Hydrogeology: Piezometric level of the groundwater layers. Annual precipitation,
runoff and possible recharge to the subsoil, losses through evaporation, transpiration
and groundwater discharges.
• Water quality: Physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of the water
aquifer or aquifer system.

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March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

b. Preliminary investigations
Before conducting underground research, an exploration of the area will be carried out, such as
it is indicated below:

• Geological research: to evaluate the source, information can be used

geological information available together with the geological information obtained
in field recognition. Such information will be interpreted by a
expert in the field of hydrogeology. A registry must be accompanied.
complete of the groundwater catchments within a minimum radius of 250 m
around the proposed well.
• Aerial photography research: available aerial photographs will be used
and geological plans to make a tentative assessment, in order to determine the
conditions of the aquifers to be used.
• Geophysical Research: when the investigations mentioned in the paragraphs
If previous ones are insufficient, geophysical exploration will be used.

c. Subsoil investigation
The information obtained during the drilling must be attached to the previous ones.
this information is summarized as follows:

• Static water level

• Lithological description of the drilled materials
• Graphs of electrical resistivities and spontaneous potential
• Hydraulic parameters of the aquifer obtained through pumping tests
(Transmissivity, storage coefficient and specific capacity)
Pumping tests
The following pumping tests shall be carried out:

Step test
A test will be conducted with four steps of 2 hours each, totaling 8 hours.
with this flow rate the flow for the constant flow measurement will be decided. The flow of
predetermined exploitation must be included in the flows selected for the
implementation of this test.

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Ing. Flor de María Solórzano Mondragón - Standards and Supervision Unit

March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
Sanaa
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

Constant flow pumping test

The minimum duration of this test will be 48 hours. During this pumping,
You will obtain the following information:

• Static water level in each well

• Water level measurements in the following way: every minute the
first 10 minutes, every 5 minutes for the next 30 minutes, every 10
for the next 30 minutes, every half hour for the next
six hours and every hour during the remaining time.

As soon as the pumping test equipment is stopped, the measurements will be taken.
levels of the aquifer until its recovery, until reaching 90% of its drawdown
a total of at least 12 hours (wells at a rate of 15 l/s) of measurement, the
measurement intervals will be the same as those used during the test of
constant flow pumping; lower yield wells may require less
time, wells with higher production, fewer or more hours, in any
In case 90% recovery is the minimum value.

• Favorable hydrogeological conditions

d. Wells
The diameter of the well will be determined based on the required performance and the depth.
considering that the dimensions may be controlled by availability
of construction facilities. In Table 1.1 of the Drinking Water Annexes, it is provided
the minimum casing pipe diameters for pump installation in wells
profound.

The depth of the well will be such that it penetrates sufficiently into the aquifer,
the purpose of having an adequate length of filter.

The drilling diameter will be 4 inches greater than the casing diameter.
volcanic aquifers (for stabilizing embedding), and 6 inches greater than the sheath,
at least, in alluvial aquifers (for filtration gravel).

The specific capacity (gallons/minutes per foot of drawdown) = (SC) is

will be determined according to the following equation:

CE = Efficiency / gpm (l/s) (1)

Depression / (foot)(m)

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March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

Depression: (Static Level – Pumping Level), in feet or m

Performance: Water production, in gpm or (l/s)

The specific capacity is used exclusively in alluvial aquifers. In another

type of fractured rock aquifers, including volcanic ones; the test is used
staggered to set the well performance.
To avoid interference between wells, data must be reviewed: in alluvial aquifers,
interference begins at a distance between wells of 150 m, in wells of 25 to
30 m deep.

Location of the wells. When a project has to plan for two or

more wells or pumping wells exist in the adjacent areas, they must be taken into account
interference predictions between them. Table 1.2 of the Water Annexes
Potable, it can be used to preliminarily establish the minimum distances between
wells.

The pumping test data will be used to assess the interference between
the wells. The depression of the cone of influence at a given site (as a result of
simultaneous pumping of several wells) is equal to the sum of the depressions
produced on the same site for the individual pumping of wells.

For the design and construction of deep wells, the A- standard may be followed.
100 from the last edition of AWWA.

Physical-Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis:

To practice complete physicochemical analyses, it will be necessary to have

a sample of at least two liters, which must be taken in a container
chemically clean and made of neutral, colorless glass and equipped with a stopper of
glass. The container must be rinsed at least three times before filling it.
with the same water. The physical-chemical analyses must be carried out as soon as possible.
possible after the sample has been taken and, in no case, after 72 hours.
These analyses will be carried out according to the recommendations of the 'Methods
Standard." Waters with concentration levels above will be rejected.
to those established in Annex No. 1, Water Quality Parameters, of the Standard
National Technique for Water Quality.

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Eng. Flor de María Solórzano Mondragón - Standards and Supervision Unit

March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(Sanaa)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

e. Springs

The yield of the springs is variable and in many cases the water is subject to
pollution. The hot springs generally cannot be used due to
present a high mineral content.

The selection of the springs will be made taking into account the physical properties.
chemical and bacteriological aspects of the water to be captured, for which other measures must be taken
the following analyses:

• Physical-Chemical Analysis.

The water quality of a supply system is not evaluated or conceptualized by a

not just a single point of data or a single sample, but based on the following activities:

¾ Evaluation of microbiological characteristics

¾ Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics

These evaluations must be carried out both in the rainy season and in the dry season.
dry, mainly when the source is superficial.

The selected sources must meet the established quality criteria.

for water intended for human use and consumption.

To practice complete physicochemical analyses, it will be necessary to have

a sample of at least two liters, which must be taken in a container
chemically clean and made of neutral, colorless glass and provided with a stopper of
glass. The container must be rinsed at least three times before filling it.
with the same water. The physico-chemical analyses must be carried out as soon as possible
possible after the sample has been taken and, in no case, after 72 hours.
These analyses will be conducted according to the recommendations of the 'Methods
Standard.

Waters with concentration levels higher than will be rejected

established in Annex No. 1, Water Quality Parameters, of the Standard
National Technique for Water Quality, which represent a serious
danger to health.

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Ing. Flor de María Solórzano Mondragón – Standards and Supervision Unit

March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

• Technical – Economic Analysis

From a technical-economic point of view, springs that with the

sufficient flow (Maximum Daily Demand at the end of the design period)
allow their use with the use of smaller diameter pipes (system
by gravity) or simpler and lower power pumping systems, in order to
that operating expenses are lower.

In addition to the previous studies, in the capture of surface springs the

interested parties must submit to SANAA all the data and elements they keep
relationship with the quantitative characteristics of the springs, such as:

a) Hydrogeological data of the basin to be used and, in the absence of such data
referring to nearby basins. Use the confidence factors that
they correspond when information is transferred from a basin with stations,
to another that has no seasons; also use the basic terminology that
includes basins and sub-basins.

b) Flow record of the watercourse that will be used and in the absence of them,
elements concerning the fluctuations of water level in the
periods of drought and floods caused by torrential rains.

• Water Harvesting Works in Springs

The intake works in surface water sources must be stable and permanent.
to avoid interruptions due to floods, landslides, movements
seismic, etc. and designed taking into account the following:

a) Intake-Source with sufficient capacity to capture the maximum consumption of

design and be equipped with control valves and devices to prevent the
passage of floating elements, or solids that may obstruct the pipe.

b) Cleaning device with its corresponding gate valve and

flood spillway or other similar device.

c) Protection against easy access by animals or people.

d) Facilities for inspection and operation.

e) Protection against possible sources of contamination.

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Ing. Flor de María Solórzano Mondragón - Standards and Supervision Unit

March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
SANAA
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

f. Infiltration gallery
Generally, infiltration galleries are located parallel to the beds of
the rivers, with the aim of ensuring a permanent water supply.

The following are the different types of gallery:

• Buried pipelines:
For diameters of up to 0.60 m, perforated concrete pipes can be used.
cast iron, or concrete pipes placed with a lost joint. The pipes must
settle in a trench within a gravel bed. The pipes at depths
over 6 m, are generally uneconomical. The design of the
drilling of the pipes, the separations of the joints and the use of gravel,
They can be carried out in accordance with the AWWA A-100 Standard, latest edition.
The speed of water in the pipes should not exceed 0.60 m/s. The water must
to be collected in a covered tank. Inspection wells must be provided for the
maintenance and inspection, separated from each other by a maximum distance of 100 m.
It is advisable to place valves before the entry to the tank, with the purpose of
facilitate the repair, cleaning and increase the capacity of the gallery. The pipe
it will be on a bed of gravel, graded by different sizes, covering the tube
in annular form; in the case of pipes used as infiltration galleries.

• Tunnels
An infiltration tunnel-gallery can also be a tunnel excavated in a stratum.
aquifer, constructed of masonry (cyclopean concrete), leaving openings to
through its walls so that water can penetrate, with the waterproof bottom to
transfer the water by gravity to the collection chamber. Depending on the
tunnel stability may require cement lining or with concrete
reinforced.

• Radial collector
A collection tank will be installed near the surface water recharge area with
buried perforated pipes that reach radially. This type of work is adapted
specifically to the permeable alluvial aquifers and can provide a good
output of around 300 gpm = 19 l/s. They can have variable outputs.
according to the studied aquifer; if the location is a clayey alluvium the yield
it will be smaller and if it is in sandy alluvium with sufficient recharge at the riverbank
it can exceed 19 l/s.

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Ing. Flor de María Solórzano Mondragón - Standards and Supervision Unit

March 9, 2004
 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

1.3 Surface waters

For the supply of surface water, the following information must be obtained:

a) Hydraulics: Maximum and minimum flows of rivers, as well as water levels in

the riverbed, in the study lake or lagoon.
b) Soil studies: To know the coefficients of permeability and the type of
crop that is sown in the area.
c) Hydrological: Research on basic data of precipitation, evaporation,
infiltration, watershed study, sub-basin or micro-basin, to understand the uses of
current and probable future water, etc. Perform water balance. To determine
theoretical, maximum, and minimum flows and base flow of rivers, or to calculate the
water masses.
d) Carry out quality and profitability studies in winter and summer periods.

• Works of Toma
The water intake structure will be projected in such a way that it can have
various entrances located at different levels, in order to be able to take the water more
close to the surface.
Each intake must have a grid made of steel bars or wire, with a
free space of 3 to 5 cm, and with a gate valve for the operation more
appropriate for the take.
The water speed at the intake should not exceed 0.60 m/s.
Structural calculations must be prepared by a Structural Engineer.

• Rivers
In rivers, the intake works must meet the following conditions.

a) The intake will be located in a section of the current that is safe from both
erosion like any discharge of wastewater, to isolate it in the
possible sources of pollution.
b) The water intake will be located at a level lower than the minimum water levels of the
flow. The speed of the water through the grid must be between 0.10 and 0.15
m/s, to avoid, as much as possible, the dragging of floating materials.
c) The immediate structure at the transition will be designed so that the speed is
in this part of the work at 0.60 m/s or greater, in order to avoid silting. The limit
the maximum permissible speed will be set by the characteristics of the water and
the material of the duct.
d) If the construction of a large diversion dam becomes necessary, it must be
take into account in the design, everything related to geological information,
geotechnical, hydrological, and structural calculation.

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e) A floating intake structure can be designed when the river levels

they are very variable.

• Reservoirs
The following considerations must be taken into account in the reservoirs:

a) Locate the sampling points in such a way that the water quality is maintained.
b) The intake structures may be towers within the reservoirs with water inlets to
different levels.
They can be floating works if they are not exposed to currents.
d) They can be submerged tubes at the bottom of the reservoir properly protected.

CHAPTER II

DESIGN PERIOD FOR THE STRUCTURES OF THE SYSTEMS AND

Population Projection

2.1 Design Period

The minimum prediction period for the designs will comply with Table 2.1 of the Water Annexes.
Potable and Table 2.2 shows the duration of the design period.

2.2 Future Population

The future population will preferably be calculated based on census data from the area. If not
This information will use the official average growth rate of the region.
established by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) in its most updated report.

The calculation of the design population can be carried out using any of the
following known methods, as long as they fit the growth trend
observed:

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• Arithmetic Method:

For any given time T, the following linear equation is obtained:

Pf = Pix (1 + i x n/100)

Where:
PfPopulation at the end of the period
PIInitial population
i = Population growth rate expressed as a percentage
n = Design period

• Geometric Method:

P = P0eKgt, where KG(1nP2-1nP12-1), KGGrowth Constant

Geometric, this equation is known as capitalization with interest
compound, the periodic interest is capitalized by increasing the previous capital and
usually andKgit is represented as (1 + i)t, where i is the interest rate and the
the equation would be as follows:

P = P0 (1 + i)t

• Logistical Method:

P = L / (1 + meat)

Where L = (2P0P1P2– P2(P 1 0+P1)) /( P0P2- P1),

Saturation population will be considered based on the current regulatory plans.
in the AMDC
m = (L - P0) / P0Regional constant
a = (1 / ∆t) ln [P0(L - P1) / P1(L-P0Regional constant
P0,P1,P2population at time t0, t1, t2
∆t, interval between t0, t1, t2

As Design Population, the Saturation population of the area will also be used according to
the existing zoning plans; if these do not exist, 6 inhabitants per lot will be considered.
Every population growth projection must be presented within the report.
technique accompanied by calculations and trend graphs.

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CHAPTER III

SUPPLIES AND WATER DEMAND FOR CONSUMPTION

3.1 ALLOCATIONS

In order for the water supplies to provide an adequate service during

At any time of the year, the requirements set forth here must be taken into account.

• Household Consumption

For the area included within the Master Plan of Tegucigalpa, it is defined in the
Table No. 3.1 of the Drinking Water Annexes, domestic consumption according to
with the socioeconomic conditions of housing.

• Commercial Consumption.

The estimation of consumption for commercial complexes, businesses, and/or small

industries will be based on the following criteria:

from 230 to 265 liters per person per day in the case that it can be determined the
probable population of the complex.

b) When the population of the shopping complex cannot be estimated, the

parameter of 0.204 million liters per hectare.

In both cases, the commercial consumption to be used in the designs should not be
less than the values specified above.

• Industrial Use.

To estimate the consumption of plants or industrial complexes, the following will be applied.
same criteria as stated in commercial consumption. In special cases
established criteria from international standards of countries with
similar characteristics to ours.

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• Government Use.

In the design of government services such as schools, hospitals, offices

public and sanatoriums, special consumption factors for frequent use will be applied
recommended by entities such as the American Water Works Association
(AWWA).

• Fire equipment / Hydrants.

In all cases, the fire supply will be 200 gal/min or 12.62 lt/sec.
2 hours.

a) In residential areas, fire hydrants must be placed in such a way that

they must have a maximum range of 100 meters and must be of a diameter
minimum of 3 inches (75 mm).
b) In commercial or industrial areas, they will be installed in such a way that they have a
maximum operating range of 50 meters and must have a minimum diameter of
4 inches (100 mm).
c) The hydrants will preferably be installed on the larger diameter pipe.

• Daily and Hourly Variations.

a) Average Daily Consumption (Qm)

It will be the average flow in 1t/s, and it will be obtained using the formula
next:

Qm = D x Pf / 86,400

Where:

Average Daily Consumption in 1t/s

Pf: Future Population
D: Provision in lppd (liters per person per day)

b) Maximum Daily Consumption (Q)MD

According to statistical observations in the city of Tegucigalpa, the

CVD value varies from 1.2 to 1.5.

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The formula to be used will be:

QMDCVD (Qm)

Where:

QMDMaximum Daily Consumption in 1ts/sec.

Daily coefficient of variation (1.2 - 1.5) use 1.30
Qm.: Average Daily Consumption in 1ts/sec.

c) Maximum Hourly Consumption (QMH

)

For the city of Tegucigalpa according to statistical observations the

the value of CVH ranges from 1.8 to 2.25.

Then the calculation of the maximum hourly consumption will be based on the
next formula:

QMH= CVH(Qm)

Where:

QMHMaximum Hourly Consumption in (1ts/sec)

CVH: Coefficient of hourly variation (1.8 - 2.25) use 1.95 (that is the
95% of the average daily flow
QmAverage Daily Consumption in (1ts/sec)

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CHAPTER IV

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CONDUCTION SYSTEMS

AND WATER DISTRIBUTION

4.1 Network Design

a) The hydraulic analysis of the network will be calculated using the balancing method
Hardy-Cross flows and loads, which can be resolved manually or using
some computer calculation model.
b) To calculate the head loss in the pipes, the Hazen formula will be used.
Williams.
c) For operational purposes, the distribution system must be subdivided into a
number of networks, so that the maximum static pressure is 50 mca and the pressure
minimum dynamic to be 10 mca.

In the case of a single network, the maximum static pressure can be taken up to a maximum of 70.
mca.

Design parameters
These include the allocations per person, the design period, the future population and
the specific factors (flow coefficients, permissible velocities, minimum pressures
and maximums, minimum diameter, coverage over pipe, and resistance of the pipes). The network
Distribution will be calculated with the maximum hourly consumption and will be reviewed for consumption.
coincidental.

Hydraulic conductivity coefficient (C) in the Hazen Williams formula, see in the
Appendices of Drinking Water, Table 4.1

Speeds
The speed will not be greater than 5 m/s nor less than 0.60 m/s.

Pressures

a) The maximum static pressure will be 50 mca (70 psi), allowance will be made at points
isolated pressures up to 60 mca (85 psi), when the service area is very
accidental.

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b) The dynamic service pressure shall not be less than 15 mca (20 psi) at the entrance of the
meter, when considered for the maximum hourly consumption (CMH) and of 10
mca (15 psi) for coincident consumption (CC).

Minimum diameters
The minimum diameter for the main pipe will be 75 mm (3") and for the fill pipe it will be 50
mm (2”), the household connections will be 12 mm (1/2”), in sections no greater than 20
m in length.

Coverage on pipes
In the design of pipes placed on vehicle transit streets, a will be maintained
minimum coverage of 1.20 m, over the crown of the duct along its entire length, and in streets
For pedestrian areas, this minimum coverage will be 0.70 m.

Resistance of the pipe and its material

The pipes must withstand static internal pressures, dynamic pressures, water hammer pressures, and
the external pressures from fillings and live loads due to traffic. The overpressure due to
water hammer will be calculated using Joukovsky's theory or another similar one as well as by
formulas and nomograms recommended by the manufacturers.

T = 2L/a, T is the closing time

a = 1425/√(1+ (Eae/Et))

h1= 145 v/√(1+EaD/Et e)

Representing:
h1inertia overpressure due to water hammer in m
v = speed of water in the pipe in m/s
Eaelasticity modulus of water, in kg/cm220,738 kg/cm2)
D = inner diameter of the pipe in cm
e = thickness of the pipe in cm
Et elasticity modulus of the pipe material in kg/cm230,000 kg/cm2, if it is
PVC
L = length of the pipe in m
a = speed of the pressure wave in m/s

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Distribution Network Layout

a) The main pipes of the network should preferably be located on the side
west of the avenues and north of the streets, 1.50 meters from the property line,
In the case of important roads, the convenience of installing pipes should be studied.
on both sides.

b) The network design should consider the future development of the area, in order to
provide for ease of expansion.

c) The drinking water pipes cannot be installed in the same excavation or trench as the
sewer pipes.

Pipe selection
In selecting the type of pipe, the following factors must be taken into account:

a) Resistance to corrosion
b) Resistance against loads, both external and internal.
c) Hydraulic characteristics
d) Installation and land conditions
e) Economic conditions
f) Resistance to tuberculation and incrustation
g) Protection against water hammer

Consumption Entrances or Household Connections

In order to achieve the direct supply of water to homes, the following must be provided.
corresponding consumption service connections or household connections.
The minimum diameter of each connection will be ½ (12.5 mm) inch. All connections
the domicile must always be monitored by its corresponding meter or by a
flow regulator. The connections will be individual.

Public Keys

In areas not served by household connections, public keys must be provided for
the supply of dispersed housing, anticipating the installation of a macro meter at
the network entry (supply line) of the place.

They will be placed at a minimum distance of 100 meters and a maximum of 300 meters. Every key
public must have a protection system through a booth. The pedestals for
public keys will be made of PVC; the distribution line must be made of galvanized iron
to ensure durability. All PVC piping must be protected against the
weather conditions, to ensure the durability of the piping.
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Formulas to be used
For the analysis of a network, the aspects of open network and mesh must be considered.
closed. In the case of an open network, the piezometric gradient method can be used and
flow, using the Hazen-Williams formula or other similar ones.

H = S = 10.6742 Q1.85
C1.85D4.87

Where:
Q = cubic meters per second
D = diameter in meters
L = length in meters
S = pressure drop m/m
C = Hazen – Williams formula coefficient, See Table 4.1 of the Annexes of the
Drinking Water Design Standards.

For the case of closed mesh, the Hardy Cross method can be applied, considering the
different working conditions of critical operation.
In the hydraulic analysis of the network, the type of system must also be taken into account.
water supply either by gravity or by pumping.

4.2 Gravity system

The design of the distribution network will be made for three operating conditions:

1) Maximum hourly consumption for the last year of the design period. Under this condition, it
assume a reasoned distribution of the maximum hourly demand across all segments and
distribution network circuits, with the demanded flow being able to reach under two conditions
as the case may be:

a) 100% of the demanded flow will arrive through the transmission line, source or
treatment plant, as long as no storage tank is contemplated.
b) The demanded flow will arrive at two points, 1) the maximum daily demand through the line of
driving and 2) the rest will be provided by the supply tank to complete the
maximum hourly demand.

2) Coincident consumption. That flow corresponds to the maximum daily demand plus the demand.
of fire located in one or several points of the distribution network

Zero demand. In this condition, the maximum pressures in the network are analyzed.

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4.3 Pumping Distribution

For the design of a pumping system, there are two analysis conditions:

a) Pumping system from the storage tank and from the storage tank to
gravity distribution network.
b) Pumping system against the distribution network, with storage tank inside
the net or at the end of it.

a) Pumping system against the storage tank

In this analysis condition, the flow corresponding to the maximum daily consumption is
pumped to the storage tank. The network will demand from the tank the consumption
of the maximum hour, or the coincident demand. The tank will operate with a height that
allow to provide the established minimum residual pressures at all points of the network.

b) Pumping against the distribution network with the storage tank within the
red or at its end.
In pumping systems against the network, the most suitable solutions must be considered.
economic aspects regarding distribution; it is necessary to carry out the required analyses that
ensure a pressure service that is efficient and continuous for the following conditions of
work

Case I
Maximum hourly consumption with pumping for the last year of the design period. In this
It should be assumed that the pumping equipment is producing and pushing the
maximum daily flow through the conduction lines to the network and the tank of
storage provides the complement to the maximum schedule.

Case II
Maximum hourly consumption by gravity for the last year of the design period. In this
The network works by gravity, addressing the peak consumption time from the tank.

Case III
Coincidental consumption of the maximum day plus fire. Similar to case I, but the expenditure of
the fire concentrates at the most unfavorable point of the network.
The pumping stations will produce the maximum daily flow and the tank of
storage will provide the rest of the required flow. All for the last year of
design period.

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Case IV
Concurrent consumption with non-functioning pumps. Similar to case III, but with the variant
from the pressure chart caused by a supply condition of a flow of
fire concentrated in the most unfavorable knots. All the necessary flow will be
contributed by the tank.

Case V
Pumping of maximum daily consumption without consumption in the network. This case determines the load.
total dynamics of the pumps and will serve to size their power; here the
Water goes directly to the tank without being consumed, providing maximum pressures in the network.

CHAPTER V

WATER PURIFICATION PROCESSES

5.1 Pretreatment processes

The simplest pretreatments that can be used are indirect capture, whether as
vertical or horizontal pre-filter, laminar sedimentation, rapid coarse filtration, and desanders.
They can be used independently, combined with each other, or with other processes to obtain
better results.

Indirect capture
a) Vertical prefilter
The vertical prefilter is made up of gravel according to the characteristics indicated in
Table 5.1, from the Potable Water Annexes.
The flow direction is vertically downward with a filtration velocity of 6 m.3translatedText2d
(0.25 m/h)
The water is collected through perforated pipes connected to a main pipe that
it reaches the collection chamber.

b) Horizontal pre-filter
The horizontal pre-filter consists of a protective wall made up of stones with joints.
open.
The filter is a channel with gravel as the filtering medium, with the characteristics indicated in the
Table 5.2, from the Drinking Water Annexes.
The most convenient filtration speed is 12 m.3/m2/d (0.5 m/d)

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Laminar sedimentation
The high turbidity of water from a fountain can be reduced to levels that can be
use slow filters through the use of laminar settlers, without addition of
coagulants.
The flow direction in this type of clarifier is horizontal and combined with the
slow filtration, can treat waters with maximum turbidities up to 500 NTU, always and
when the turbidity is caused by particles whose diameter is greater than one
thousandth of a millimeter.

Rapid coarse filtration

Coarse filtration is a process carried out in a structure whose filtering material is
only ¼ inch pipe, fitted in a concrete box located next to
to the slow filter and aims to remove excessive turbidity for subsequent filtration.
The flow direction is downward, with a filtration velocity of 14 m.3/m2d (0.60
m/h)

Desanders
In cases where the water supply source is of the surface type, it is
inevitable the installation of a device that allows the removal of sand and particles
with a specific weight similar to 2.65 g / cm3, which are suspended in the water and are
Dragged by it, this is the function that the desander fulfill.

Main components of the sand separators:

a) Input and output devices that ensure a uniform distribution of

speeds in the cross section
b) Useful volume of water for the sedimentation of particles, with section
sufficient transversal to reduce the flow speed below a value
default, and with an appropriate length to allow for the settlement of the
particles in their trajectory
c) Additional volume in the bottom, to store the removed particles, during
interval between cleanings
d) Cleaning and overflow devices

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Parameters used for the design of sand separators:

Sedimentation rate
It will be calculated based on Stokes' law, which for values of g = 9.80 m/s2
y G = 2.65 g / cm3has the following expression:

Vs = 90 d2
γ
In which:
VsSedimentation speed in cm/s
d = diameter of the particle in cm
γ = Kinematic viscosity in cm2(this is based on the temperature)

2. Drag Speed Va
It is calculated using the Camps and Shields formula.

Va= 161√d

VaDrag speed in cm/s

d = diameter of the particle in cm

3. Flow velocity Vh
Taking into account the variations of the limits they suffer, Vsy Va, the
flow rate will be determined as follows:

Vh= 1/3 Va(Current structures)

Vh= 1 Va(First order structures)
2.5
Vh= cm/s

4. Cross section

a=Q
Vh

a = m2; Q = m3/s yVh= m/s

5. Surface area "A"

A = Vh a = (m2)
Vs
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6. Useful dimensions
l, b and h based on the relationships:

A = length x width

a = h x b
Dimensions will be chosen so that the length (l) is 5 to 9 times the
depth (h), considering that the width (b) must be reduced to
minimum, since the longer the structure is, the better it will be controlled
the distribution of speeds, through input and output devices
simple and economical. In addition, a minimum width is required to avoid
high speeds near the outlet dump. It is also necessary
provide a dimensional structure of sufficient magnitude to allow the
access, for cleaning and repair purposes. To the useful length (l) it is necessary to
add the space occupied by input and output devices. To the
useful depth (h) needs to be added the necessary amount to have
of an additional volume for the storage of removed sand.

7. Input devices

The simple and inexpensive input device consists of a channel

provided with holes in the bottom and on one of the sides. The number and size
the holes at the bottom will be determined based on the flow rate (Q) and
input speed no greater than 0.30 m/s and contraction coefficient of
order of 0.65

8. Output device

The most convenient output device is a spillway placed all the way
width (b) of the structure, with the ridge facing the opposite side to the direction
of the flow in the desander, to prevent the passage of floating material and
distribute the speeds better. The distance (X3between the landfill and the
The side wall of the desander will be determined in such a way that a
speed less than or equal to the drag speed and can be determined
as:

X3≥h
3

9. Additional Volume
The additional volume needed for the storage of removed sand,
it is determined based on the expected concentrations during floods and of
expected interval between cleanings. If there is no specific data, it is
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It is advisable to provide a reserve volume for a concentration of
3000 mg/l, during a flood lasting 24 hours. For the calculation, it
it will adopt a specific weight of the sediment of 350 kg/m3.

10. Cleaning devices

The cleaning device will consist of a tank placed on the first
third of the desander and towards which the bottom of it must have a
slope no less than 5%. The tank is connected with a tube equipped with
a valve and the cleaning is carried out taking advantage of the hydraulic load on
the sand.

11. Overflow weir

The overflow tube must be placed near the entrance to avoid overflow.
loads to the desander. The height of the pipe will be set in relation to the height
desired water according to the hydraulic conditions of the design.

12. Location of the sand trap

The sand separator must be located as close as possible to the works of
capture. In any case, the pipe that connects the intake with the sand separator.
It should have a uniform slope between 2 and 2.5%.

5.2 Treatment Processes

The treatment processes for purifying the water that will be used will be determined in
function of international drinking water standards, accepted for supply of
drinking water and based on inspections and representative results of tests and analyses
that cover a reasonable period of time.
The disinfection process will be mandatory as the minimum treatment for all types of sources.
proposal by the developer.

The following are the different treatment processes:

Aeration
The process is used to achieve:

a) Removal of flavors and odors (algae)

b) Removal of dissolved gases that harm water quality (hydrogen sulfide and
sulfurous
c) Increase of water pH by the removal of carbon dioxide to its point
equilibrium (reduce corrosiveness)
d) Oxidation of certain substances present in the water (ferrous bicarbonate and
manganese)

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Rational aeration requires the design and construction of units.

(aerators), whose efficiency varies according to the quality and quantity of
water.

The following are some important details that will facilitate the calculation and choice of
aerator.

a) Removal of carbon dioxide

Waters with less than 10 g/m3up to 50%
Water with more than 10 g/m360% to 80%
Most efficient aeration time.............................15 s

b) Removal of hydrogen sulfide - minimum aeration time: 3 s

c) Removal of hydrogen sulfide - minimum aeration time: 3 s
d) Removal of iron and manganese

Theoretically: 140g of oxygen precipitate 1000g of iron

Practically: 124 g of oxygen precipitates 1000 g of manganese

Types of aerators
The following are the different types of aerators with their respective parameters
of design:

A. Gravity aerators
a) Waterfall: they are circular platforms made of wood or concrete, that
overlap on the same central axis, in decreasing order of their
diameters from bottom to top, through which the water is passed to
to air

Capacity...........................................300 to 1000 m3/m2of the greatest

platform
Number of platforms......................3 to 4
Total height of the aerator......................0.80 to 1.60 m
Distance between platforms................0.20 to 0.50 m
Water inlet.................................From the top (it is advisable to use a
central arrival tube
Water discharge...................................From the accumulation platform
through a tube located at the bottom of the platform

b) Of boards or trays: It is made up of perforated boards or trays.

overlaid, through which the water flows. The first or upper one,
destined for water distribution, the others contain a porous material
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such as: coke, gravel or volcanic ash, to increase the efficiency of the
aeration.

Capacity...........................................300 to 900 m3/m2d

Number of platforms......................3 to 6 units
Total height of the aerator......................2.10 to 2.70 m
Vertical separation between boards.......0.40 to 0.60 m

Distribution openings:
First board......................................Holes Ø 5 to 10 mm
Other boards......................................Holes Ø 8 to 15 mm, each
80 to 100 mm center to center

Content: First board..................Only distribution

Other boards.................Coke, gravel or slag,
Size 0.012 to 0.025 m,
Height of the material 0.20 to 0.25 m

Lower deposit...................................Water accumulation

c) Of stairs: It is made up of several steps, over which the...

water facilitating contact with the air.

Number of steps.................................2 to 5
Thickness of the water layer (max)..........0.05 m
Dimensión de cada escalón: Altura............0.20 a 0.40 m
Width............0.25 to 0.45 m
Material......................................................Concrete or wood
Pressure loss.........................................1.00 m
Speed...................................................1.00 to 1.20 m/s

A ledge or overhang must be provided on the steps to prevent the

adhesion of the liquid vein.

d) From the inclined plane: They are platforms with a certain slope over the
small obstacles are placed to shake and delay the
water runoff.

Capacity.................................................200 to 500 m3/m2d

Pending..................................................1:2.5 to 1:3.0
Height of the liquid vein..........................0.05 m (max)
Load loss.......................................1.00 m
Speed.................................................1.00 m/s
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Material...................................................Concrete or wood

It is necessary to place and distribute the obstacles conveniently in the

platform.

B. Nozzle aerators: They are aerators through which the water flows out.
various nozzles with certain pressure, resulting in the formation of jets of water that
they facilitate the exchange of gases and volatile substances.

Exposure time..............................................1.0 to 2.0 seconds

Water load...........................................................1.25 to 7.50 m
Pressure loss:
In the tube.................................................................1/3 of the total calculated loss
as a simple pressure pipe
In the holes...........................................................hf = (1 - 1) V2
Cv 2 2g
C. Air diffusers: They are aerators in which air is injected through
diffusers, in tanks or chambers built for that purpose.
Diffusers can be: tubes, porous plates, bells or any other system
that allows for efficient aeration.

Air flow........................................................0.35 to 1.50 liters of air per liter

of water
Camera retention period........................10 to 30 minutes
Camera width...............................................3.00 to 9.00 m
3.00 to 3.70 m
Air intake......................................................2.70 m below the water level
Required power.................................................0.3 kw/1000 m3/d

[Link] ventilation: The specifications are provided by the manufacturers.

2. Slow filtration treatment

The turbidity of raw water can limit the performance of the filter, so sometimes
It is necessary to apply some treatment such as horizontal or vertical pre-filtering.
laminar sedimentation or rapid pre-filtration in coarse granular media.

a) Design criteria

Water quality
It should be verified that the quality of the water to be filtered meets the requirements during the dry season.
and rainy the limits of application of the process. For which the value
the maximum units of color and turbidity must be 50.

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b) Input structure
It consists of a distribution chamber with gates and overflow. It will be installed a
thin-walled triangular weir to measure the inflow. The water inlet
the filtering will be carried out through a very long, thick-walled spillway, to
obtain a thin sheet of water that adheres to the wall, to prevent it from
jets form over the bed, which would damage it, and it will also be placed over the bed
a concrete slab to absorb the impact of water.

c) Output structure
It will consist of a controlled landfill, located at a height greater than the level of
upper extreme of the bed, in such a way that the filtering bed always remains
submerged, this will regulate the minimum load.

Filtration rate
The filtration rate will be given according to Table 5.3 of the Water Annexes.
Drinking water. The filtration rate will not exceed 5000 liters per square meter of
filtering surface per day. A rate higher than the previous value will only be able to
to be used prior to the experimental verification by the proponent.

e) Filtering medium
A layer of sand 1.20 m thick with the following characteristics:
• Effective size: 0.15≤TE≤0.35 mm
• Uniformity coefficient: CU≤2.00

The thickness of the bed should be determined based on the characteristics of the influent and
of the grain size of the sand, it should not be less than 0.60 m

The support mantle or gravel will be placed in a minimum of three graded layers.
according to the characteristics of the sand and the collection system, in a
total thickness of no less than 25cm. Support gravel in four layers as
is shown in Table 5.4 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

f) Drainage system
The drainage system can be of different types:
1.- Baked clay bricks laid on edge, with other bricks on top.
spreading them flat leaving a one centimeter space between the sides.
2.- Drainage pipes (PVC), perforated with holes no larger than 1"
(2.54 cm), which can lead to a fishbone shape at
a central duct or pipe or to a lateral well with a slope of 1%
a 2%.
3.- Porous concrete blocks in the shape of a bridge, converging to a
central canal.

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g) Number of units
It is recommended to use at least two units, in which case each one of
they must be designed to meet the maximum daily consumption. It must be considered
an additional reserve capacity as indicated in Table 5.5 of the Annexes of
Drinking Water.

h) Filter box
The filter box can be rectangular or circular with a free edge of 0.20 m,
built of plain or reinforced concrete and must be resistant to different
forces that it will be subjected to during its service life, and it must also be airtight to
avoid water loss and the entry of contaminants.

In the case of rectangular boxes, the dimensions must comply with the
relationship found in Table 5.6 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

i) Regulation and control devices

These devices will consist of: chutes, valves, or other accessories,
installed at the entrance or exit of the filter, to maintain the filtration speed
at a constant rate.

3. Rapid filtration treatment

Quick filtration is a high-efficiency removal process used to treat water with
turbidity between 250 and 800 UNT; however, in very high turbidity peaks, it can
it is necessary to use a pretreatment before entering the water to the plant of
rapid filtration, on the contrary in times of low turbidity, it is possible that it can be
carry out a direct step from coagulation to filtration, what is known as filtration
direct.

The design of gravity quick filters must meet the requirements.

following:

A prior coagulation-sedimentation treatment, except in those cases where

that the institution does not consider it necessary.

The filtration rate should not exceed 125,000 to 150,000 liters per meter.
square meters of filter surface per day, according to the granulometry of the
arena and the characteristics of the influencer.

The sand must have an effective size between 0.40 and 0.75 mm and a
uniformity coefficient no greater than 2. The bed thickness must be set at
function of the characteristics of the influent and the grain size of the sand.

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The gravel should be placed in five or more graded layers, according to the
collection system and the granulometry of the sand. The total thickness should not be
less than 40 cm.

The collection system must be designed in such a way as to ensure a distribution

uniform water distribution across the entire filtering surface, and that does not cause a loss of
excessive loading during washing. Adequate facilities must be provided for the
inspection of the bottom.

The number of filters should be defined taking into account the expected expenses.
through the plant, anticipating sufficient flexibility for washing and inspection of
the units. The capacity of all units except one must cover the
average consumption of the plant.

Devices to determine the load loss must be provided in each unit.

filtration rate, flushing rate, and automatic water level regulator.

The washing of the filters must be done with treated water.

Among the processes that take place in a rapid filtration treatment are:
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.

A. Coagulation
This process is achieved with the application of chemical substances and their selection must be
to be based on laboratory tests (Jar Tests). The main
substances with coagulating properties used in water treatment are: the
aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous and ferric sulfate, and ferric sulfate chlorine.
The dosing of chemical substances must be carried out using type and
adequate capacity that ensures the application rates within the range of the
expected variations. They are also used as coagulation aids.
polymers, which are substances of high molecular weight, whether of natural or
synthetic. They can be cationic, anionic, or non-ionic. They can be solid or
liquids.

Quick mix
In a treatment plant, rapid mixing can be done in two ways:
Due to the turbulence caused by hydraulic devices
due to turbulence caused by mechanical devices.

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a) Mixers
General design parameters
The intensity of agitation, measured through the gradient of
Speed 'G' can vary from 500 to 2000 s-1according to the type of
unit.
The retention time (mixed) can vary from tenths of
according to several seconds depending on the type of unit.

Hydraulic units
Among this type of mixers, the most used due to their simplicity and
efficiency are the following:

Channels with slope changes

Parshall flume
Rectangular and triangular landfills
Diffusers
Injectors

In the first three mixers, the turbulence caused by the mixing is

produced by the generation of a hydraulic jump. The units more
the Parshall flume and weirs are advantageous because they also measure
the inflow to the plant. Table 5.7 of the Water Annexes
Potable, show the range of application.

Table 5.8 of the Drinking Water Annexes presents the classification of the
quick mix units in mechanical and hydraulic systems. When required
The conditioning of the flocculant must provide a stirring system.
strip that ensures the formation of particles, whose size and density
ensure reasonable clarification during a retention period
determined by laboratory tests.

Hydraulic highlight mixers

Design parameters:
Velocity gradient: 1000 s-1< G < 2000 s-1
Mixing time: T < 1 s
3. Froude number: 4.5 < F < 9 to achieve a stable jump; except for the
Parshall flume that works best with a Froude number between 2 and 3.
4. The coagulant must be applied at the point of greatest turbulence, in the form of
constant and uniformly distributed throughout the water mass.

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Diffusers (mixers)
Design parameters:

1. The velocity gradient (G) can vary between 500 s-1y 1000 s-1
The retention time (T) can vary between 1 and 10 s.
The maximum space between two holes must never exceed 10 cm.
4. The coagulant jets must have a speed of 3 m/s and must
to move in a direction perpendicular to the flow
5. The openings must have a minimum diameter of 3 mm
6. The flow velocity where the jets are distributed must be equal to or
greater than 2 m/s
7. Facilities for cleaning or for quick replacement must be provided.
of the diffuser.

Injectors
Design parameters:

The speed of the jets (µ) must be at least five times the
water flow velocity
The maximum efficiency is achieved when the area covered by the jets is
at least 80% of the tube section

Mechanical units
Design parameters:

Speed gradient “G” of 500 s-1a 2000 s-1

Mixing time 'T' from 1 s to 10 s

B. Flocculation
Classification:
Flocculators are usually classified as mechanical and hydraulic according to
to the type of energy used to stir the mass of water. One more classification
expansion can be achieved taking into account the way the agglomeration is carried out
of the particles. According to this principle, we can classify them into:

1. Solid contact flocculators, and

2. Power or energy dissipation flocculators.

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General design parameters:

a) The velocity gradients that optimize the process normally

-1
they vary between 70 and 20 s In any case, the maximum gradient within the
unit must not be greater than that provided in the interconnections between
the mixer and the flocculator.
b) The velocity gradient must vary uniformly.
decreasing, from the moment the mass of water enters the unit until
sale.
c) The retention time can vary from 10 to 30 minutes depending on the
type of unit.
d) In order for the actual retention period of the unit to coincide with that of
design, the unit must have the highest possible number of
compartment or divisions.
e) The transition from the mixer to the flocculator must be instant, avoiding the
long channels or interconnections.
f) The retention time and the velocity gradient vary with quality
of water; therefore, these parameters must be selected
simulating processes in the laboratory with a sample of the water to be treated.

Hydraulic flocculators
Screen flocculators

a) Horizontal flow units

Design parameters and recommendations:

Recommended for flows less than 100 l/s can be designed for
larger flow rates (1000 l/s) as long as there is suitable land available
sufficient area and low cost
2. It is recommended to use removable screens made of wood, plastic, asbestos-
cement, or any other low-cost material with no risk of
pollution.
3. When wooden boards are used, they must be tongue-and-groove, treated.
with a waterproofing product. The unit can have a depth
from 1.50 to 2.00.
4. Asbestos-cement partitions can be used, as long as there are no
acidic or aggressive waters.
With asbestos-cement screens, a water depth is recommended.
of 1.00 m, placing the screens with the dimension of 1.20 m in the direction
vertical.
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Using corrugated asbestos-cement sheets helps to reduce the
difference in velocity gradients between the channels and the laps. In this
case the coefficient of friction (n=0.03) to calculate the head losses
in the channels. When flat AC boards or wooden boards are used, the
Coefficients will be 0.013 and 0.012 respectively.
7. The pressure drop coefficient in the bends varies between 1.5 and 2.0. It
recommend using 2 to include some additional losses due to
turbulence and friction in the channel.
8. The spacing between the end of the screen and the tank wall
it should be equal to 1.5 times the spacing (e) between screens
9. The width of the unit must be at least three times the width of
a wavy screen, but the spacing between the end of the
partitions and the wall of the tank in the last section. In any case, the screens
They must overlap by at least 1/3 of the width of the unit.
10. The flat AC sheets are 1.22 x 2.44 m, the corrugated ones are 0.85 x 2.44.
m. Considering an overlap of a wave, the useful width of the sheets
waves is 0.825 m

b) Units of vertical flow

Design parameters and recommendations:

Recommended for plants of more than 100 l/s

Depth between 3.00 and 4.00 m, which occupy a smaller area than the
horizontal flow units.
3. The screens can be wood or AC
Maximum water height of 2.00 to 3.00 m
5. The section of each step will be calculated for a speed equal to 2/3 of the
speed in the channels
The velocity gradient in the channel must not be less than 20 s.-1
7. To avoid the accumulation of sludge at the bottom and facilitate emptying of the
tank, a space will be left at the base of each partition that goes down to the bottom, a
opening equivalent to 5% of the horizontal area of each compartment
Structurally, the use of wooden screens is safer.
hollow wall of 1.5 to 2.0” in thickness, which may be adopted in this case
depths of 4.00 to 5.00 m
9. Special care must be taken in adopting the width of the unit, to
that in the design of the sections with low speed gradients the
screens overlap in 1/3 of their length

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DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS

Alabama or Cox type flocculant

Design parameters and recommendations:

The depth of the unit must be between 3.00 and 3.50 m in order for the height
total water over the openings is on the order of 2.40 m
The width / length ratio of each compartment must be 1 to 1.33
3. The section of each compartment must be designed with a rate of 0.45.
m2for every 1000 m3/d
4. The criteria for designing the passage points between the compartments are
the following:

a) Relationship of nipple length to its diameter (l/d)

it will be equal to 5
b) The speed in the nozzles will vary between 0.25 and 0.75 m/s
c) The rate to determine the section of the nozzles will be 0.025 m2
for every 1000 m3/d

5. The design of these units must be carried out carefully to avoid the
formation of short circuits and dead spaces.

Flocculators for porous media

Design parameters and recommendations:

In this unit, the water flocculates as it passes through the spaces or pores of
a granular material, which serves the function of small
compartments.
2. It is a hydraulic unit with an almost infinite number of chambers or
compartments, which makes it highly efficient.
3. Granular materials that can be used include: stone, plastic beads,
waste from plastic factories, segments of tubes or any other
type of material that is neither putrescible nor contaminating.
4. It is recommended to design them with an upward flow and in a trunk-conical shape.
end of staggered velocity gradients, maintaining the size of the
constant material and facilitate cleaning
Total retention time is 5 to 10 minutes (due to the effect of the
compartmentalization
6. The available information about stone flocculators only allows
design units for flow rates of 10 to 15 l/s.

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Mesh or cloth flocculators

Design parameters:

The process is achieved by placing nylon thread meshes in a unit.

those that are crossed by the flow, producing the gradient of
desired speed, as a function of the pressure loss. Depending on the
flocculation of mesh characteristics and flow velocity.
2. The optimal speed in cm/second is equal to twice the spacing (e) between
the nylon threads (v = 2e)
3. The spacing between wires (e) must be between 5 to 15 cm.
4. The thickness of the threads (d) that is most suitable is from 1.5 to 4 mm. Thicker threads
Thin (d≤1 mm) tend to break the flocculent quickly.
5. Flow speeds between 2 and 5 cm are recommended to avoid
excessive sedimentation of the flocculants
6. When the meshes are used in rapid mixing channels, the parameters
recommended designs are:

Flow velocities (V) from 1.0 to 1.5 m/s

b) Diameter of the wires (d) from 1 to 3 mm
c) Spacing between threads (e) from 1 to 3 cm

Mechanical flocculators
Palette flocculators
Design parameters and recommendations:

The velocity gradient is not affected by the number of paddles that

they occupy the same position with respect to the axis. The advantage of having a
A large number of palettes leads to better homogenization.
The effect is similar to that of a hydraulic flocculator with a very large number.
of channels.
2. The retention time will be between 30 and 40 minutes, to compensate for the
tendency to the formation of dead spaces.
3. The number of compartments or chambers in series must be equal to or
preferably more than three.
4. Height of the chambers 3 to 4 m
5. The velocity gradients between 75 and 10 s-1most commonly between 65 and
25 s-1
6. The area of the palettes should be approximately 20% of the area of the
pallet rotation plan
7. The extreme speed of the paddles or tangential speed must be
less than 1.20 m/s in the first chamber and less than 0.60 m/s in the last
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The optimal length/width ratio of the pallets is 18/20.
9. The immersion of the pallets should be between 0.15 and 0.20 m.
10. Each agitator must have 2 to 4 paddle arms to produce a
homogeneous mixture

Table 5.9 of the Drinking Water Annexes shows the Classification of the
Flocculators.

C. Sedimentation (Decantation)
In a rapid filtration plant, sedimentation is applied after the
coagulation and flocculation processes, taking the name of sedimentation
flocculation or sedimentation.

Decanters (General design parameters)

The most important design parameter in settling units is the
sedimentation rate of the flocs, which fundamentally depends on
the characteristics of raw water and the efficiency of pretreatment. Therefore, it is
it is important that the design speed must be determined experimentally for
each case.

The decanters designed for the clarification of coagulated water must

meet the following requirements:

The retention period will be calculated based on the sedimentation rate.

experimental that best fits the characteristics of the water to be treated, as well as to
the technical and chemical facilities for its application.
2. The horizontal speed of the water for maximum daily consumption should not
exceed 1.00 meters per minute.
Additional space must be provided to store the sludge when it has been
continuous removal system planned.
4. Input and output devices must ensure uniform distribution.
of the flow.

Rectangular horizontal flow decanters or conventional type

Design parameters and recommendations:

a) Settling zone
The retention period is related to the settling rate, just as
It is shown in Table 5.10 of the Drinking Water Annexes.
The useful depth (H) of the unit is a function of the retention period and
from the drag speed of the flocs
3. The length (L) / width (B) ratio must be between 2 and 5 and length (L) /
height (H) between 6 and 20
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4. The flow rate must be less than 0.75 cm/s, to avoid creating
drag conditions of the deposited mud, which must be verified.
after determining (H) and (B)

b) Entry zone
1. The distribution channel of flocculated water to the settlers must
to be designed as a distribution multiple to ensure a distribution
equitable distribution of the resources to all units
2. The entry area that reduces the incidence of dead spaces, short
mixed circuits and flow, consists of a spillway across the entire width of
the unit, followed by a diffusing screen
The (perforated) diffuser screen has the function of distributing
evenly the flow lines, for which the maximum must be designed
holes that the structure allows
4. The velocity gradient at the orifices must be between
15 and 20 s-1or in any case must be less than the last section of the
flocculator. No holes should be placed in the first fifth of the screen
to avoid short circuits between the input and output dumps, nor in the
fifth lower of its height, in order to avoid the dragging of muds
5. It is recommended to place a spillway either in the inlet channel to each
unit or in the distribution channel

c) Exit zone
The collection of decanted water can be done through a spillway.
at the far end of the decanter (in small units) and by means of
transverse or longitudinal gutters, or perforated pipes. In the case of
gutters or pipes, these will be placed in the final 25% of the length of the
decanter
2. Whatever system is used, the flow per linear meter of
collection must be equal to or less than 3 l/s
3. It is recommended that the separation between gutters or perforated pipes is
order from 0.25 to 0.60 of the height (H) of the decanter

d) Sludge zone
1. The removal of sludge can be done continuously or periodically.
depending on the size of the plant, as well as on the concentration of
turbidity and organic matter in raw water
2. When the cleaning of the decanter is periodic, the bottom of the unit
it should have a slope of about 4% towards the entrance area, to
facilitate the removal of the sludge, or provide a hopper with an incline of
45° to 60°

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80% of the sludge volume is deposited in the first third of the unit,
so in small decanters it is recommended to place the discharge very
near the entrance
4. Continuous removal is recommended for waters that exhibit very high
turbidity during long periods and/or high amounts of organic matter.

Laminar or high-rate decanters

General design parameters and recommendations:

Surface loads range from 120 to 185 m3/m2d, with an efficiency of

removal above 90%
The units can be designed with a Reynolds number (Nr) of up to 500, without
appreciable reductions in the efficiencies achieved are obtained
3. By using (Nr) at the maximum limit of the laminar range, it is possible to expand the
separation of the plates or the section of the modules, decreasing the number of
the same ones, which reduces the costs of the units
4. The average longitudinal speed (Vo) in tubular elements generally
adopted varies between 10 and 25 cm/min
5. Since a large number of modules or plates are required, the material of these must
to be of low unit cost and resistant to permanence underwater. The materials
that have been successfully used currently are asbestos cement, wood and the
plastic
6. Plastic cloth modules can also be used, stretched over frames.
wood secured with bolts. The plastic sheets can be placed at
wide or along the decanter, depending on whether the flow is upward or
horizontal. When choosing this material, you should consult the manufacturer about its resistance
to direct exposure to solar rays.

• Upward flow units

Parameters and specific recommendations:

a. Entrance area
1. The way the flocculated water enters below the plates must
carried out through longitudinal distribution structures, equipped with
circular or square openings
The velocity gradient in the ducts should not be less than 10 s.-1for
avoid deposits, not more than 20 s-1to avoid the possible breakage of the flocculent
3. The velocity gradient at the inlet gate to the duct and in the
distribution orifices should be established between 20 and 15 seconds-1, the lesser being
than the last section of the flocculator

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b. Settling zone
1. The relationship between the width 'e' of the duct or the relative length

(L = l must not be greater than 20)

e
2. The inclination (θ) of the plates with respect to the horizontal must
be between 40 and 60°

c. Exit area
1. The uniformity in the ascent of the flow depends both on the
characteristics of the entry zone as well as the exit zone
2. To achieve an even extraction, one can design either a
central collector channel and lateral channels, as well as a central channel
and side landfills
3. The landfills must be of live crest, by means of sheets of
smooth or notched steel (V weirs), bolted into the concrete and that
they can be leveled. They must work with water levels of 5 to 10 cm
4. Perforated tubes with holes of equal diameter with a water load
about these from 5 to 10 cm, and free discharge within the central channel, the
the pipe should not operate at full section
5. The diameter of the collection tubes must be equal to the flow rate.
corresponding to each tube raised to the 0.40
6. The maximum water level in the central canal must not be greater than the
from the bottom level of the collection pipes, with the purpose of
ensure a free download. The same in the case of lateral channels of
collection

d. Sludge zone
The hoppers and the evacuation system can be distinguished in this area.

Hoppers
Two types of hoppers can be projected for hydraulic removal of the
lodos: continuous hoppers and separate hoppers for each discharge hole

Separated hoppers
The best hydraulic conditions are achieved by "damming" the
funds in such a way that there is a hopper for each outlet,
which is achieved by having larger discharge openings
diameter, reducing the risk of jamming.
2. The inclination of the hoppers must be between 45° and 60°
3. For each drain, a row of hoppers must be projected, with a section
approximately quadrangular
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4. The total volume of storage available in the hoppers, function
from the production of sludge, will determine the frequency of discharges that
it will be necessary to carry out

Continuous hoppers
In this case, a single hopper is projected in the longitudinal direction of the
unit. The extraction of the sludge can be done using siphons or
through holes in the bottom
2. The number, diameter, and spacing of the holes must be considered.
of drainage
3. The distance between the discharge openings must be such that the velocity
the minimum drag should not be less than 1 cm/s

Central collector channel with lateral collection siphons

The channel must operate with the surface exposed to pressure.
atmospheric, so that the siphons work with free discharge to the channel and
the collection is carried out equitably, with all the small ones present
siphons subjected to the same hydraulic load
The maximum distance between lateral siphon tubes must be 0.90 m
3. The minimum diameter of the side siphons must be 1 ½”
4. The minimum flow rate per lateral (siphon) must be 3 l/s
5. The minimum speed on the side must be 3 m/s
6. To maintain the free discharge regime in the channel, it must be designed
an air intake duct of appropriate section, to compensate for the
volume of air dragged by the water
The project engineer's operation manual must indicate the need for
close the entrance of the flocculated water to the unit at the moment of
carry out the download, otherwise, a can form a
direct short circuit with sludge drainage.

Multiple sludge collection

The diameter of the manifold increases with the total length.
of the same as shown in Table 5.11 of the Water Annexes
Potable.
The extraction of sludge must be equitable, allowing for the admission of a
maximum deviation of 10%
3. The flow distribution between the openings depends on the ratio (R)
between the sum of the sections of all the openings (n Ao) and the section
from the drain (Am).
4. The minimum drag speeds in the extraction pipes
the sludge should be 0.30 m/s for sludge without sand or poly electrolytes, and
around 1.00 m/s for the opposite case

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5. The diameter of the holes is determined based on the diameter of the
drain (D), from the relationship (R) and from the number of holes (n)
6. The distance is a function of the drag velocity (Vaof the sludge in
the hopper, of the diameter of the orifices (d) and of the height of water in the
decanter (H)

Sludge discharge system

It can be mechanical or hydraulic; both can be operated in
periodic, intermittent or continuous.

a. Automatic mechanical unloading

Automatic valves that can be operated by air
compressed or water, as well as through a programmer
electronic or solenoid valve that opens and closes the circuit to discharge
according to scheduled intervals or through actuator siphons
mechanical and automatic loading.
This method requires good resources for operation and
maintenance.

b. Manual mechanical download

Through gate valves or butterfly valves. Recommended method
for medium or small plants.

c. Hydraulic download
Through siphons, driven by hydraulics, similar to the
indicated for conventional decanters.

Number of units
In every plant there must be at least two decantation units, in such a way
so that when one is taken out of service, either for cleaning or for
repair, one can continue working with the other.

Taking this into account, the total area (the nominal flow) must
increase by a percentage as shown in Table 5.12 of
the Annexes of Drinking Water.
Table 5.13 of the Drinking Water Annexes shows the classification
from the sedimentation tanks and decanters.

D. Quick filters
The selection of the type of filter should be made taking into account the characteristics
from raw water, the minimum treatment required and the capacity of the plant.

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General design criteria

A. Water washing in an upward direction
Usually, the amount of water used in this case is high because the
expansion is between 30 and 50%. The washing water can be
coming from (1) elevated storage tank, (2) direct pumping and (3)
effluent from the other filters of the battery.

Elevated storage tank

1. The volume of the elevated storage tank depends on the number of filters and
the volume necessary to carry out the washing of one of them.
2. The level of the bottom of the storage tank will be located from the elevation of the
ridge of the water collection channels for washing and based on the
pressure losses involved.

Direct pumping
The pumping flow rate must be equal to that needed to wash a filter.
2. From a derivation of the treated water flow, the well is constructed
suction of the pump
3. The manometric height added to the geometric elevation between the crests of the
collection channels for washing water and the minimum water level in the well
of suction with all the associated pressure losses

Washing with water coming from the other filters

1. The output of the filters can be anticipated so that when a gate
drainage of washing water from a filter is open, the filtered water from the others is
directed towards that filter.
2. Through the use of an adjustable general spillway in the common water channel
treated, it is possible to regulate the required flow to promote the desired expansion
3. An individual gate must be installed for each filter to isolate it in case
that there is a need for maintenance

Washing with water in an upward direction and auxiliary surface washing or

subsuperficial
In order to avoid the formation of mud balls, washing is used.
superficial through hydraulic torniquets or fixed perforated pipes.

Superficial washing
The equipment is manufactured with diameters that vary by every 0.10 m, which facilitates
adaptation of the same with the dimensions of the filters
They will be placed at a distance of 0.05 to 0.10 m above the filter bed and will have
of nozzles with openings 2 to 3 mm in diameter.
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The flow per unit area (in plan) in the filter will vary between 80 and 150 l/min/m.2,
with a pressure available, required in the device, between 30 and 70 m
4. The fixed perforated pipe system will be placed between 0.20 and 0.50 m above the
the surface of the filtering medium should have 20 to 30 holes per meter
filter square in the plant
5. The pipes must be properly secured, as the available pressure in the
orifices should vary between 30 and 60 m, producing jets with a velocity
between 3 and 6 m/s

Subsurface washing
Subsurface washing is recommended when there is a filtering medium.
made of anthracite and sand.
2. The agitation equipment or fixed perforated pipes must be located in such a way
so that, when the expansion of the filtering medium occurs, these devices will
locate in the middle of the anthracite layer.
Both the agitators and the fixed pipes must be equipped with nozzles.
specials to avoid obstructions.

Washing with air and water

There are three possibilities for performing the wash with water and air, which are
mainly based on the characteristics of the filtering medium.

Washing with air and water independently

The water level inside the filter is lowered until it remains close to
0.10 to 0.30 m above the surface of the filtering medium
2. Air is introduced at a rate of 15 to 30 m3/m2hour, during a period of 3 to 7
minutes
3. The counter-current water washing must produce a minimum expansion of
the 10% sand maintained for a period of 10 to 15 minutes
4. The washing water application rate should vary from 10 to 15 l/s per meter
sand square (in plan) of the filter
5. The air can come from compressors or any other equipment manufactured for that purpose.
end. These devices must be specified for the desired flow rate and the
backpressure they are going to work with.

Washing with water and air simultaneously

Washing with water and air simultaneously requires careful design, as
the loss of the filtering material can occur if the air application rate or the
water against the current higher than recommended
2. The superficial washing is carried out with decanted water, during the washing with air and
water
3. With the introduction of decanted water through the gutters, that air must be
inflated at a rate of 6 to 10 l/m2and the water against the current at a lower rate
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DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
a 1 l/m2(that a global expansion of the filter medium does not occur above
5%). This phase should last from 4 to 5 minutes.
4. Immediately, the air intake is interrupted, and the surface washing is maintained.
and the water flow is increased in the opposite direction with an application rate between
10 and 13 l/m2(that an expansion greater than 20% does not occur in the environment)
filter) for a period of 4 to 7 minutes
5. The values of the water application rates in countercurrent are suggested
for filtering media consisting only of sand with effective size between
0.95 and 1.35 mm.

Air and water washing with a bottom made of special Leopold blocks
When special blocks are used, a three-stage washing is recommended:
Decrease the water level inside the filter until it reaches about 20
cm. Above the surface of the filtering medium, and introduce air at a rate
from 10 to 25 l/m2/s, for a period of about 2 minutes
2. Maintain the air and introduce water in the opposite direction with a speed
ascending less than 25 cm/min until the water level in the filter approaches
At the bottom of the collection channels, it should currently cease the
air intake
3. Maintain the upward speed of the water at no more than 25 cm/min for more than
two minutes and then gradually increase to an ascending speed
ranging from 50 to 809 cm/min for a period of 7 to 10 minutes

B. Drainage systems
The drainage system of a filter is related to nature and
grain size of the support layer. In the case where the support layer does not exist,
It will use porous blocks to support the filtering medium.
A drainage system that evenly distributes water must be selected.
washing, that does not cause too high a pressure drop and that together
low-cost sea. To obtain a proportional distribution, the pressure drop
it must not be less than 0.30 m

False background with nozzles

Simple nozzles used only for washing water distribution 20 to 30
units per square meter
Special nozzles for washing with air and water 50 to 60 units per meter
square
3. The generally adopted support layer consists of five sublayers, such as
It is indicated in Table 5.14 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

Wheeler Fund
When using the Wheeler fund, the support layer will be constituted as follows
shown in Table 5.15 of the Drinking Water Annexes.
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Perforated pipes
When using perforated pipes, the support layer will be constituted as follows
indicated in Table 5.16 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

Leopold Blocks
When using the Leopold base, the support layer will be constituted as follows
indicated in Tables 5.17 and 5.18 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

Prefabricated beams
When using precast concrete beams, the support layer must comply
with the characteristics indicated in Table 5.19 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

Collector gutters
In general, gutters should have a longitudinal slope at the bottom.
of the order of 1%

The separation between the edges of the gutters will be 1.5 to 2.0 times the distance between the
surface of the filter bed and the maximum height reached by the water during the
wash
The maximum distance between the surface of the filter bed and the freeboard
the channel must be greater than: (0.75 of the thickness of the filtering bed plus the
total depth of the ditch) and less than: (the thickness of the filter bed plus the
total depth of the gutter

C. Expansion of the filtering medium and upward velocity

In general, an ascending speed will be set between 0.7 and 1.0 m/min for
downward flow filters and between 0.9 and 1.3 m/min for upward flow filters.
The total expansion of the filtering medium should be between 30 and 50%

D. Total head loss

The total head loss will be the sum of the losses in (1) filter bed
expanded (2) support cover during washing (3) type of drainage used, (4)
pipes and accessories (5) pressure drop in the drainage system.

E. Downflow filters
These types of units are the most commonly used in treatment plants.
of water from public supply systems.

Raw water quality

This type of treatment is recommended for water with turbidity up to 1500 NTU.
(Turbidity Units), 150 color units and fewer than 10,000 coliforms
fecals / 100 ml of sample. Waters with more than 1000 UT are recommended to undergo
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to presedimentation and with more than 10,000 fecal coliforms / 100 ml of sample
change the font.

Filtering medium
1. The filtering medium can be single or double. Single media are
normally made of sand or in some cases only used
anthracite.
The main characteristics of the sand used in simple media filters
son

Thickness (m) 0.60 - 0.80

Effective size (mm) 0.45 - 0.60
Coefficient of uniformity <=1.70
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.42
Largest grain size (mm) 1.41

2. It is also common to place a layer of coarse sand between the filtering layer and the layer.
support, called torpedo layer with the following characteristics:

Thickness (m) 0.10 - 0.20

Effective size (mm) 0.90 – 1.00
Uniformity coefficient <=1.70
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.84
Maximum grain size (mm) 2.00

3. In the dual media filters with anthracite and sand, the recommended characteristics
are shown in Table 5.20 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

4. To achieve a limited intermixing between the larger grains of anthracite.

and the finest of the sand and a minimum expansion of the
larger grains of the two materials, it is recommended to select them according to
the following criteria:

a) The thick size of the anthracite (d90), must be equal to three times the size
of the sand
b) The effective size (TE) of the anthracite (d10) it should be half the size
thicker selected for the same material
c) The ascending speed, which expands the largest size by 10% of the
anthracite, must not be less than 80% to 90% of the upward speed that
expand by 10% of the maximum size of the sand.

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Filtration rate
It is advisable to conduct an experimental investigation with the aim of
optimize the design and operation of the filters. However, below
show some recommended values:

Filtration rate
1. For decanted water in a single filtering medium (m3/m2
of sand with a thickness of less than 0 - 80 m 120 - 240

2. For decanted water in a double filtering medium,

With a total thickness of less than 0.80 m 180 - 360

F. Direct filtration or coagulated water filtration

This option is advisable for very high quality waters and
constant characteristics.
It is suitable for waters with less than 20 UT, with maximum values of 50 UT
only for a few days of the year. The true color must be less than
40 units and the algae count less than 2000/ml. They must be waters with low
pollution being ideal that the NMP (most probable number) of coliforms
totals should be less than 1000/100 ml of sample
2. The process basically consists of two operations: rapid mixing and
downward flow filtration
With variably quality waters, a short flocculation of 8 to 12 is necessary.
minutes to improve turbidity removal
4. For rapid mixing, speed gradients of G = 1000 s are recommended.-1y
retention time greater than 5 seconds
5. For flocculation, values of (G) greater than 500 s are recommended.-1,
preferably of 100 s-1and retention times of 5 to 20 minutes,
preferably from 8 to 12 minutes

Dosing
1. Adequate operating conditions are achieved with optimal doses lower than
10 mg/l and algal count less than 200 mg/m3, with higher values will
they obtain shorter filtration races.
The most recommended method to determine the optimal dose of coagulant is
the use of a pilot filter with identical characteristics to that of the plant
treatment
3. The determination of the optimal dose of polyelectrolyte, or natural polymer, must
to be investigated through the analysis of the development curve of the loss of
load and the quality of filtered water at the anthracite-sand interface when the
the bed is mixed, or double. The rapid development of pressure loss with
good quality water production indicates an excessive dose of polymer,
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while the trend to cross (breakage of the floc) indicates that the dose
used is inferior to the optimal.
4. Since in this case the main coagulation mechanism is adsorption,
in which doses of coagulant are used far below those used in
conventional plants (in these plants it is required that the mechanism is of
sweeping to optimize sedimentation), the zeta potential and the pH of the water
coagulated are important parameters in the control of the process of
treatment.

Filtering medium
For this case, a coarse grain filtering medium is recommended to ensure the
obtaining longer filtration races.

Simple sand bed:

Thickness (m) 0.70 - 2.00

Effective size (mm) 0.70 – 2.00
Uniformity coefficient ≤1.60
Sphericity coefficient 0.70 - 0.80
Maximum grain size (mm) 2.00
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.59

2. Simple anthracite bed:

Thickness (m) 1.00 – 2.00

Effective size (mm) 1.00 – 2.00
Uniformity coefficient <=1.60
Sphericity coefficient 0.60 - 0.70
Maximum grain size (mm) 2.40
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.70

This type of bed should be used when it is necessary to operate with filtration rates.
very high

3. Double layer of sand and anthracite, according to Table 5.21 of the Annexes of
Drinking Water.

Filtration rate
The filtration rate should be set in relation to the particle size of the medium.
filtering, the quality of raw water and the doses of chemicals to be
used. This decision must be made based on the results of a study.
with pilot filter

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2. Taking into account the short retention period of this type of plant
(only mixing and filtering) and how vulnerable the filters are to an operation and
poor maintenance, conservative filtration rates are recommended
order of 120 to 160 m3/m2to a simple bed of sand and from 170 to 240 m3/m2d for
double layers of anthracite and sand

G. Declining rate filters and mutual washing

These types of filters, also called hydraulic filters, are recommended as
appropriate technology for developing countries.

The system is based on two basic ideas: (1) The washing of a filter with the flow of the
other units (2) The use of declining filtration rate which is considered the
more rational operating mode. For the proper design of this type of filters, it is necessary to
to take into account:
1. For washing to be possible, it is necessary for the flow supplied by the plant
at least equal to the flow required for washing a filter and
preferably older
2. At least four units must be designed to operate with a load of
240 m filtration3/m2and in order to be able to produce a speed of
ascent no less than 0.60 m/min. If possible, use sand and anthracite beds.
3. By closing the inflow valve of a filter, the others have to increase their
filtration speed since the same flow continues entering the plant; for
consequently, it is necessary to propose building the greatest number of units possible.
economically acceptable, to better distribute the additional load on them,
when one washes a
4. The inlet channel must be able to carry water to any filter, at the moment that
I needed it, with minimal loss of loads
5. The design of the units must include the possibility of isolating each unit.
when it is necessary to repair it, without hindering the free flow of washing
among the other filters that are in operation
6. It is necessary to provide enough depth to the filter box so that there can be a
free variation of levels of no less than 1.60 m (between minimum level and
maximum) in order to ensure sufficiently long filtration runs

H. Upflow filters
The efficiency of these filters is greater than that of the descending ones, because
the flow penetrates the filtering bed in the descending direction of the
grain size distribution taking full advantage of the entire sand bed. The
the growth of pressure drop is less pronounced than in the filters of
downflow, resulting in longer duration runs.

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Direct filtration

Recommended limits

Color: 90% of the time below 40 UC, with short periods up to 60 UC.
Turbidity: 90% of the time below 200 UT and 80% below 50 UT with
short periods up to 250 UT

Dosage
1. The use of polymers or pre-treatment is not required; pre-flocculation...
it is done on the gravel bed and aluminum sulfate is only very efficient.
The production of an effluent with low turbidity does not depend on the mechanism of
coagulation and yes of the coagulant dose and respective coagulation pH.
The optimal dose should be selected through pilot filter trials.
4. With most of the surface waters containing turbidity and color, the
adsorption mechanism will occur with aluminum sulfate doses of 1 to 30 mg/l
5. Coagulated waters at high pH are more susceptible to the occurrence of crossover,
completion of the flocculation breakage filtration process, or increase of
turbidity and/or color

Filtering medium
1. When direct upward filtration is performed, the recommended filtering bed is the
next:

Thickness (m) 1.60 - 2.00

Effective size (mm) 0.75 – 0.85
Uniformity coefficient ≤1.60
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.59
Maximum grain size (mm) 2.00

2. The characteristics of the support layer have been defined through studies of
research, with the recommendations provided in Table 5.22 of the Annexes of
Drinking Water.

Drainage system
1. So that direct filtration can be used effectively in the
water treatment with turbidity greater than 50 NTU, the proper background is necessary
from the filter and the modification of the support layer constitution, in such a way that
background downloads can be performed.
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2. Hopper systems with vertically perforated side pipes can be used.

with the minimum diameter of the distribution holes equal to 12.7 mm, for
maximum flow rate per smaller filter
For larger filters, the concrete beam system is recommended.
prefabricated
4. The false bottom should generally be designed in such a way that the water velocity
for washing in the cross section to be less than 0.20 m/s

Filtration rate
1. For a filter battery with few units at a constant rate, it should be
180 m3/m2d
2. With discontinued operation, few filters, and low color and turbidity content.
of 240 m3/m2d
3. With more than six filters in continuous operation from 180 to 240 m3/m2d
With a declining rate and at least six filters, the average rate can be 200.
m3/m2d
5. The maximum rate when operating with a declining rate must be 30% higher than
the average
6. Upward filtration with a declining rate is only recommended for waters with
low content of: turbidity, true color, and algae
7. For water with high iron or manganese content, aeration is recommended.
chlorination, addition of ferric chloride and constant upward filtration
8. If two filters are designed to work in parallel at the same rate
design, it is advisable that this rate does not exceed 150 m3/m2d

Other criteria to consider:

a) The minimum height of the water layer over the sand should be similar to the
expansion height of the sand during washing.
b) The available hydraulic load to be lost during the race will be 80% at
90% of the height of the filtration bed.
c) The recommended washing speeds for the size ranges
The indicated cash flow fluctuates between 0.9 to 1.3 m/min.

I. Upward filtration of decanted water

In this case, the preliminary decantation ensures the acquisition of an influent of
very good quality and consistent characteristics.
The characteristics of the filter are the same as those indicated previously except for the
filter medium that can be more superficial and with fewer coarse grains:

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Thickness (m) 1.00 – 2.00

Effective size (mm) 0.75 - 0.85
Uniformity coefficient ≤1.60
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.59
Maximum grain size (mm) 1.68

J. Number, shape, and dimensions of the filters

Number
The minimum number of units depends on the size that is desired for each one.
one and the filtration rate for a given flow of the plant. For reasons
there must be several units of operation, so that the flow that
filter any unit can be distributed among the others, in case of
maintenance or cleaning, without exceeding the maximum value of the rate of
filtration; also, with several units, the flow of washing water is reduced
per unit necessary to produce a certain expansion of the bed.

There are several formulas to calculate the number of filters, such as the
proposal by Morril and Wallace:

N = 0.044√Q

Where:
N= Number of filters
Total filtration flow (m3/day)

Shape and dimensions

The filters are usually square or rectangular. The dimensions
in plant will be established taking into account that the geometry of the
filters must adjust to the general layout of the plant. The length and width of the
Surface area can be defined using the following relationships:

B=N+1
L 2N

1≤L≤3
B

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Where:

Width of the filter in (m)

L = Length of the filter in (m)
Number of filters

The total surface area of the filters will be determined as follows:

At=Q
V
Where:

At = Total filtration area (m2)

Q = Flow rate of the plant (m3/day)
V = Filtration speed (m/day)

CHAPTER VI

WATER DISINFECTION

Disinfection
When disinfection is part of a complex treatment process, its
employment is usually based on the following criteria:

a) To reduce the initial content of microbiological contaminants in the

raw water (pre-disinfection). This process is carried out only in cases
specials.
b) As a final disinfectant, after the main treatment carried out on the water
(post-disinfection). This is the most important use.

The classification of chlorinator devices is shown in Table 6.1 of the

Drinking Water Annexes.

The disinfection team must adequately protect themselves against the elements.
and to be installed in such a way that the chemical components do not harm each other
equipment and facilities.

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Type of chlorine to use

The chlorine used for water disinfection can be in the form of a solution of
Sodium hypochlorite (liquid) or as chlorine gas. In general, hypochlorite is
recommend for supply to small populations.
The selection of the type of chlorine to be used should be made taking into account the
following aspects:

The required capacity of the chlorination station:

Ca = (QxC)/1000

Where:
Design capacity of the chlorination station Kg chlorine/day
Q = Water flow, maximum hourly m3/ day
C = Dose of chlorine to be applied mg / l

In general, chlorination is recommended for capacities less than 1 kg/day and

flows of 130 gpm at most (8.20 l/s).
Support capacity of the technology to be installed, a small community can
repair a constant load hypochlorinator by your own means.
The storage time of hypochlorite should not be longer than one month.
Chlorine concentration in the container; hypochlorite has 120 g/l of chlorine; in the case
From the cylinders, it can be considered that their net weight corresponds to pure chlorine.

Selection of the capacity of gas chlorine containers

Chlorine gas is commercially available in cylinders of 68 kg and containers.
of 908 kg.
The size of the containers to be used depends on the capacity of the station,
as a guide it is mentioned:

The extraction of chlorine from a 68 kg cylinder must not exceed

18/kg/day.
The extraction of chlorine from a 908 kg container must not exceed
182/kg/day.
Installing several cylinders of 68/kg/day in series involves a considerable amount.
of full, empty, and reserve cylinders.

It is recommended to use 68 kg cylinders for stations with capacity

maximum of 25 kg/day of chlorine and containers of 1 ton for capacities
seniors.
The minimum inventory of chlorine at the station must be sufficient to supply the
15 days of operation demand, normally should be enough for a
months.
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Design criteria for disinfection booths or rooms

The design of the disinfection booths or rooms must meet the following
requirements:

They must be located as close as possible to the point of chlorine application.

They must have easy access for trucks or handcarts (for cylinders
when using containers)
It should preferably be located in a completely independent building.
others; if this is not feasible, the common walls between the chlorination station and the
Other rooms must be hermetic. The access door must lead to a courtyard.
a well-ventilated area. There will be no sources near the chlorination station.
externals that generate high temperatures or sparks.
It will be designed in such a way that natural ventilation dilutes any chlorine leak.
without causing damage to the station or nearby buildings. Sunlight should not affect
directly on the cylinders.
The walls should be made of concrete, concrete blocks, or bricks.
quarter, the asbestos cement roof, in general should be made of materials
resistant and non-combustible. The doors must be able to open easily from the
interior of the premises. The storage of chlorine will be located in a premises
independent chlorine room.
For large stations, of more than 50 kg Chlorine/day, a system is required
forced ventilation capable of changing the air in the room in 4 – 5 minutes and
its discharge will be located at a sufficient height to ensure good dissolution
of chlorine without harmful effects in case of leaks.
If feasible, an inspection window will be installed at the access door.
glass.
It is desirable to provide a drainage system for chlorine at the floor level.
that can escape.
The required area will be estimated considering the equipment to be installed, space for
maintenance and handling, inventory of full, empty, and
operation, tool warehouse, future expansions, etc.

Protective equipment
As minimum safety conditions, the chlorination stations must
to possess
A hand truck for handling cylinders or a lifting system
2T, depending on the case.

Special antichlor masks

Ammonia for leak detection
Suitable tools for the operation of containers and equipment
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Appropriate tools for eliminating chlorine leaks
Fire extinguisher

Forms of chlorine application

Sodium hypochlorite will be applied by previously diluting the solution.
factory concentrated (130 g/l) with clean water up to a concentration
maximum of 1% to 3%. For its dosing, loading hypochlorites will be used.
national manufacturing constant.

The application of chlorine gas can be done in two ways:

Direct gas feeding with the internal pressure of the cylinder, this
system is recommended for sites where there is no electricity or water
with sufficient pressure to achieve a good operation of an injector, and
On the other hand, it is essential to check that the immersion of the diffuser
and the back pressure at the point of application falls within the range
specified by the equipment manufacturer.

Feeding by vacuum suction with injector: It is a more...

efficient since it achieves the extraction of all the gas contained in the
cylinders; it should always be used when it can be obtained at a cost
reasonable, the necessary conditions of water pressure in the injector, already
it is with a tank with sufficient charge, with a pump
reinforcing or with a derivation from the discharge of a pump at pressure
appropriate.

Point of application

For a pumping station with a vertical axis pump, two are recommended
typical designs:

1. With booster pump: A branch from the discharge line, taken

after the check valve, it goes to the suction of the booster pump,
which will raise its pressure to a value that can create enough vacuum
in the injector and overcome the back pressure of the line when reinjecting the solution
of chlorine. The minimum acceptable concentration of the solution is 1%
chlorine

On the line of the discharge of a well field or a pumping station

it is recommended to apply chlorine in the pipe that receives the discharge from
all the bombs.

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A system for controlling residual chlorine must be foreseen in such a way that it regulates the
amount of chlorine to apply based on the pumped flow rate. In this case, it is
It is necessary to install booster pumps for the injection of the solution.

Contact time
It is recommended that the contact time between chlorine and water be 30.
minutes before reaching the first consumer; in adverse situations it
it can accept a minimum of 10 minutes. If necessary, it must
design contact tanks that guarantee the minimum time mentioned.
residual chlorine concentration that must remain at the most points
away from the distribution network should be 0.20 - 0.5 mg/l after the
previously indicated contact period.

Chlorine dosing method

The breakpoint chlorination dosing method is recommended,
recommended by water laboratory analysis.

CHAPTER VII
STORAGE

7.1 Calculation of storage capacity

For the calculation of storage capacity, the following must be taken into account:
conditions that are detailed below:

Storage to Cover Hourly Variations in Consumption.

The required capacity to compensate for consumption variations must
determine through the study of its hourly fluctuations.

This capacity shall not be less in any case than 35% of the average daily consumption.

Reserve for eventualities and/or emergencies

This volume will be equal to 15% of the average daily consumption.

b. Storage for Fighting Fires.

The additional volume for firefighting will be the one resulting from considering a
fire lasting two (2) hours with a consumption at the hydrants of 12.62 lts/sec.
It will be taken into account as long as the population is greater than 2,000 inhabitants.

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c. Storage due to interruptions from damage in the supply line or pumps.

An additional storage will be considered for interruptions in the supply of

electric energy or interruptions in the intake or conduction lines
equivalents to three (3) or (4) four hours of the average daily flow.

In any case, the storage volume must not be less than the
calculated with the following formula:

V = 35% Qm+ Qfire+ 3 - 4 hours Qm

QmIt is the average daily flow

QfireIt is the fire flow that amounts to 12.62 l/s for 2 hours or 24,000.
gallons

Note: The Qfireit is always added when the population is greater than 2,000 inhabitants,
The population to be used for calculating the average daily flow will be the population of the
urbanization plus the population of the areas of influence.

7.2 Location

The location of the storage tanks must be such that it maintains in the
possible a range of uniform pressures throughout the network it serves, taking into account
count the economic factors that may influence site selection.

7.3 Home Storage

If the housing design considers the construction of tanks for each house, these
must have a minimum volume of 500 liters and a maximum of 2000 liters. This
the last value is valid for the case of domestic use tanks.

7.4 Components

The storage tanks must be equipped with the following devices:

1. The inlet pipe must have the diameter defined by the line of
translation and a valve of equal diameter must be installed.
tank inlet and install a bypass for emergency situations and
outlet pipe whose diameter will correspond to the diameter of the
The distribution matrix must be equipped with a shut-off valve. Both
The inlet pipe and the outlet pipe must be installed one with
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regarding the other in such a way that the possibility is reduced to a minimum
of short circuits.

2. Drain pipe with its corresponding gate valve of

diameter such that it can empty the tank in a maximum period of two
four hours. This diameter must not be less than 100 mm. The
The minimum background slope will be 2% directed towards the entrance mouth.
from the drainage pipe.

3. The overflow pipe will connect with free discharge to the cleaning pipe.
allowing the download at any time, furthermore it will not be placed
gate valve. The diameter of the overflow pipe will be
determined by the height of the air chamber in the tank, or allowing
an expense equal to the tank's input and avoiding pressure on the lid; but
under no circumstances will the diameter of the overflow pipe be less than
diameter of the inlet pipe.

4. Access opening with a minimum diameter or dimension of no less than 90 cm, for
the effects of inspection and repair. This opening must be equipped with
hermetic cover and safety closure. It is recommended that the access point
It is adjacent to the inlet pipe, to carry out measurements.

5. Ventilation devices, in a number not less than two,

conveniently protected against the entry of insects and waste.
The use of inverted 'U' tubes, protected against the
entrance with grills or metal screens and separated from the tank ceiling not
less than 30 cm.

6. Indoor and outdoor stairs, in case the levels exceed 1.20

metros.

7. The outlet pipe must be installed at a height above the floor of no less than 0.15
meters, and it must be equipped with a strainer or mesh.

8. Level indicators, switches, or telemetry equipment must be provided.

pressure control, with alarms and notifications in appropriate places in order to
that can detect high and low levels.

9. It must have an appropriate covering for the interior surface and

exterior of the storage tank. The types of paint will be
selected by the institution.

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10. A direct installation must be made between the supply pipe and the
for distribution (BY-PASS), for when the tank cleaning is done not
interrupt service.

Note: The accessories that cross the structure of the tank and pipes used in the
tanks must be Galvanized Iron or Cast Iron.

7.5 Construction materials for tanks.

The materials to be used in the construction of the storage tanks

it will depend on the following conditions:

For capacities of 380 m3At least the tanks should be built of brick.
armed with the reinforced concrete base and cover.

2. In locations where the transportation of materials is difficult and expensive or where the
the acquisition of water for the construction process is a problem, water will be used
preferably metal tanks.

3. Tanks with a capacity greater than 380 m3 will be built of reinforced concrete.
It is recommended that its depth be less than 7.00 meters to avoid problems.
with the structural design and permeability; metal tanks can be used
when the specific conditions of the place require it.

4. The elevated tanks can be made of reinforced concrete or metal.

5. Ferrocement: reduces construction costs and times.

6. Reinforced brick: high resistance and with a capacity of 100,000 gallons.

7.6 Protection of Tanks.

The tanks must be protected against any danger of contamination, to

it is recommended that:

1. The tank site should be protected against access by people and animals, by
in the middle of a fence equipped with its corresponding door and lock.

2. The ends of the ventilation, overflow, and drainage pipes should be protected with
metal mesh, to prevent the passage of insects and other small animals.

3. Prevent the entry of surface waters through an appropriate system of

interceptors and drainage.
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4. The tanks must be suitably distanced from garbage deposits and

other sources of pollution such as latrines, sinkholes, etc.

5. The tanks must be equipped with a hut to accommodate the operators.

which will be built of rafón brick, wooden doors, windows with lattices of
glass, asbestos cement roof or similar, a room, its respective bathroom and energy
electric

6. The area where the tanks will be built must have lighting.
necessary electrical energy for nighttime lighting, the access streets
They must be at least paved.

7. The architecture of the tank and guard shack must correspond with the
architectural preliminary projects and final designs approved by the SANAA.

7.7 Types of tanks

Above-ground tanks (surface)

This type of tanks is recommended in the following cases:

1. When the topography of the terrain allows it

2. When the capacity requirements exceed 250,000 gallons

In the design of surface tanks, the following must be taken into account:

1. When the inlet and outlet of water are through separate pipes, it
They will be located on opposite sides in order to allow water circulation.
A direct bridge-type bypass must be provided to maintain the
service while the tank is being washed or repaired.
They must always be covered
4. The overflow pipes will discharge freely, over special works of
concrete to prevent soil erosion
5. Gate valves will be installed on all pipes except for the
overflow pipes and it is preferred that all pipe fittings are
type flange.
6. A minimum height of 3.00 meters is recommended, including a freeboard of
0.50 meters.
7. Accessories such as ladders, vents, openings must be included.
access, level marker.

Elevated tanks
In the design of elevated tanks, the following must be taken into account:
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1. That the minimum water level in the tank is sufficient to achieve the
adequate pressures in the distribution network.
2. The same pipe should be used for water inlet and outlet only in the case
that the system be source-network-tank.
3. The overflow pipe must be brought to ground level and directed to
a suitable site for its discharge, anticipating soil erosion through
appropriate protective works.
4. Gate valves will be installed on all pipes except for the
overflow pipes. All pipe fittings will be flanged type.
5. Accessories such as ladders, ventilation devices must be included.
access opening level marker and in some cases a red light that
prevent airplane flight accidents.

6. The exterior staircase must have adequate protection and devices for
security.
7. Devices will be designed to control the maximum and minimum levels.
of the water in the tank.

Pressure compensating tanks (on the ground and elevated)

In cases of storing large volumes of compensating water, they will be designed
two storage tanks, one underground cistern and another elevated to provide the
pressures. These tanks are built in such a way that space can be saved
of ground and operate the system with separate high and low networks.

Modular tanks (pending Inf. Operations)

CHAPTER VIII

LINES OF CONDUCTION

8.1 Conduction Lines

According to the nature and characteristics of the water supply source, it
two types of transmission line are distinguished.

a) Gravity conduction
b) Pumping conduction

The material and type of piping for conduits must be selected taking into account
the topography and quality of the land, the pressures and stresses they may be subjected to,
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the chemical characteristics of water and soil, and other factors such as
market availabilities, costs, etc.

The conduits must have the capacity to handle the maximum consumption.
diary at the end of the design period.

The capacity of the pumping lines will be calculated based on the pumping hours and
compliance with the requirements for economic, minimum, and maximum speed.

8.2 Gravity conduction

The following fundamental aspects must be taken into account:

Available load or elevation difference

2. Whether the conduction will be through open channels or in pipes.
The capacity must be sufficient to transport the maximum daily expenditure of the design.
4. The class of piping capable of withstanding dynamic and static hydrostatic pressures.
5. The class of piping based on the material (HF, HG, ACP, HFD, PVC), that nature
The land requires; need for excavations to lay buried piping or difficulties
or uneconomic excavations.
6. The selection of the class of materials and the dimensions of the ducts to be used
they must adhere to maximum economy.
In the selection of materials for pipes, the factors must be taken into account
following:

• Corrosion resistance
• Resistance against loads, both external and internal.
• Hydraulic characteristics
• Installation and land conditions
• Economic conditions
• Resistance against tuberculation and incrustation
• Protection against water hammer

7. The delivery line must be equipped with the necessary accessories for its proper functioning.
operation, according to the specified working pressures for the pipes.
Its protection and maintenance should be taken into account.
8. Diameters

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a) CASE I (Conduit line in open channels)

If they are open-air channels, they must be located following the contour lines that
allow an appropriate slope, so that the speed of the water does not produce
neither erosion nor siltation.
The hydraulic calculation of the pipe working as a channel will be made using the formula of
Manning. The roughness coefficients recommended for the projects are the
next:

Smooth concrete n = 0.012

Rough concrete n = 0.016
Galvanized steel n = 0.014
Cast iron n = 0.013
Uncoated armored steel n = 0.013
Coated soldier steel n = 0.011
Interior made of PVC plastic epoxy n = 0.009

When the economic study determines that the management can be carried out through
a channel, it can be opened as long as the cost of the conduction capacity
additional should be minimal and that water losses do not cause deficiencies in the flow
what is intended to be delivered.
To help preserve water quality, in conduits through open channels,
these must be coated.

b) CASE II (Pipelines)

The use of pipes in conduits (most common case) allows for analysis.
hydraulic of pressure conduits, depending on the topographical characteristics that
they have. When the pipe works under pressure, the hydraulic calculation of the line will consist of
in using the available energy to overcome losses due to friction only, since
In this type of work, secondary losses are not taken into account because they are too ...
small.
The Hazen-Williams formula will be used in which the hydraulic gradient is isolated.
other similar recognized ones.
In the profile of the conduction, the piezometric line that corresponds to will be plotted.
the diameters that satisfy the condition that the available load is equal to the loss
of frictional load.

Accessories and valves

Gravity flow lines will require fittings and valves for their
due operation, protection and maintenance. All accessories to be

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considered in the design must withstand at least the working pressure of the
pipe. The following observations should be taken into account:

1. Load-breaking tank or pressure-reducing valve with the aim of not exceeding

the maximum working pressure recommended by manufacturers for the type of
selected pipe..
2. In the case of steel pipes, expansion joints of type must be installed.
flexible, properly supported and docked.
3. In the case of flat topography, slopes of 3% will be created in the direction
positive and 6% in the negative direction of the flow and will be located
air valves at the inflection points.
4. When the topography is uneven, air and vacuum valves will be located on
the highest points along the line. The type of valve to be used in the
The project must be submitted for consideration to SANAA.
5. In the case of regular or flat topography, these valves will be located
every 2.5 kilometers at most and in the highest parts of the profile.
6. The diameter of the air and vacuum valves will be determined based on the
diameter of the conduction line, in Table 8.1 the diameters are shown
of the manual and automatic air valves.
7. Cleaning valves will be installed at the lowest points of the line with
minimum diameter equivalent to ¼" of the diameter of the supply line or
according to the tables presented below. In Tables 8.2 and 8.3,
they show the diameters of the cleaning valves.
8. In the design of supply systems, automatic relief valves,
they have the function of protecting the pipes from overpressure. These valves
They can be of two types: Pressure reducing valves and Regulating valves
of pressure.

In order to reduce the pressure from water hammer, some are used.
special devices such as:

1. Relief valves: they are generally installed in bypass, with output to

free download at the pumping station site.
2. Balance towers: the location must be such that their height is
above the line defined by the operating piezometric
system. This makes the use of nearby chimneys prohibitively expensive.
pumping station, or where the operating dynamics reach
higher altitudes.
[Link] chambers: it consists of a device installed in the station of
pumping, which consists of a compartment that contains water in
compression with an air column.
4. Slow-closing valves: they are simple and complementary devices.
of other measures to reduce the pressure due to water hammer.
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Valves will be installed for flow control, at least two, one at the outlet.
from the intake and another at the arrival at the treatment plant or tank of
storage, slow closing to avoid water hammer
during the operation.

SANAA, as a product of the review of the designs, will install

valves and additional accessories that contribute to the control of the operation or
better functioning of the future system.

Speed:

The minimum velocity in the Conduction lines will be 0.45 m/s for water
clean and 0.60 m / s for water carrying suspended materials.

The maximum speeds will not exceed 5 m/s.

Supports and Anchors:

In the case of buried pipes, the trench depth must be such that
ensure adequate protection against any external effort to which the
the pipeline may be subjected to, see annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards,
Table 8.4. Anchors must be constructed at all direction changes.
be reinforced concrete or plain according to the stresses applied at the point.

The pipes placed on the ground must be supported by supports.

spaced so that efforts or deformations that may occur are avoided
to provoke a break or affect its normal functioning.

Works of Art:
The works of art that serve to save river crossings, ravines, or depressions
appreciable aspects of the land should be designed in such a way that they guarantee the
durability, permanence and good functioning of the pipes. These works
of art can be bridge-canals, suspension bridges, inverted siphons, etc.

The designs of this type of works must be submitted for approval by the SANAA.
accompanied by the corresponding construction specifications.

8.3 Pumping pipeline

In the hydraulic calculation of these pipeline systems, the friction losses will be
determined using the Hazen-Williams formula or similar.
For the determination of the best diameter, an economic analysis must be prepared.
corresponding, taking into account the annual costs of energy consumption, cost of the
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pipes and the total costs of operation and maintenance over time. The alternative
the one presenting the lowest costs will determine the most economical diameter.

The use of pressure relief valves, oscillation towers, or tanks is recommended.

tires, for the protection of the pipes against water hammer. They should also
install air and vacuum valves and drainage valves, according to the same recommendations
given for the gravity flow lines. For the design of the pumping lines,
it must proceed from the distribution tank to each of the wells, to find in
in each case the necessary piezometric head to avoid interferences between pumping stations;
flow analyses should also be carried out,

Design Criteria for Pumping Pipeline Systems

1. Design expense will correspond to the maximum daily consumption for the period.
for design this expense will be equal to Qb, Qb = Qm 24/N, where N is the number of
pumping hours.
2. Selection of the diameter, a preliminary sizing can be done through the
Bresse's formula where D = K4√Q, when N is equal to 24 hours, the value of
¼
K4oscillates between 0.7 and 1.6, with 1.20 being a commonly used value; D = 1.3λ √Q,
3
for N < 24 hours, λ = N/24, Q is the expenditure in m d diameter in m, N number of
pumping hours. With the found value, 3 or 4 diameters are chosen around the
value using the Bresse formula and the head losses are determined. A
Once the pressure losses have been obtained, the power is determined for each case.
required for the pumping team using the following formula HP = QHρ.
76e
Where HP is the power in Horse Power, Q is the flow rate in liters per second, H is the
dynamic height in meters, ε is the efficiency, ρ is the density of the liquid.

3. Design speeds:
a) In pumping lines, the speed should not exceed 1.50 m/s. It will be
will determine the most suitable diameter of the pipe through analysis
corresponding economical.
b) When there is sufficient load height or potential energy, they can be used
the following maximum speeds to avoid erosion, see Table 8.5 of the
Attachments for Drinking Water.

8.4 Layout

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In the selection of the pipeline layout, the following must be considered
factors:

Let the conduction be by gravity when possible.

2. It should be closed and under pressure.
3. That the route of the line is as direct as possible from the source to the network
distribution.
4. Avoid having the line cross through extremely difficult or inaccessible terrain.
5. That it is below the piezometric line by a minimum of 10 meters, and at the same time that it
avoid pressures greater than 50 meters.
6. Avoid the line passing through areas of probable landslides or floods.
7. To protect the pipe in the case of mandatory passage under roads, rivers, etc., carry out
Protection works for the piping.

8.5 Formulas to be used in the calculation of conduction lines:

The pipes will be sized using known formulas and the units in the system.
decimal metric. Below are the formulas to be used:

DARCY - WEISBACH:
hf = f (L/D) (V2(2g))

Where:
hf: pressure drop due to friction in meters.
f: coefficient of friction.
l: length of the segment in meters.
d: diameter of the pipe in mm.
v: average speed in m/s.
g: acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

CHEZY
V = k Rh Sf

Where:
V: average speed in m/s.
k: Chezy coefficient = 8x(g/f)
g: acceleration due to gravity in m/s²2.
f: coefficient of friction.
Rh: hydraulic radio in meters.
hydraulic slope in m/m

HAZEN - WILLIAMS
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See Formula in Chapter 4, section 4.1.

MANNING.

V = (1/n) Rh2/3Sf1/2 .

Where:
V: average speed in m/s.
n: MANNING roughness coefficient.
Rh: hydraulic radius in meters.
Sf: hydraulic slope in mm.

BAR.

1/ f = -2 Log (k/3.71 D + 5.1286 / Re0.89 )

Where:
f: coefficient of friction.
k: Chezy coefficient = 8xg/f.
g: acceleration of gravity in m/s2
D: diameter of the pipe in mm.
Reynolds number = V D/ν
V: average speed in m/s
ν: kinematic viscosity of water in m2/seg.

COLEBROOK - WHITE

1/ f= 210g (k / 3.71D + 2.52 / Re * f)

Where:
f: coefficient of friction.
k: Chezy coefficient
D: pipe diameter in mm.
Re: Reynolds number.

Continuity Equation

Q = VA
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Where:

Flow in m3/s
average speed in m/s
A: area of the section in square meters.

CHAPTER IX

Pumping Stations

9.1 General considerations for Pumping Stations

In the design of any pumping station, the following must be taken into account
basic considerations:

Localization and Location

When selecting the site for the pumping station, the following should be considered:
1. Protection of water quality
2. Hydraulic efficiency of the distribution or conduction system
3. Risk of service interruption due to fire, flood, etc.
4. Availability of electric power or fuel
5. Topography of the terrain
Ease of access throughout the year
7. Area needed for the station, transformers, chlorinators, future
extensions and retreat areas.

The raw water pumping stations on surface sources will be located upstream.
above any waste discharge.
You should protect yourself in case of flood risk; the soil in the area must guarantee
the stability and safety of the structures.
The availability of electric power or fuel and access to will be analyzed.
installations.
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March 9, 2004
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
If the source has considerable variations in level, it should be projected for economy.
capture on a floating structure fixed to the bottom or to the shores.
The pumping will have a flexible connection with the adduction or conduction, to absorb the
elongations due to level variations.

Pumping equipment for wells

The pumping equipment installed in the wells must meet the following
requirements:

The capacity of the pump and the power of the motor must be sufficient to
increase the planned pumping flow against the expected maximum load.
2. The efficiency of the pump must be as high as possible while trying not to be
less than 60%.
3. The pumping equipment will be selected according to the maximum level of
predicted drawdown in the well for the design flow rate.

For the operation and functioning of the pumping equipment, it must be provided
at least from the following devices:

1. Manometers on the discharge

2. Cleaning and measuring pipe
3. Check valve and flow valve in the discharge line
4. Pipe to maintain the graveling of the well
5. Flexible joint in the discharge line
6. Flow meter
7. Elements that allow determining in each case the height of the level of
pumping

The engine capacity must be calculated to supply the power required by the
pump (considering the performance of the set), plus a capacity of 10% for the
electric vehicles and 25% for combustion engines, in order to compensate for normal wear and tear
team.

Capacity and characteristics of the stations

When the system includes storage after the pumping station, the
its capacity will be calculated based on the maximum daily consumption.
When the system does not include storage, the capacity of the station is
will be calculated based on the maximum hourly consumption. The pumping stations will be able to
to be of two types:

Lifting stations
2. Deep well stations

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NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
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DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
a) Lifting stations
The elevated pumping stations have the characteristics of pumping the
water from tanks, cisterns, or above ground, as well as serving as stations of
relief (booster) located between the conduct line. The types of equipment of
pumps to be used in this type of station can be vertical turbine pumps
vertical, submersible, or horizontal shaft pumps (installation is required of
an additional team), Norma E 101, AWWA latest edition.

In the design of lift stations, the following should be taken into account
considerations:

It should be designed with a minimum capacity equivalent to 20 minutes of

maximum pumping.
Their dimensions must be such that they facilitate access and placement of the
accessories and avoid high speeds and water turbulence. It is recommended
that the water velocity in the suction pipe is between 0.60 m/s and 0.90 m/s
m/s
3. The minimum immersion of the top of the drain will be 1 m, for
Achieving immersion will create a depression in the tank with the depth
adequate.
4. The entry of water into the well must be through gates or channels.
submerged to avoid turbulence.
There must be a free distance between the lower opening of the drain and the
bottom of the well equivalent to 0.5 the diameter of the suction pipe.
6. When the well is circular in section, the water entry should not be
tangential to avoid its rotation.
7. The well must have a minimum cross-sectional area of 5 times the section of the
suction duct.
8. Drain and cleaning devices for the well must be provided
9. For horizontal shaft pumps:
It is recommended that when possible the pump shaft be positioned below.
of the minimum water level in the well.

b) Deep well pumping stations

The characteristics of these are to pump water from drilled wells.
deep. The equipment used is usually shaft turbine pumps
vertical or submersible motor.
The depth and installation of the pump must be defined by the
hydraulic conditions of the aquifer and the flow of water to be extracted, taking
taking into account the following recommendations:

Pumping level, according to pumping test

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 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
SANAA
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
2. Seasonal variations or natural levels of groundwater in summer
and winter
3. Pump submersion
4. Safety measures for the equipment
The diameter of the well casing must be related to the flow to be extracted.
according to Table 9.1 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

The length of the pumping column inside the well connected to the pump will be designed with
a loss due to friction not greater than 5% of its length. The following are recommended
diameters for well columns in relation to flow rate, see Table 9.2 of the Annexes of
Drinking Water.
The column length is set to be submerged 6 m below the minimum level of
pumping.

9.2 Design of pumping stations with centrifugal pumps

Economic diameter of the pumping pipe

a. For installations that operate continuously, the formula will be used.
BRESSE, which leads to acceptable diameters for small installations:

D = K√Qb

D = diameter of the delivery tube, in meters

Qbflow to pump, in m3/s; Qb=mx 24/N, N = number of hours to pump
K = coefficient that generally varies between 0.7 and 1.6. An average value
usual is 1.2

b. For installations that are not operated continuously:

D = 1.3 (x)1/4√Q

D = diameter of the discharge pipe, in meters

x = Number of pumping hours per day
24
Qbflow to pump, in m3/s

c. The suction diameter will be equal to the next larger one of the discharge.
calculated according to the previously indicated.

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NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
SANAA
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS
d. The calculation of the diameters must be made for the design period of 20 years.
The pumping equipment will be calculated for the chosen initial period within the
margin of 5 to 10 years.

Pump selection
For the selection of the pumping unit, the following data will be indicated:

1. Pumping flow rate: liters/seconds

2. Water turbidity: p.p.m.
3. Dynamic suction height (static + loss): meters
meters
5. Temperature of the place: degrees Celsius (0 °C)
6. Height above sea level: meters
7. Atmospheric pressure of the place, expressed in meters of water column (mca)
meters

For the specification of the pumps, the following must be taken into account
considerations:

1. Characteristic curves and modifications of pumps

2. Type of operation
3. Available and required net positive suction head (NPSH).

The required NPSH and the available NPSH are defined as follows:

1. Required NPSH (NPSHrIt is a feature of the pump, determined

through laboratory tests or calculations, which aim to prevent the
cavitation and ensure the correct functioning of the pump, with the
expected efficiency. This data appears in the catalogs and characteristic curves
of each pump.
2. Available NPSH (NPSHd). It is a feature of the system. It is defined
like the energy that a liquid possesses, at a point immediately before
to the suction mouth of the pump, above its vapor pressure.
It can be calculated or obtained through manometric readings on the side
of the pump suction. It is given by the formula:

NPSHd= Z + (Pa+ Pv) x 10 – hf(in meters)

γ

Z = height or static suction load in meters. Positive if the axis of the

The pump is below the level of the liquid to be pumped. Negative in case
opposite.
Paatmospheric pressure, in Kg/cm2
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March 9, 2004
 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
Pvwater vapor pressure at pumping temperature, in Kg/cm2
γ = specific weight of the liquid, 1 for water
hfsuction head loss, in meters

For the proper functioning of the pump it is essential that:

NPSHd≥NPSHr

Atmospheric pressure as a function of altitude above sea level and the

The vapor pressure of water at a given temperature is obtained from the Table.
9.3 of the Potable Water Annexes.

9.3 Calculation of power

The power of the lifting set will be calculated using the formula:

P = Qbx H xγ
75 x e

P = power in horsepower
Qbpumping flow rate, in l/s
H = total manometric height, in meters
γ = specific weight of water (1.0 kg/l)
e = efficiency of the elevating setemotorxebomb)

The engine power must always be greater than required, with a reserve suggested.
from 10 to 20%

The pumping station must be designed for the future maximum daily consumption.
planned and built in a single stage. The minimum capacity will not be less than
volume corresponding to a pumping time of 5 minutes.

At least two pump units will be projected, one of which will be a reserve.

The diameter of the suction pipe must be greater than or equal to the diameter of the
discharge pipe. The speed in the suction pipe will be between
0.60 and 0.90 m/s.

The correct assembly of the pipes must consider:

a. In the suction: it must be absolutely sealed; if there is a reduction between the pump
and this pipe must be eccentric, a foot valve (in the case of suction
negative), a drainage system that prevents the entrance of foreign bodies that damage the

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 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
pump with an area that is 3 to 4 times that of the suction pipe, anticipate a
adequate immersion.
b. In the discharge: first a check valve followed by a valve
gate, universals, short radius elbows, flanges, manometer with scale
coherent with the pump discharge pressure.

9.4 Pumping equipment

In the selection of pumps, the following factors must be taken into account:

1. Series or parallel operation

2. Type of pumps
3. Number of units: A minimum of two units will be projected, with one of
reservoir. The pumping units (including auxiliary equipment) must have a
sufficiently wide capacity, in terms of the number of units that allow for the
repair of at least one unit without serious reductions in service. For ease
for maintenance when projecting 3 or more units it is recommended that the
pumps should be of equal capacity.
4. Capacity of the units
5. Horizontal or vertical axis
Single or double suction
7. Type of drivers
8. Characteristics of startup and commissioning
9. Possible variations in suction height
10. Operational flexibility
11. Characteristic and modified curves of the pumps
12. Available and required NPSH
13. Water hammer
14. The total dynamic load at all pumping stations, when they are operating in
The series will be divided into equal parts according to the minimum and maximum pressures.
in such a way that each station operates at the same capacity, in order to normalize
the types of equipment to be installed.
15. Recommended speeds: the most suitable speed is 1760 revolutions per
minute (rpm) only that it is not possible to obtain this it is recommended to use 2900 and 3450
rpm.

9.5 Pipes and valves in the suction and discharge of pumps

Suction
1. Pipelines with diameters smaller than the diameters of should never be used.
pump discharge.
2. A foot valve will be installed at the end of the suction pipe with
Strainer. The free area of the openings of the strainer must be from 2 to 4 times
the suction pipe section.

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 NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
3. The suction line should be as short and straight as possible; bends should be avoided.
changes in direction, especially near the pump.
4. The suction line must reach the pump suction avoiding elbows or
horizontal tees.
5. If the diameter of the suction pipe is greater than that of the admission of the
pump, must be connected through an eccentric reducer with its part
superior horizontal.
A separate suction line must be provided for each pump. If this
it is not possible, and a suction multiple is used, the derivations will be made by
middle of the yews. The diameter of the suction pipe will be equal to or greater than the
the diameter of the delivery pipe will be at least the commercial diameter
immediately superior.

Download
An economic comparative study should be made between several diameters for
choose the most appropriate one from the supply pipe.
The extensions in the download will be concentric.
A gate valve and a must be projected in the discharge or pump rates.
check valve, for the diameter design the values shown in the
Table 9.4 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

The diameter of the tap is defined by the diameter of the water meter. According to
AWWA C-704 specifications.
The check valve should be placed between the pump and the gate valve.
When necessary, a relief valve should be projected to protect the
installation of the water hammer. The following diameters are recommended in the Table
9.5 of the Drinking Water Annexes.

Every rate will carry:

Water meter
2. Measurement manometer with ½” jet key
3. Discharge derivation for pumping tests and cleaning of the same diameter
from the rate.
4. The pipes must be perfectly anchored and the calculation of the force will be made.
act in the berths to achieve a satisfactory design
5. Flexible joint type Desser or similar for maintenance effect.

9.6 Electrical equipment

In the preparation of the electrical installation project, the following must be taken into account
following points:
1. Carefully study the alternatives to determine the most suitable energy source.
economic and efficient for the operation of the pumps.
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NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS
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DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
2. That it is possible to supply enough energy to operate the pumps at their maximum.
capacity in case of emergency, (excluding the reserve pump).
3. When the case requires it, an emergency power source will be provided.

Motors
The electric motors will be of the squirrel cage type, with a hollow shaft and the capacities of
standard use developed by manufacturers are:
3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200 HP

Required power
The net power required by the engine will be governed by:

The net power demanded by the pump

2. Losses due to mechanical friction in the rotation of the axis
3. Losses in the discharge head
The losses due to friction on the shaft, for v = 1760 rpm and/or ¾", 1 ½" vary between 0.30 and
1.15 HP/100' of column.
It is standard to use a factor of 1.15 to calculate the HP of the motor based on the
HP of the pump. This factor largely covers the mechanical losses due to friction in
the shaft and discharge head of the pump.

Operating speed
It is customary to use the same operating speed of the pump, and if possible, it
request that your speed does not exceed 1800 rpm.

Energy
According to the capacity of the engines, the following type of energy is recommended:
1. For motors from 3 to 5 HP use 1/60/110
For motors greater than 5 HP and less than 50 HP, 3/60/220 will be used.
For motors over 50 HP, use 3/60/440

Machine room and operator's booth:

The architecture and surroundings of the station must be pleasant and harmonize with the
neighboring buildings. Its structure must be built with fireproof materials.
humidity and fire. The design of the interior of the building must consider the
space requirements for each piece of equipment, its location, lighting,
ventilation and drainage.
It must be protected from people with appropriate fences and have good access.
throughout the year, they will also be prepared; when the circumstances
As warranted, possible expansions and modifications should be considered.
The chlorination equipment will have its facilities in a specially designed booth.
designed for this purpose with sufficient ventilation.

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NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS SERVICE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERAGE
(SANAA)
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
In the pumping stations, the roofs may be removable for replacement of the
pumping equipment.

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March 9, 2004
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
DRINKING WATER DESIGN STANDARDS

1. Document Standards for Design and Construction of Sewer Systems

Sanitary for the Metropolitan District, SANAA DM 1 - 89 Standards,
Department of Operation and Maintenance Metropolitan District, 2001

2. National Technical Standard for Water Quality, according to Agreement 084, of the 31st
July 1995.

3. Supply of Drinking Water, Volume 1, Enrique Cesar Valdez

National Autonomous University of Mexico, Faculty of Engineering, 1990.

4. Manual V, from the Fast Filtration Treatment Series, Pan American Center of
Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences –CEPIS-, Regional Program
HPE/OPS/CEPIS Water Quality Improvement for Consumption
Human, Eng. José Pérez Carrión, Eng. Carlos Richter, Eng. Lidia Cánepa of
Vargas.

5. Water Supply, Fair, Geyer & Okum

6. Design Standards for Water Supply Systems, ENACAL,

Nicaragua, Managua.
 Annexes of Potable Water Design Standards

TABLE 1.1

MINIMUM WELL DIMENSIONS ACCORDING TO FLOW

Well capacity Diameter of duct

gpm (l/s) flea (mm)
125 7.90 6 150
300 18.90 8 200
600 37.80 10 250
900 56.78 12 300
1300 82.00 14 350
1800 113.55 16 400

TABLE 1.2

MINIMUM SEPARATION BETWEEN WELLS

Type of aquifer Minimum distance (m)

Free 300
Confined 300 to 500
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE No. 2.1

DESIGN PERIOD FOR THE STRUCTURES OF THE SYSTEMS

Type of structures Special features Design period / years

Dams, large ducts Difficult y expensive of 25-50
enlarge
Wells, tanks, plants of Easy to expand 20-25
water treatment when the growth
and interest rates
they are low. Less than
3% annual.
b) When the 10-15
growth y the
interest rates are
high. More than 3%
annual.
Pumping equipment 10
Pipes larger than 12” Ø Replace pipes 20-25
small ones are more expensive to
long term
Lateral y Pipes The requirements can For full development
minor secondaries under 12" change quickly in areas
Ø limited

NOTE: For the construction of new plants, a specific study must be incorporated.
Likewise for package-type treatment plants.
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE No. 2.2

DURATION OF THE DESIGN PERIOD

description DURATION (years)

Work of Toma 20 A 25
Guidance Lines 15 A 20
Storage Tanks 15 A 25
Distribution lines 15 A 25
Pumping Stations
Structures 20 A 25
Teams 10 to 15
Distribution Network 15 A 25
Underground Water Wells 10 A 15
Drinking Water Treatment Plants
Structures 20
Teams 10 A 15
Sewage Treatment Plants
Structures 20 A 25
Teams 10 A 15
 Appendices of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE No. 3.1

ALLOCATION FOR THE METROPOLITAN DISTRICT

ACCORDING TO SOCIAL - ECONOMIC CATEGORY

SUPPLY
CATEGORY
Liters per person Gallons per person
per day (lppd) per day (gppd)
R-1 High Income (Area 400 m 2, front 300 80
at least 15 m
R-2 High Income (Area 300 m 2, front 230 60
at least 15 m
R-3 Medium Incomes (Area 120 m 2, 190 50
front of 10 m (minimum)
R-4 Low Income (Area 75 m2, front of 150 40
7 m (minimum)
R-5 Neighborhoods in Development (Area of 60 to 100 to 120 25 to 30
400 m2front of 6 to 15 m (minimum)

TABLE 4.1

HAZEN - WILLIAMS COEFFICIENT

Age
Conduit material New Uncertain
C C
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 150 130
Current cast iron 130 100
(internally and externally)
Coated cast iron 130 100
cement o nail polish
bituminous
Ductile iron 130 100
Concrete pipe 130 120
Wooden duels 120 120
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE 5.1
GRAVEL SPECIFICATIONS
VERTICAL PREFILTER

Cover Thickness Diameter

(m) (mm)
1 0.10 15 - 25
2 0.20 10 – 15
3* 0.50 5 – 10
Background cover

TABLE 5.2
GRAVEL SPECIFICATIONS
HORIZONTAL PREFILTER

Cover Thickness Diameter

(m) (mm)
1* 1.00 80 - 250
2 4.50 30 – 70
3 4.50 5 – 12
Upstream Cover

TABLE 5.3
FILTRATION RATE ACCORDING TO THE UNITS OF
WATER TURBIDITY (SLOW FILTERS)

Turbidity (UNT) Rate (m3/m2d)

10 7:20 - 20:40
50 4.8
50 - 100 2.4
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards
TABLE 5.4
SUPPORT GRAVEL FOR THE FILTER MEDIA (SLOW FILTERS)

Cover Size (inches) Thickness (m)

1 1-2 0.10 - 0.12
2 ½-1 0.08 - 0.10
3 ¼-½ 0.05 - 0.10
4 1/8 - 1/4 0.05 - 0.10
Fund

TABLE 5.5
RESERVE UNITS (SLOW FILTERS)

Number of Units
Population units Of reserve
< 2000 2 100%
2000 – 10,000 3 50%

TABLE 5.6
LENGTH / WIDTH RATIO IN RECTANGULAR FILTER BOXES
(SLOW FILTERS)

Number of units Length/Width

2 1.33
3 1.50
4 2.00

TABLE 5.7
TYPE OF STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO THE CAPACITY OF THE PLANT

Plant capacity Structure

Q≥500 l/s Parshall Flume
100 to 500 l/s Rectangular weir or channel with
slope change
Q≤50 l/s It is possible to use the triangular spillway.
preferably for Q < 30 l/s
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE No. 5.8

CLASSIFICATION OF QUICK MIX UNITS

Retro mixer in
MECHANICS line

Parshall Flume
Bottom Canal
Hydraulic Highlight Inclined
landfill
Rectangular
In pipes
Diffusers
Online In channels
Injectors
Static
HYDRAULICS
Holes
Falls Landfills
triangular
Venturi meter
Contractions Reductions
Drowned holes
Speed or change Pumping line
of flow Codes
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards
TABLE No. 5.9

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOCULATORS

CONTACT OF MECHANICS
SOLIDS
HYDRAULICS
SCREENS
Helicoidal
HYDRAULIC
POWER Porous media
PIPES
POPSICLES
MECHANICS TURBINE
OSCILLATING

TABLE No. 5.10

RETENTION PERIOD ACCORDING TO THE DECANTATION RATE

Decantation rate Retention period

(m3/m2 (hours)
20 - 30 3.0 - 4.0
30 - 40 2.5 - 3.5
35 - 45 2.0 - 3.0
40 - 60 1.5 - 2.5

TABLE No. 5.11

DIAMETER OF THE SLUDGE COLLECTION MULTIPLE BASED ON

THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE SAME (DECANTATION)

L (m) D (inch)
2.0 – 3.5 4
3.5 - 6.5 6
6.5 - 12.0 8
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE No. 5.12

INCREASE IN NOMINAL FLOW ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF

DECANTATION UNITS

Number of units Percentage increase

2 100
3 33
4 25
Greater than or equal to 5 20

TABLE No. 5.13

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTATORS AND DECANTERS

Desanders Horizontal flow

Static Sedimentators
Static Decanters Settlers Vertical flow
Helicoidal flow
Dynamic Decanters Hydraulic suspension Agitation
Mechanical suspension Separation
Button or vacuum
Laminar Decanters Ascending flow
 Appendices of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE No. 5.14

THICKNESS AND SIZE OF THE SUPPORT SUBLAYERS OF THE FALSE BOTTOM

Sub cover Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

1a 5.0 - 7.5 2.4
2a 5.0 - 7.5 12.5 – 4.8
3a 7.5 - 10.0 6.5
4a 7.5 - 10.0 19.0
5a 10.0 - 15.0 25.0

TABLE No. 5.15

THICKNESS AND SIZE OF THE SUPPORT SUBLAYERS TYPE

WHEELER

Sub cover Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

1a 7.5 -4.7
2a 7.5 9.5 - 15.9
3a 7.5 15.9 - 25.4
4a 12.5 25.4 - 31.7

TABLE No. 5.16

THICKNESS AND SIZE OF THE SUPPORT SUBLAYERS WHEN

They use perforated pipes.

Subcover Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

1a 10.0 2.4 - 4.8
2a 7.5 4.8 - 9.5
3a 7.5 9.5 - 19.0
4a 12.5 19.0 - 38
Annexes of Potable Water Design Standards
TABLE No. 5.17

FOR WASHING WITH WATER, COMMON LEOPOLD BLOCKS

Sub cover Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

1a 15.0 1.6 – 3.2
2a 5.0 -3.2
3a 5.0 6.4 - 12.7
4a 5.0 12.7 – 19.0

TABLE No. 5.18

FOR WASHING WITH WATER AND AIR, LEOPOLD BLOCKS

SPECIALS

Sub cover Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

1a 5.0 6.3
2a 5.0 12.7 – 6.4
3a 5.0 3.2
4a 5.0 1.6
5a 5.0 3.2 - 6.4
6a 5.0 6.4 - 12.7
7a 5.0 12.7 - 19.0

TABLE No. 5.19

CAP SUPPORT WHEN USING BEAMS

Prefabricated

Sub cover Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

1 7.5 -1/8
2 7.5 1/4 - 1/2
3 7.5 -1/4
4 10.0 3/4 – 1 ½
Background 12.5 1½-2
Total 45.0

TABLE No. 5.20

 Appendices of Drinking Water Design Standards

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTHRACITE DOUBLE BEDS

AND SAND (DOWNFLOW FILTERS)

Characteristics Arena Anthracite

Layer thickness (m) 0.15 - 0.20 0.45 - 0.60
Effective size (mm) 0.45 - 0.60 0.80 – 1.10
Uniformity coefficient <=1.50 ≤1.50
Smaller grain size (mm) 0.42 0.70
Larger grain size (mm) 1.41 2.00

TABLE No. 5.21

CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE ANTHRACITE BEDS

AND SAND (DIRECT FILTRATION OR WATER FILTRATION
COAGULATED

Characteristics Arena Anthracite

Thickness (m) 0.30 - 0.50 0.50 - 1.00
Effective size (mm) 0.40 – 0.70 0.90 – 1.30
Uniformity coefficient ≤1.50 Less than or equal to 1.50

Maximum grain size (mm) 1.41 2.40

Smaller grain size (mm) 0.42 0.70

TABLE No. 5.22

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUPPORT LAYER FOR FILTERS OF

ASCENDING FLOW

Thickness (cm) Size (mm)

7.50 31.70 – 25.40
7.50 10.00
10.00 6.40
12.50 4.70
20.00 4.80 – 2.40
12.50 9.50 – 4.80
10.00 6.40
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards
TABLE No. 6.1

CLASSIFICATION OF CHLORINATORS

Capabilities
Type System of kg/day lb/day
assembly
Of pressure On a pedestal 2 to 140 4 to 300
Directly in 1 to 34 2 to 75
the cylinders
On a pedestal 2 to 8000 4 to 8000
Empty On the wall 1.4 to 100 3 to 200
Directly in 1.4 to 230 3 to 500
the cylinders

TABLE 8.11

DIAMETERS OF AIR VALVES RELATIVE TO

DIAMETER OF THE PIPE

Ø Pipe Air valve Air valve

Manual Automatic
12 inch 4 inches ¾”
14 inches 4 inches ¾”
16 inches 6 inches 1"
18 inches 6 inches 1”
20 inches 6" 2”
24” 8 inches 2”
30" 8 inches 2”

For diameters less than 12”, ½” automatic air valves can be used.
diameter.

TABLE 8.22
1
Water Supply. Theory and Design.
2
Same.
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

DIAMETERS OF CLEANING VALVES IN RELATION TO

2"-10"

Ø Pipe Ø Valve of
Cleaning
2" 2 inches
2 ½” 2"
3” 2”
4 inches 2”
6 inches 4 inches
8" 4” or 6”
10 inches 6"

TABLE 8.33

DIAMETERS OF CLEANING VALVES IN RELATION TO

PIPE DIAMETER (12”-30”)

Pipe Ø Valve of
Cleaning
12” 6 inches
14 inches 6 inches
16 inches 6 inches
18 inches 6 inches
20" 8"
24 inches 8"
30 inches 10 inches

TABLE 8.44
3
Same.
4
Specifications for pipe installation of the National Autonomous Aqueduct Service
Sewers.
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards
WIDTHS AND DEPTHS OF TRENCHES FOR INSTALLATION OF
PIPES

Interior diameter of the tube Depth of Width of the ditch

Inches zanjo (cms) (cms)
50 2 80 50
80 3 90 50
100 4 100 50
150 6 105 75
200 8 110 80
250 10 115 85
300 12 120 90
350 14 125 95
400 16 140 100
450 18 140 100
500 20 140 110
600 24 150 120
900 36 180 150

TABLE 8.5
MAXIMUM SPEED IN M/S AND MAXIMUM FLOW IN L/S, OF
AGREEMENT ON THE PIPE DIAMETER

Diameter Maximum Speed Qmax

mm Inches (m/s) (l/s)
75 3 0.70 3.05
100 4 0.75 5.89
150 6 0.80 14.14
200 8 0.90 28.27
250 10 1.00 49.09
300 12 1.10 77.75
350 14 1.20 115.45
400 16 1.25 157.10
450 18 1.30 206.78
500 20 1.40 274.90
600 24 1.60 452.39
750 30 1.60 729.60
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

TABLE 8.6

MAXIMUM SPEED IN M/S ACCORDING TO PIPE TYPE

Type of Pipeline Maximum speed m/s

Simple concrete up to 18” in diameter 3.0
Of reinforced concrete 3.0
Uncoated steel 5.0
Coated steel 5.0
High-density polyethylene 5.0
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) 5.0
Uncoated tunnels 2.0

TABLE 9.1

DIAMETER OF THE ADEME OF THE WELL ACCORDING TO THE FLOW OF

BOMBING

Internal diameters of the well casing or lining Pumping flow

inch (mm) gpm l/s
6 (150) until 160 (10)
8 (200) 240 (15)
10 (250) 400 (25)
12 300 630 (40)
14 (350) 950 (60)
16 400 1270 80
20 (500) 1900 (120)
24 (600) 3000 (189)
30 (750) more than 3000 (189)

TABLE 9.2

DIAMETERS FOR WELL COLUMNS IN RELATION TO FLOW RATE

 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

Flow Diameter
gpm l/s inch (mm)
0 50 (0 - 3.15) 3 75.0
50 100 (3.15 - 6.3) 4 (100)
100 600 (6.3 – 37.8) 6 (150)
600 1200 (37.8 –75.7) 8 200

TABLE 9.3

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL

SEA WATER AND VAPOR PRESSURE AT A TEMPERATURE OF
WATER

Height over Pressure Vapor pressure temperature

the level of atmospheric in water – 0°C of water in
sea in metros Kg/cm2
subways
0.0 10.3 0.0 0.0056
304.8 10.0 4.4 0.0077
609.6 9.6 10.0 0.0119
1219.2 8.9 15.6 0.0183
1828.8 8.3 21.1 0.0253
2438.4 7.8 26.7 0.0358
3048.0 7.2 32.5 0.0492
4572.0 5.8 37.8 0.0675
 Annexes of Drinking Water Design Standards

- - 49.0 0.1195
- - 66.0 0.2601
- - 82.0 0.5273
- - 100.0 1.033

TABLE 9.4

DIAMETER OF PUMP CONNECTION SIZES

Rate diameter Flow range

Inch (mm) gpm (l/s)
2 (50) younger than 80 5.0
3 (75) 80 - 200 (5.0 –12.6)
4 (100) 200 - 400 (12.6 – 25.2)
6 150 400 – 900 (25.2 – 56.8)
8 (200) 900 – 1200 (56.8 – 75.7)
10 (250) 1200 - 1600 (75.7 - 101)

TABLE 9.5

RELIEF VALVE DIAMETER ACCORDING TO FLOW RATE

Rate diameter Flow range

Appendices of Drinking Water Design Standards

inch (mm) gpm (l/s)

6 150 1000 – 2000 (63 - 126)
4 100 500 - 1000 (31 – 63)
3 (75) 250 - 500 (15 - 31)
2 (50) 60 – 250 (3.78 - 15)
1 younger than - 60 (3.78)