UNIT IV TIME VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Faraday’s law:
Faraday proved that static magnetic field can't produce any current flow. But with time
varying field, an emf induces which may drive a current in a closed path. This emf is voltage that
induces from changing magnetic field or motion of the conductors in a magnetic field. Faraday
told that induced emf is equal to time rate of change of magnetic flux linking with the closed
circuit.
Statement: “ The electro motive force (emf) induced in a closed path is proportional to rate of
change of magnetic flux enclosed by the closed path”.
When a closed path moves in a magnetic field, current is generated and hence emf. The
same observations with closed path kept fixed and magnetic field was varied. The effect is called
as electro magnetic induction.
Faraday's Law e = -N dФ/dt
where N – No. Of turns in the circuit, e- induced emf.
Maxwell's Equations:
Maxwell derived four equations to describe the electro magnetic field. These equations
based on fundamental laws of Gauss, Faraday and Ampere.
From Ampere's Circuital Law:
Ampere's law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity H on any closed path
is equal to current enclosed by that path.
[Link] = I
The total current involves both conduction current and displacement current. A current
through a resistive element is conduction current & current through capacitive element is
displacement current.
Conduction current density:
Ohm’s law
where Jc is conduction current density.
Displacement current density:
Current thro capacitor is , V=Ed
Ampere’s law can be written as.
J – stands for conduction current density alone .
----- Integral form of maxwell’s equation.
By applying stoke’s theorem,
-------Differential form (or) point form.
From Faraday’s Law:
Faraday’s law states that electro magnetic force induced in a circuit is equal to rate of
decrease of magnetic flux linkage of the circuit.
(ie)
But
This is integral form of Maxwell Equation.
Apply stoke’s theorem,
This is differential (point) form of Maxwell Equation.
From electric Gauss law:
Gauss law states that electric flux emerging through any closed surface is equal to charge
enclosed by the surface.
This is integral form of Maxwell Equation from Gauss law.
Apply Divergence theorem,
This is differential (point) form of Maxwell Equation from Gauss law.
From magnetic Gauss law:
It states that total magnetic flux through any closed surface is equal to zero.
This is integral form of Maxwell Equation from magnetic Gauss law.
Apply Divergence theorem,
This is differential (point) form of Maxwell Equation from magnetic Gauss law.
Maxwell’s Equations are
Integral form Differential (point) form
1.
2. -
3.
4.
In free space, no charges enclosed. =0
1.
2. -
3.
4.
Time varying field:
The electric and magnetic field maybe assumed as sinusoidal varying quantities. Time
varying field is in phasor quantity.
E(x,t) = Re[E(x)ejωt]
(x,t) = Re[jωE(x)ejωt]
ω E=( ω E
ω H
Maxwell’s equations in phasor form are
1.
2. - ω H
3.
4.
Potential Functions:
The time varying potentials is called as retarded potentials. Scalar electric potential in
terms of static charge distribution as V =
Vector magnetic potential found from current distribution which is constant with time,
A =
Differential equations satisfied by V,
2 2
V=- ; V=-
Fundamental fields E = - V , B=
By adding unknown term, E=-
Take curl,
Point form of Faraday's law,
Simplest solution of this is N =
E=-
Take Maxwell's equations
and
(or)
and
These equations are related to wave equations.
here, V=
Where [ρv ] - every t appears in expression for ρv has been replaced by retarded time.
T' = t – R/v
If charge density through out space was
ρv =
[ρv ] =
R – distance between differential element of charge being considered.
Retarded vector magnetic potential
A=
Electro Magnetic Boundary Conditions:
Consider a small rectangle with width ∆x and length ∆y at the boundary enclosing a small
portion of each media.
Maxwell's equation ʃ [Link]
This is applied to rectangle
Ey1 ∆y + Ex1 ∆x/2 + Ex2 ∆x/2 – Ey2∆y – Ex4 ∆x/2 – Ex3 ∆x/2 = -dB/dt.∆x∆y
Consider the area of rectangle is made to approach to zero by reducing the width ∆x to approach
zero. Then, Ey1∆y - Ey2∆y =0
Ey1 = Ey2
Tangential component of E is continuous.
First Maxwell's equation is
Apply to rectangle,
Hy1 ∆y + Hx1 ∆x/2 + Hx2 ∆x/2 – Hy2∆y – Hx4 ∆x/2 – Hx3 ∆x/2 = ( J + )∆x∆y
If ∆x--> 0, then Hy1∆y - Hy2∆y =0
Hy1 = Hy2
Tangential component of H is continuous .
For a perfect conductor, high frequency current will flow in a thin sheet near the surface. In a
current sheet, linear current sheet density Jl flows in a sheet of depth ∆x.
If ∆x--> 0, J. ∆x = Jl A/m.
If Maxwell's equation 1 is applied to rectangle, then
Hy1 ∆y + Hx1 ∆x/2 + Hx2 ∆x/2 – Hy2∆y – Hx4 ∆x/2 – Hx3 ∆x/2 = ( J + )∆x∆y
= J ∆x∆y + ∆x∆y
= Jl ∆y + ∆x∆y
If ∆x--> 0, then Hy1∆y - Hy2∆y = Jl ∆y
Hy1 - Hy2 = Jl
Tangential component of H is discontinuous by linear current density at surface of perfect
conductor.
Consider a pill box of volume ds.∆x at the boundary between two media.
ds- area of flat surfaces of pill box.
∆x- their seperation
ρ- volume charge density
Maxwell's third equation,
Apply to pill box at boundary Dn1ds - Dn2ds =
If ∆x--> 0, then Dn1ds - Dn2ds = 0
Dn1 = Dn2
Normal component of D is continuous if there is no surface charge density.
Maxwell's third equation is applied to pillbox.
Dn1ds - Dn2 ds =
As ∆x--> 0, then Dn1 - Dn2 =
Normal component of D is discontinuous if there is surface charge density.
Maxwell's fourth equation is
Apply to pill box at boundary Bn1ds - Bn2ds = 0
Bn1 = Bn2
Normal component of flux density B is continuous across boundary.
Wave equations and solutions:
Electro magnetic wave equation can be obtained from Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's equation from Faraday's Law in point form as - =
Take curl, ----------------(1)
Maxwell's equation from Ampere's law in point form as
Differentiating,
---------------(2)
Substitute (2) in equation(1)
--------------(3)
According to identity,
---------------(4)
But
There is no net charge within the conductor, ρ = 0
Eqn (4) becomes, ------------(5)
Compare (3) & (5), -------------(6)
This is wave equation for electric field E.
Similarly, for magnetic field
Maxwell's equation
Take curl, ----------------(7)
Maxwell's equation
Differentiating,
Substitute in eqn .(7)
But identity,
But , then
Compare equations (8) & (9),
This is wave equation for magnetic field.
For free space, σ = 0, ρ = 0.
Maxwell's equation
Take curl,
But,
But
This is wave equation for free space.
Similarly, for magnetic field,
Time Harmonic Fields :
The time dependence of the field quantities depends on the source functions. One of the
most important case of time varying electromagnetic field is the time harmonic (sinusoidal or co
sinusoidal) time variation where the excitation of the source varies sinusoidally in time with a
single frequency.
For time-harmonic fields, phasor analysis can be applied to obtain single frequency
steady state response. Since Maxwell's equations are linear differential equations, for source
functions with arbitrary time dependence, electromagnetic fields can be determined by
superposition. Periodic time functions can be expanded into Fourier series of harmonic
sinusoidal components while transient non-periodic functions can be expressed as Fourier
integrals. Field vectors that vary with space coordinates and are sinusoidal function of time can
be represented in terms of vector phasors that depend on the space coordinates.
E(x,y,z,t) = Re [ E(x,y,z)ejwt ]
where E(x,y,z) is a vector phasor that contain the information on direction, magnitude and phase.
