Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Map of Rajasthan (according to 41 districts)

Churu
Bikaner Jhunjhunu

Sikar
Alwar
Phalodi Didwana
Jaisalmer Nagaur Kuchaman
Jaipur

Jodhpur Ajmer
Tonk
Badmer Balotra

Dungarpur

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Importance of the Desert
- Tourism
- Renewable energy
- Mineral resources
- Nuclear testing
- Military training
- Livestock
- Biodiversity
- Salt production

Note: Large industries: Alwar, maximum industries: Jaipur

1. Renewable energy :
 The possibility of renewable energy (Solar & wind energy) are mostly
found in north-western Rajasthan.
2. Minerals: In Thar desert energy minerals are mostly found
Eg. -Petroleum, natural gas, coal (2023 :- Highest production = Barmer)
3. Nuclear Testing Site: Pokhran is known as India's nuclear testing site.
(1974, 1978)
4. Military Training Sites: (i) Chandan Field Firing Range (Jaisalmer)
(ii) Mahajan Field Firing Range (Bikaner)
5. Livestock: Rajasthan's desert region is known for its livestock.
Prominent Districts: Barmer, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer
6. Salt Production: Due to the presence of saline water lakes, salt production
is high in the desert region.
Examples: Sambhar, Pachpadra (high-quality salt), Didwana lake
7. Tourism: The distinct culture of western Rajasthan attracts tourists from
world wide
Camel
Festival (Bikaner)

Maru
Festival Thar Festival
(Jaisalmer) (Barmer)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
8. Biodiversity: Compared to other deserts in the world, the Thar Desert has
higher biodiversity.
9. Food Production: Coarse grains are produced in large quantities in the
desert region of Rajasthan. Example: Bajra (millet), moong, gram, moth
etc.
10.Biomass :- The possibility of biomass energy is mostly found in desert
area of Rajasthan because here juli flora, mustard husk and rice hulls are
available.

Aravalli
Significance of the Aravalli Range
1. Prevents Desertification: The Aravalli Range acts as a barrier, preventing
the expansion of the desert towards eastern Rajasthan.
2. Biodiversity: The Aravalli Range has a high level of biodiversity due to
extensive vegetation found here.
3. Tribal Conservation: A significant portion of Rajasthan's tribal population
resides in the Aravalli Range, making it a shelter house for them.
Prominent Tribes: Meena (Jaipur), Bhil (Udaipur), Garasia (Sirohi)
4. Minerals: Metallic minerals are mostly found in Aravalli because it is
formed by Dharwar rocks.

Dharwar rocks

5. Drainage system and rivers : Most of the rivers of Rajasthan originate

from Aravalli.
1. Water dividing line : It is called the water divide line because it divides
the drainage system of Rajasthan into two parts. Arabian sea drainage
system.
Bay of Bengal drainage
system.
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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Bhorat Plateau (Water divide)

Bay of Bengal
Drainage system

2. Most of the lakes (fresh water) of Rajasthan are found in the Aravalli
region (Udaipur)
3. Tourism: Aravalli attracts tourism because famous religious places
(Ajmer-Pushkar) and hill stations (Mount Abu) are located in Aravalli
4. Civilization: Aravalli is said to be the birthplace of ancient civilization
(Ahar, Gilund, Bairath, Ganeshwar) and new urban civilizations
(Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur)

Prominent Hills in Rajasthan

Trick:
(i) Bhakar: Sirohi
(ii) Hill Name + Bhakar: Jalore
(iii) Hill Name + Magra/Magri : Udaipur, Rajsamand
(iv) Hill Name + Dungar/Dungri: Jaipur, Kotputli-Behror, Alwar

Mehrangarh fort on
chidya took hill
(Jodhpur)

Trikoot Mountain, Karauli

Sonar Fort on Trikoot Hill

Jaisalmer

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Hills/Mountains Location

 Trikoot Hill (Sonar Fort) Jaisalmer

 Trikoot mountain (Kailadevi Mandir)

Karauli
 Chidiya took (Mehrangarh Fort)
 Chhapan Hills, Nakoda Hills, Peeplud Hills Jodhpur

 Roja Bhakar, Israna Bhakar, Jharola Bhakar Balotra

 Sunda/Sundha mountain
- Sundha Mata Temple – 1st Rope way in Jalore
2006
Jalore
- Bear protected areas
 Jaswantpura Hills
Jalore
Highest peak  Dora mountain – 869 meter

Note: In the hills of Jalore and Barmer, granite and rhyolite rocks are
predominantly found.

1. Sirohi:
I. Bhakar: In the Southern Aravalli Range, in Sirohi district small, acute
slope, and bad land hills are called "bhakar."
Ridge
Stepslope

II. Bel ka Magra: Wollastonite mineral reserves

Note : Rail ka Magra  Rajsamand

2. Udaipur: 1. Hiran Magri

II. Machhala Magara 2nd Rope way – in 2008

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Near Pichola Lake/Dudh Talai
Mansapurna Karni Mata Temple
III. Moti Magri: Near Fateh Sagar Lake
IV. Jarga Hill Deshharo
V. Raga Hill

Raga
Jarga

 Desharo is a green region situated between Jarga and

Raga hills in Udaipur
VI. Gogunda Hills - Origin of Aayad / Bedach rivers.
VII. Bichhameda Hills - Origin of Som River
3. Rajsamand :
(i) Bijral - Khari
Tributaries of Banas river
(ii) Diwer - Kothari
(iii) Khamnore Hills - Origin of Banas River
4. Pali :
(i) Kala - Bhura Dungar Situated on the eastern border of Luni Basin.
5. Beawar : - Todgarh Hill - 934 meters
Note: - Todgarh hill also known as Dur Moramji hill.
6. Ajmer :
(i) Taragarh Hill – 873 m
(ii) Naag Hill - 795 meters
o Named so due to serpent shape/snake shape
o Origin of Luni River
7. Jaipur :
(i) Moti Dungri - Ganesh Temple
(ii) Jhalana Dungri
(iii) Eagle Hills (Cheel Pahari) Jaigarh Fort is situated
(iv) Babaai

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
8. Kotputli Behror :
(i) Mahadev Dungri
(ii) Ganesh Dungri
Related to Bairath (Viratnagar) Civilization
(iii) Bheem Dungri
(iv) Bijak’s hill
 Bairath Hills - Origin of Banganga river – Kotputli
 Sewar Hills - Origin of Sabi River
Jaipur
 Manoharpura Hills - Origin of Mentha/Medha river
 Barwara Hills
9. Sawai Madhopur:
(i) Chauth Ka Barwada: Chauth Mata Temple, Zinc-Lead storage
10. Jhunjhunu - Babai Hills
11. Sikar:
(i) Malket/Malkhet Hill:
(ii) Khandela Hills: origin of Kantli River
Rohila area – Uranium reserve
(iii) Kajal Hills: Jeen Mata Temple - 6th Ropeway
(iv) Harsh Parvat: Harshnath Temple
12. Alwar:
I. Harshnath Hills
II. Udaynath Hills: Origin of the Ruparel River
III. Bhairanch Hills
IV. Bhangarh Hills
V. Siravas Hills
13. Bundi:
I. Adawala/Aarawala Hills
14. Bhilwara:
I. Bijasan Hills
NOTE: Bijasan Mata Temple is located Indragarh (Bundi).

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Special shaped hills of Rajasthan :

(i) Spherical shaped hills– Balotra (Siwana)

Chhapan hills

(ii) Horseshoe shape- Baran(Hadoti)

Filled with water - Ramgarh Crater Lake

(iii) Disc shape – Ex.- Girwa Hills  Udaipur is located in

between them

Crescent shaped hills – Ex. - Bundi Hills

(iv) Mukundra Hills - Kota, Jhalawar

Naag (Snake shaped) Hills – Ajmer

(v)

Q. Importance of the Eastern Plains (50 words)

(i) Agricultural Productivity: The Eastern Plains have higher agricultural
productivity due to their fertile alluvial soil.
(ii) Population Density: Have a higher population density because most
fertile soil (alluvial soil) is found here.
(iii) Infrastructure Development: The Eastern Plains have better
infrastructure development compared to other regions, including roads,
electricity, transportation, and education.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
(iv) Industries: They have more developed industries, such as Jaipur and
Alwar as compared to other areas.
(v) Biodiversity: Higher diversity of bird species
For eg :- Band Baretha and Keoladeo National Park.

Other Important Facts :

1. Plains of Rajasthan according to direction
Ghaggar

Ghaggar
River

W
E

Luni Chambal

Luni river
S

Chambal river
Mahi river
Mahi

Importance of the Hadoti Region :

(i) Agricultural Productivity: The Hadoti region has high agricultural
productivity due to its fertile black soil. Major crops  Cotton, Spices,
Soyabean.
(ii) Population Density: This region has a high population density due to its
fertile soil.
(iii) Minerals: It is rich in stone-based minerals, such as sandstone,
limestone, and red stone (Dholpur stone).
(iv) Water Resources: It has abundant water resources due to its numerous
rivers.
Eg :- Chambal drainage system
(v) Aquatic Biodiversity: Has a rich aquatic biodiversity, including species like
the alligators, crocodile, otter, and Gangetic dolphin (Gangetic sus). The
Gangetic dolphin is abundant in the Ganges River.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Lakes
 Based on the nature of water, the lakes of Rajasthan are divided into two
categories:
1. Saltwater Lakes(Brine Water Lake):
 Reason: Remains of the Tethys Sea
 Mostly found in Didwana-Kuchaman, Nagaur
2. Freshwater Lakes:
 Reason: Based on rainwater and river water
 Mostly found in Udaipur(That’s why Udaipur is known as Lake city
of Rajasthan)
Note :- The scientific & main cause of salinity in lakes is mica schist
rocks inside the lakes.
1. Saltwater Lakes
 Saltwater lakes are more prevalent in the north western part of
Rajasthan due to the presence of mica schist rocks beneath these lakes.
1. Sambhar: Jaipur
2. Pachpadra: Balotra
3. Didwana: Didwana Kuchaman Lake
4. Kuchaman: Didwana Kuchaman
5. Nawan: Didwana Kuchaman Nacl
Capillary action
6. Degana: Nagaur
7. Rewasa: Sikar Micaschist

8. Kachor: Sikar
9. Talchhapar: Churu
10. Loonkaransar: Bikaner
11. Phalodi: Phalodi
12. Kavod (Kanod): Jaisalmer
1. Sambhar Salt Lake:
 Location: Jaipur District
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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Founder: Vasudev Chauhan (according to Bijaulia inscription)

 Characteristics: Formed by five rivers:

o Menda/Mentha (highest salinity)
(Jaipur)
o Rupangarh(Ajmer)
o Khari(Nagaur)
o Turtamati(Nawa)
o Khandel(Sikar)
(ii) Largest salt water lake in Rajasthan and third largest in India
Ist = Chilka Lake in Odisha
IInd = Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
(iii) Major salt production

India: 8.7% Rajasthan: 80-90%

(iv) Sambhar lake is operated by a joint venture
Sambhar

Central Government State Government

HSL SSL
Hindustan Salt Limited Sambhar Salt Limited

60% 40%

(v) Kyar - Salt obtained from Sambhar is called Kyar

(vi) Sambhar Lake included in Ramsar Site List = 1990 (second)
protected Birds

Kurja Flamingo

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Note : Maximum number of Kurja birds - Kheechan village (Phalodi)

Note : Recently (in 2019) Sambhar lake was in news due to the death of
Kurja birds (Cause - Avian Botulism, Disease caused by bacteria - paralysis)
Note :- Rajasthan's first Ramsar site - Keoladev (1981)

(vii) Sambhar Lake is the largest landlocked salt water lake in the country
(viii) Shakmbhari mata temple is located near this Lake

2. Pachpadra Lake :
 This is a saltwater lake located in Balotra.

Small tanks/wells = Kosiya

Pachpadara

Resta (Produced salt)

 After the water evaporates, the remaining substance is called "resta"

(produced salt).
Features:
(i) This lake produces the best quality salt. This lake contains 98% NaCl
(sodium chloride).
(ii) Kharwal: This is a Caste which obtains salt from Pachpadra lake.
(iii) Morli: This is a type of bush used in salt production in Pachpadra.
3. Didwana Lake :
 This is a saltwater lake located in Didwana-Kuchaman.
Features:

Didwana Lake Rajasthan State Chemical

Works-1964

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
(i) This lake produces salt of lower quality due to the presence of sodium
sulfate (Na2SO4) instead of sodium chloride(Nacl).
(ii) "Rajasthan State Chemical Works-1964" was established near this lake
in Didwana.

Uses of Na2SO4:
 Glass industry
 Paper industry
 Leather industry

Freshwater Lakes
 Freshwater lakes in Rajasthan are primarily found in the Aravalli
region (Udaipur) because most of rivers originate from this region
 In Rajasthan, most of freshwater lakes are found in Udaipur therefore
Udaipur is known as the "City of Lakes". eg- Picchola Lake, Fatehsagar
Lake.
1. Jaisamand Lake / Dhebar Lake (Samand - meaning 'like a sea'):
 Location: Salumbar (Dhebar Naal). Therefore also called Dhebar Lake.
 Construction: Maharana Jai Singh
 Construction Period: 1685-1691 AD
 Situated on the Gomti River

Narmadeshwar Mahadev Temple

Dhebar Naal

Gomati Shyampura Canal

river

Baba Ka Magra/
Baba ka Bhakhda
7 islands

Pyari
colony of birds

Bhaat Canal

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Features:
(i) Jaisamand Lake is the largest freshwater (artificial) lake in Rajasthan.
(ii) This lake has the highest number of islands (7).
o Largest Island: Baba ka Magra/Baba Ka Bhakhda
o Smallest Island: Pyari
(iii) The tribes inhabiting near this lake are Bhil - Meena.
(iv) Two canals are extracted from this lake for irrigation:
o Shyampura Canal
o Bhat Canal
(v) The Narmadeshwar Mahadev Temple and elephant statues are located
near this lake.
(vi) This lake has high number of aquatic biodiversity. So it is known as
the "colony of aquatic animals".
(vii) This lake is also called "Dhebar Lake".
Note :- Jaisamand Lake is situated to South-east direction of Udaipur.
2. Pichola Lake - Udaipur
 Buit by: Banjara (During Rana Lakha's time)
 Construction Period: 1388 AD
 Rivers: Sisarma & Bujhda

Aravalli

Pichhola
lake
Solar Observatory
Nehru
Park
Swaroop Telescope
sagar link
Natni ka Virtual Fish
Chabutra Jag Jag
Aquarium
Mandir Niwas
City Palace Rana Sagar
Jagat Jagat (Udaipur) Lake
Construct :- Construct : Amar Singh Badwa
singh-I singh-II

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Features:
 Pichola Lake was built in memory of bulls.
 Historic sites associated with this lake:
o Natni ka Chabutara (Rana Lakha)
o Jag Mandir (Jagat Singh I), Jag Niwas (Jagat Singh II)
o Udaipur City Palace
 Jag Mandir and Jag Niwas palaces are currently operated as "Hotel Lake
Palace".
 Rajasthan's first solar boat and electric boat were launched in this lake.
 Excess water from Pichola Lake is released into Fateh Sagar Lake.
 Swaroop Sagar Canal connects Pichola Lake to Fateh Sagar Lake.
 Shah Jahan during his revolt took shelter in this lake.

3. Fateh Sagar Lake / Devali Talab / Duke of Connaught Dam:

 Location: Udaipur
 Creator: Maharaja Jai Singh (1688 AD)
 Rebuilt: 1888 AD by Maharaja Fateh Singh
 Rivers: Sisarma, Bujhda
Features:
(i) Nehru Park is located in the middle of this lake, attracting tourists.
(ii) A solar observatory, telescope, and virtual fish aquarium are also located
near this lake.
(iii) If the water level in this lake drops, water is supplied from the Madar
Dam (Bedach River).
Swaroop sagar
4. Rang Sagar / Amarakut: Pichhola Fateh
Lake Sagar
 Location: Udaipur
 Founder: Amar Singh Badwa
Rang sagar
 Rivers: Sisarma, Bujhda
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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Features:
 RangSagar receives water from Pichola lake & Swaroop Sagar.

5. Badi Lake / Jana Sagar / Jiyan Sagar:

 Location: Udaipur (Badi Gaon)
 Founder: Maharaja Jai Singh
 Construction Period: 1652-1680 AD
Features:
(i) Bahubali Hill is located near this lake.
(ii) The Mahseer fish species is found in this lake so it is declared
conservation reserve for Mahseer fish.
(iii) This lake is included in the Conservation Reserve.
6. Udaisagar - Udaipur (1559-64 AD):
 Creater: Maharana Udai Singh
 River: Bedach / Ayad
 The Ayad River is known as "Bedach" after falling into this lake.
7. Dudhtalai - Udaipur:
 Location: Near Pichola
Note :- Dudh Bawdi - Sirohi

8. Nakki Lake (Sirohi):

 Location : Mt. Abu(Sirohi)
 This is an example of a crater lake or volcanic lake.
Sunset point

depth
35m depth
Toad Rock

Height Nun Rock

1200 m
Nandi Rock
Horn Rock

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Features:
 According to local folklore, this lake was created by fingernails.
 This is the highest and deepest lake in Rajasthan.

1200 meters (height) 35 meters (depth)

 Nakki Lake is the coldest lake in Rajasthan.
 This is the only hill station lake in Rajasthan.
 Sunset Point is located near it, attracting tourists.
 The Garasia tribe immerses the bones of deceased in this Lake & they
consider this lake as Holy Lake..
9. Rajsamand Lake:
 Location: Rajsamand
 Founder: Maharaja Raj Singh
 Construction Period: 1662-76 AD
 Rivers: Gomti, Tali, Kelwa

(9

Aravalli

Gomati
Taali

Raj Prashahsti Kelva Sun dial

(In Sanskrit)

Author 25 Inscription Nau chaukee paal

Ranchhod 9 Stairs
Bhatt
Telang
Ghevar Mata Dwarkadhish Temple
Temple

Features:
 Rajsamand Lake is Rajasthan's first famine relief lake.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 More than 60,000 people contributed to the construction of this lake.
 Ghevar Mata Temple and Dwarkadhish Temple are located near this
lake.
 Nau Chauki Paal is located on the bank of this lake.
 Rajprashasti is also located near this lake.
 Evidence of Sundial are found near this lake.
10. Pushkar Lake:
 Pushkar Lake is located in Pushkar, Ajmer.
 It is an example of a crater or volcanic lake.
Aravali

52 Ghats
Crescent Lake
Lamp
lighting

Queen Merry
or
Brahma Temple Janana Ghat
or
Gandhi Ghat

Features:
 Other Names : 1. Crescent shape lake
2. Bawan Ghata lake
3. Panchva Tirth(5th)
4. TirthRaj
5. Tirtho Ka Mama
6. Konkan Tirth of Rajasthan
 Pushkar Lake is considered the most sacred lake in Rajasthan.
 Ashes of many famous personalities are immersed in this lake:
o Gandhiji
o Atal Bihari Vajpayee

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
o Bal Thackeray
o Kirodi Singh Bainsla
 A fair is held on the bank of this lake on Kartik Purnima, which is
known as the "Colorful Fair of Rajasthan".
 The Brahma Temple is located near this lake.
 Deepdaan (offering lamps) is performed in this lake on Kartik
Purnima.
 Pushkar Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in Rajasthan.

11. Anasagar / Arnoraj Sagar:

 Location: Ajmer City
 Founder: Arnoraj Chauhan
 Construction Period: 1136-1137 AD
 River: Bandi

Bandi Chashma-e-Nur

Built by Jahangir for

hunting
Barahdari

Daulat Garden By Shahjahan

or
Shubash Garden  By Jahangir

12. Foy Sagar:

 Creator: Engineer Foy
 Construction Period: 1891-92 AD
 River: Bandi

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Features:
(i) Foy Sagar is the second famine relief lake in Rajasthan.
First famine relief lake: Rajsamand (1662 AD)

13. Mansagar Lake – Jaipur city

 Creator: Man Singh
 Construction Period: 1610 AD

Amer
Mavatha Lake
Nahargarh Hills
Nahargarh Hills

Dravyavati River

Jalmahal

Maansagar Lake

Features:
 Mansagar Lake is the most polluted lake in Rajasthan.
 Jal Mahal is located in this lake which attracts tourism
 Nahargarh Hill is located near this lake.
 Dravyavati River or Amani Shah Nala originates from Mansagar Lake.
14. Mavtha Lake:
 Location: Jaipur (Based on rainwater)
 Features: - This is a natural lake located near Amber Fort.
- Kesar Kyari is situated near the Lake.
15. Silisedh Lake:
 Location: Alwar (Sariska)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Founder: Maharaja Vinay Singh

RTDC Toursim

Fisheries

Features:
 This lake is famous for fisheries and local tourism.
 This lake is known as the "Nandan Kanan" of Rajasthan.
 Silisedh Lake is located on the Golden Triangle (Jaipur - Delhi - Agra).
 Sariska is located near this lake.
16. Kaylana Lake (Sir Pratap Sagar Lake):
 Location: Kaylana(Jodhpur)
 Founder: Sir Pratap Singh
 Construction Period: 1872 AD

Beas

Harike Barrage

Rajiv Gandhi Lift Canal

Kayalana Lake

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Features:
 Kaylana Lake is the only lake in Rajasthan that is connected to the
IGNP (Integrated Groundwater Resources Management Project).
 It is drinking water project for Jodhpur.
 It is famous for military training site.

Note :- Recently Gadisar lake(Jaisalmer) has also been connected to

IGNP.

17. Kolayat Lake (Kapil Sarovar) - Bikaner:

 Founder: Kapil Muni
Features:
(i) There are 52 ghats located around this lake.
(ii) A fair is held on the bank of this lake on Kartik Purnima.
(iii) Deepdaan (offering lamps) is performed in this lake on Kartik
Purnima.

NOTE: The Charan caste does not visit Kolayat Lake as it is believed that the
adopted son of Karni Mata, who was a Charan, died here.

18. Gajner Lake (Rainwater-based):

 Location: Bikaner (Near Gajner Palace)
 Creator: Maharaja Gangasingh
NOTE: Gajner Lake is known as the "clear mirror of water".
19. Ramgarh Lake:
 Location: Baran
Features:
(i) This is an example of a crater or volcanic lake.
(ii) This lake is surrounded by hills shaped like a horseshoe.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Lake

Horseshoe like Hill

(iii) UNESCO included this lake in the list of World Heritage Sites in 2020.
(Notified in 2024)

Other Important Points:

1. Other Important Lakes of Rajasthan:

Currently in news Baal samand

due to shortage of
water

Alwar Jaisamand(Dam)
Jodhpur

Sardar samand Rajsamand

Nand samand
(Banas) (Life Line of Rajsamand)

Anupsagar
Talwada
Sursagar (Junagarh)
Hanumangarh Talabshahi
Bikaner Ramsagar
 Bujh Dholpur
 Gadisar
Jaisalmer
 Amar sagar Anand Sagar
(Baai talab)
Dailab

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Dugari Dam
Or
Kanak sagar Sawai Madhopur Mansarovar Dam
Bundi
Jaitsagar Kishore sagar

Jhalawar
Navlakha Lake Mansarovar lake or Kadla Lake

Edward sagar
Or
Gaip sagar (Gaib Sagar)

NOTE:
Lake = Bundi
Navlakha Talab = Baran
Bawdi = Dungarpur
National Lake Conservation Program:
 Start: 2001/ 1 April 2016
 Financial Support: Centre: State = 60 : 40
 Rajasthan Lakes Included in this Program: 6
1. Mansagar (Jaipur)
2. Pushkar (Ajmer)
3. Anasagar (Ajmer)
4. Pichola (Udaipur)
5. Fatehsagar (Udaipur)
6. Nakki Lake (Sirohi)  Mt. Abu
Major Wells/Tubewells in Rajasthan:
 Chaandan Tubewell: "Pot of Thar" (Jaisalmer)
 Battadu Well: " Water fort of Desert " (Barmer)
Baytu – Barmer
Marble formed

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 Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Importance of Lakes:

Salt Water Irrigation Fisheries Groundwater

production conservation Eg. Eg. conservation
Jaisamand - Silisedh
Eg.-Sambhar lake - Anasagar
Freshwater Moti lake
Pachpadra
availability:
Didwana
Ex. Pichola,
Tourism AAnasagar Biodiversity Religious importance
- Nakki Jaisamand - Pushkar
- Mansagar - Kolayat
- Pushkar - Nakki

Fertiliser Production Military training Chemical Production

- Moti Lake(Blue - Kaylana Lake - (Didwana lake) Na2So4
Green Algae)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Water Conservation Techniques

 Water Conservation
 Water Management Techniques
 Other important points
Water Conservation
 Controlling the wastage of water and using water cautiously is called
"water management."
Water Management Techniques

Traditional Techniques Modern Techniques

1. Nadi 1. Dam
2. Toba 2. Canal
3. Bawdi 3. Drip Irrigation Technique
4. Jhalra
5. Khadin
6. Beri / Kui
7. Tanka / Kund
8. Johad
9. Talab
10. Lake

I. Traditional Techniques
1. Nadi:
 A type of pond where rainwater is collected.
 This technique is prevalent in western Rajasthan.
 The first Nadi in Rajasthan was constructed in 1520 AD.
2. Toba:
 It is deeper than Nadi, in which rain water conservation is done.
 The collected water is used for drinking water and limited irrigation.
3. Baori / Bewadi / Step well:
 Baori’s are circular and artistic step-well structures.
 These water wells depend on rainwater.
 Maximum number of Baoris are found in Bundi, which is known as the
"City of Baoris".

26
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Notable (Stepwells) in Rajasthan
1. Navalakha Baori - Dungarpur
2. Lahini Baori - Sirohi
3. Bhoot Baori - Jodhpur (Ransi Village)
4. Anarkali Baori - Bundi
5. Chand Baori - Abhaneri (Dausa)
6. Badi Baori / Choti Baori - Dausa
7. Dudh Baori - Sirohi
8. Trimukhi Baori - Udaipur
9. Rani ki Baori - Bundi
10. Gulab Baori - Bundi
11. Hadi Rani ki Baori - Todaraisingh (Tonk)
12. Nau Manzila Baori - Neemrana (Kotputli-Behror)
4. Jhalra
 A rectangular pond constructed for water harvesting, which receives
water from Lake or Ponds.
 The water is primarily used for religious rituals and bathing, not for
drinking.
Example: Toor Ji Jhalra (Jodhpur)
5.Khadin (Playa)
 Temporary water lakes created in western Rajasthan by Paliwal
Brahmins for water conservation.
 These are mostly found in the northernmost region of Jaisalmer.
6. Beri (Kui)
 Small, circular or shallow pits dug for water storage in western
Rajasthan and along the international border (Jaisalmer, Bikaner).
 They depend on ponds and johads for water supply.
7. Tanka/ Kund
 Primarily built for drinking water in homes or public places, which
collects water from Rain (Palar Water).
 Covered from the top to maintain water purity.
8. Johad
 A natural rainwater harvesting structure created in rural areas by
allowing rainwater to flow downhill and collect in a low-lying area.
 Common in Shekhawati region.
 Also known as "raw water wells."
Note: The revival of the johad system is attributed to Shri Rajendra Singh
(Alwar), known as the "Johad wale Baba," who was awarded the Ramon
Magsaysay Award.

27
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
9. Talab/ Ponds
 Artificial or natural water bodies, ranging from one square meter to
two hectares in size.
 These contain water for at least four months of the year.
Notable Talabs
1. Padam Talab (Ranthambore)
2. Kala Talab (Ranthambore)
3. Sukh Talab (Ranthambore)
4. Jangli Talab (Ranthambore)
5. Sareri Talab (Bhilwara)
6. Khara Talab (Bhilwara)
7. Mandal Talab (Bhilwara) (Rajasthan's largest talab)
Note: Bhilwara district in Rajasthan has the highest number of ponds and
also receives the most irrigation from them.
10. Lake
 A water body formed by rainwater and river basin water, surrounded
by land on all sides.
 Udaipur has the highest number of lakes.
Note: The National Lake Conservation Plan was launched in 2001.
 Six lakes in Rajasthan were included:
1. Fateh Sagar (Udaipur)
2. Pichola (Udaipur)
3. Anasagar (Ajmer)
4. Pushkar (Ajmer)
5. Nakki (Sirohi)
6. Mansagar (Jaipur)
 Funding: Central government: State government (60:40)
Modern Techniques
1. Dam/Barrage Projects:
 Dams are constructed to utilize the excess flowing water for various
purposes like irrigation, drinking water and hydropower.
2. Canals:
 Sri Ganganagar district in Rajasthan has the most extensive canal
network for irrigation.

28
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
3. Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation Techniques:
 This technique is compulsorily used in the Narmada Canal area of
Rajasthan.
 This technique was adopted from Israel.
Important Points:
(a) Major Schemes
(i) Swajal Dhara Yojana (Launched in 2002):
 Central government scheme for providing drinking water to rural areas.
(ii) Jal Swavalamban Yojana (Launched on 27th January 2016):
 Started from Gardan-Khedi (Jhalawar).
 Objectives:
o to improve the water levels of ponds and wells in rural areas.
o Expansion of pastures.
o Increase in agricultural production.

 This scheme was implemented in four phases:

First Phase Second Phase Third Phase Fourth Phase

(27th Jan. 2016) (9th Dec. 2016) (9th Dec. 2017) (3rd Oct. 2018)

(iii) Mukhyamantri Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan 2.0 (Launched in 2024-25):

 Construction of 5,00,000 water conservation structures in 20,000
villages within four years.
 Budget: 11,200 crore rupees
 First Phase (2 years): 349 panchayat samitis (all districts)
o 5,135 villages selected
o Budget: 3,500 crore rupees
 Objectives: Increase groundwater levels, improve water supply in rural
areas, expand green area.
(iv) Jal Jeevan Mission/Har Ghar Jal :-
 Started on : 15 Aug. 2019
 Objectives : To provide domestic tap water connection to every
household by 2024.
To provide 55L water per person.

29
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Economic cooperation : State = Center : State = 50 : 50
North-East state (Center : State) = 90 : 10
UT = 100 % Center
 At present, the period of this mission has been increased till 2028.
Nodal Agency : Ministry of Jal Shakti
(v) Rajiv Gandhi Water Conservation Scheme
 Launched on 20th August 2019
 Objective: Providing drinking water to rural areas, collections &
conservation of rainwater, increasing groundwater levels, and
expanding agricultural land.
 This scheme was implemented in two phases:
1. First Phase: 20th August 2019
2. Second Phase: 22nd March 2023
(vi) Atal Bhujal Yojana (Launched on 1st April 2020):
 Partners: Government of India and World Bank (50:50)
 Duration: For 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25)
 States: Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
Note: In Rajasthan, 38 panchayat samitis of 16 districts were included.
 Objective: To prevent the decline of groundwater levels through
community participation.
 Nodal Department: Groundwater Department
(b) State Water Policy (18th February 2010)
* This policy prioritizes water availability for:
1. Human drinking 2. Livestock drinking
3. Domestic use 4. Agriculture
(c) Groundwater Resource Assessment (2023)
1. Over-exploited: 216
2. Severe/Critical: 23
3. Semi-severe/Semi-critical: 22
4. Safe: 38
5. Saline: 3
 Total: 302

 International Water Day: 22nd March

Theme- 2025 "Glacier Preservation")
 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act: 1974

30
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Soil
1. Meaning of Soil
2. Soil composition
3. Types of Soil
4. Problems of soil
1. Meaning of Soil:

Soil
Subsoil
Large pebble stone
C – Layer
Bedrock / Mother Rock
D –Layer

○ The layer of disintegrated rocks on the earth's upper surface is

called soil.
Note: Pedology is the study of soil.
2. Composition of Soil :

water Air
Organic elements
45%
Minerals

3. Types of Soil:

India Rajasthan
According to

main types Sub Type State Agriculture Scientific

8 27 Department classification
(Total =12 types)
(USDA)
14 5

31
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Note: ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research-1929 (New Delhi)
USDA - United States Department of Agriculture (1862, Washington-DC)

1. Rajasthan Soil Classification

Rajasthan's soils have been classified into 14 categories by the Rajasthan
Agriculture Department:
Soil Type Districts
1. Sie-rozems Sri Ganganagar
2. Riverina Sri Ganganagar
3. Gypsiferous Bikaner
4. Hilly Soil Udaipur, Kota
5. Red Loamy Soil Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh
(Mahi Basin), Southern part of Udaipur
& Chittorgarh
6. Calci Brown Desert Soil Jaisalmer, Bikaner
7. Non- Calci Brown Soil Nagaur, Ajmer, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Jaipur,
Alwar
8. New Brown Soil Ajmer, Bhilwara
9. Gray-Brown Alluvial Soil (Luni Pali, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jalore, Sirohi
Basin)
10. Yellow-Brown Soil (Banas Basin) Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh,
Udaipur, Ajmer, Tonk, Sawai Madhopur
11. Desert Soil Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur,
Shekhawati
12. Desert Sandy Dune Soil Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur
13. New Alluvial Soil Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur,
Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Dausa
14. Black Soil (Medium Deep Black Soil) Hadoti - Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar

Scientific Classification
 The scientific classification of soils was done by the USDA. The
main basis of scientific classification is the “size of the soil
particles”.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 On Scientific basis, the soils of Rajasthan are classified into 5 type.
Entisol

Alfisol
Aridisol

Vertisol
Inceptisol

1. Aridisols:
 This soil is mainly found in western Rajasthan.
 Its distribution is widespread in JBBJ (Jodhpur, Bikaner, Barmer,
Jaisalmer). Also some parts of Shekhawati
 Climate - Arid climate prevails here.
 Suborder – Calciorthids, salorthids, Camborthids, paliorthids.
2. Entisols:
 Entisols are mainly found in the upper western part of Rajasthan
(West of Aravalli).
 Climate – Arid-Semi arid climate
 Suborder - Psamments and fluvents
Note: The most widely found soil in Rajasthan is Entisol, followed by
Aridisols.
3. Alfisols:
 This soil is mainly found in the eastern plains of Rajasthan.
 Climate – Subhumid- humid type climate
 Suborder – Haplu-Stalpus
4. Inceptisols :
 This soil is mainly found in the southern part of Rajasthan.
 Major districts: Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Udaipur (Mewar), Vagad
(Banswara, Pratapgarh, Dungarpur), Pali.
 Climate - Semi-arid and humid type climate
 Suborder - Ustochrepts
5. Vertisols:
 Vertisols are mainly found in the southeastern part of Rajasthan or
the Hadoti region (Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar).
 Climate – Humid-very humid type climate.
 Suborder- Usterts and Aquerts, Chromstarters, Pelyustarters

33
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
General Classification of Rajasthan Soils
1. Sandy Soil:
 Other names: Desert soil, thirsty soil
 Formation: This soil is formed by the erosion of sandstone.
 Extension: This soil is mainly found in western Rajasthan.
 Major Areas: Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jodhpur, and Shekhawati
 Main Crops: Bajra, Gram, Peanuts, pulses
 Soil Characteristics:
o Sandy soil is the most commonly found soil in Rajasthan.
o It contains a high amount of calcium (Ca).
o Due to its coarse particles, it requires frequent irrigation therefore
it is called thirsty soil.
2. Brown-Sandy Soil :
 Formation: by sandstone in Luni basin.
 Distribution: Pali, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jalore, Churu, Sikar, Jhunjhunu
Shekhawati
 Crop Production: Cumin, isabgol, moong, moth, castor, chawla
 Characteristics: This soil contains a high amount of phosphate.
3. Saline Soil:
 Other names: Reh, Kallar, Usar, Khar soil
 Formation: Due to excessive irrigation in dry areas, the salinity
from the land comes upwards by the process of capillary action
and forms a white layer thus this soil is formed.
 Distribution: IGNP (Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner) and
Narmada Canal (Jalore, Barmer)
 Crop Production : pomegranate, sugarcane
 Characteristics: This soil contains high amount of NaCl. It is the
least productive soil.
4. Alluvial Soil:
 Other names: Deltaic soil, Domat, Kacchari soil, (Khadar - New,
Bangar- Old)
 Formation : deposition of sediments by rivers.
 Distribution: Alwar, Bharatpur, Karauli, Dholpur, Tonk, Sawai
Madhopur, Jaipur, Dausa.
 Produced Crops: Mustard, wheat, Rice, Barley, Millet.
 Characteristics:
o Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil.
o It is the most widely found soil in India.
o It contains a high amount of potash.
5. Black Soil:
 Other names: Cotton soil, Regur soil, Self-ploughing soil, Volcanic,
Basalt soil

34
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Formation: Formed by erosion of basalt lava rocks.
 Distribution: Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar (Hadoti region)
 Crop Production: Cotton, soybean, spice crops
 Characteristics:
o Black soil contains a high amount of clay.
o Black soil has the highest water retention capacity.
o This soil contains a high amount of iron, aluminium, and
calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
o Black soil is also called Chernozem and Vertisol.
6. Red-Loamy Soil(Laterite soil):
 Formation: Formed by erosion of metamorphic rocks.
 Distribution: Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh (Vagad) and
southern parts of Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Salumbar.
 Crops: Maize, rice, sugarcane
 Characteristics:
o This soil contains a high amount of iron oxide, which gives it
its red color.
7. Red-Black Soil:
 Formation: Formed from metamorphic and basalt rocks.
 Distribution: Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Jhalawar.
 Produced Crops: Maize, cotton, opium
8. Red-Yellow Soil:
 Distribution: Mewar region (RBCU-Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Chittor,
Udaipur) and Banas Basin (Malpura- Karauli Plain-Ajmer, Tonk,
Sawai Madhopur)
 Produced Crops: Mustard, jowar

Soil Problems

Erosion Sem Salinity Alkalinity Soil degradation

1. Erosion:
 Meaning: The removal of the upper layer of soil by erosion factors
(water & wind) is called erosion.
 Factor of Erosion

Factor Air Rain water River

  
Type  Layer erosion Sheet erosion Gully erosion
  
Max.Western Rajasthan Rajsamand in Chambal
Highest in Rajasthan Sirohi Basin

35
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Note: The main cause of erosion in Rajasthan is wind, while in India

and the world, it is water.

Causes of Erosion Measures to Control Erosion

 Excessive deforestation  Afforestation
 Overgrazing  Expansion of pastures
 Unscientific agriculture  Contour bunding
(Excessive tillage of
Agricultural land)
 Mining  Scientific Agriculture

Note: Erosion is called the " creeping death of the soil" or the "death of
the farmer."
2. Sem/Waterlogging :
 Meaning: Saturation of soil with water, it is called sem.
 Causes: Over-irrigation, water Leakage
 Affected Areas: Hanumangarh-Badapol, Sri Ganganagar
 Measures: Planting of eucalyptus or poplar trees (Indo-Dutch
Program) and use of sprinkler and drip system.
Note: The Indo-Dutch Program is a joint program between India and the
Netherlands (Holland) to address waterlogging issues.
3. Salinity:
 Meaning: Due to excessive irrigation the accumulation of salts on
the surface of the soil by the process of capillarity, thus a white
layer form on the soil.
 Affected Areas: Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jalore,
Sanchore, Barmer
 Measures:
a. Chemical: Gypsum
b. Physical: Leaching
4. Alkalinity:
 Meaning: When the pH of the soil is greater than 8, it is called
alkaline soil.
 Causes: Overuse of chemical fertilizers/manures
 Measures: Green manure of guar and drenched crops, use of gypsum
and rock phosphate fertilizers
5. Soil Degradation:
 Meaning: The Decline of the physical, chemical, and biological

36
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
properties of the soil is called soil degradation.
 Causes: Overuse of chemical fertilizers
 Measures: Use of organic fertilizers
Organic

1st State 1st Districts(Rajasthan) 1st Village

Sikkim Dungarpur Ghati Village (Salumber)

Forestry Programs
1. Desert Afforestation Program
 Initiated: 1977-78 Note :- Desert
development program
 Districts: 10
 Started - 1977-78
 Financial Cooperation: Central: State = 75:25  Centre : State
2. Operation Khejri 75 : 25
 Initiated: 1991  Districts - 16
 Objective: To prevent desertification, Increase forestry.

3. Aravalli Afforestation Scheme (Collaboration with Japan)

 Initiated: 1992-2000
Districts Involved: 10 districts - Alwar, Jaipur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur, Pali,
Sirohi, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Banswara. Ajmer ✗
4. State Forestry Action Plan (1996-2016) – 20 year Program
 Objective: To promote forestry in the state.
5. State forestry and Biodiversity Program –
 Initiated- 2003
 Objectives –
1. To increase forests and Biodiversity
2. Soil and groundwater conservation
3. Poverty alleviation and livelihood programs.

37
 Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Phases

1st Phases(2003-10) 2nd Phases(2011-2022) 3rd Phases (2023)(for

 
next 8 years)
18 Districts 15 Districts 
 13 Districts

Cooperation -JICA Japan (10 Districts + 5 non- 
[JICA- Japan desert Districts) French development
International Cooperation agency
Agency] (Finance-10%(FDA):
30% State)
Note : The non-desert districts (2nd Phase) – Jaipur, Sirohi, Banswara,
Dungarpur, Bhilwara.
6. Harit Rajasthan Program (2009-2014)
 This is a five-year afforestation program.
7. Van Dhan Yojana (State Government)
 Initiated: 12 August 2015
 Objective: To develop people living near forest areas and reduce their
dependency on forests and to create employment opportunities.
8. Van Dhan Vikas Yojana (Central Government)
 Initiated: 14 April 2018
 Objective: To increase the income of tribes through non-timber forest
products.

9. Ghar Ghar Aushadhi Yojana

 Initiated: 1 August 2021 (2021-2026)
 Objective: To improve immunity and promote medicinal plants.
NOTE: Four plants included in this scheme are Tulsi, Ashwagandha, Kalmegh,
and Giloy.
Forest Conservation Awards
Amrita Devi Bishnoi Award
 Initiated: 1994
 Objective: Tree planting, forest conservation, wildlife conservation

38
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

This award is given at three levels

Individual wild life Institutional forest

Individual forest conservation protection and
conservation management

 50,000/- 
50,000/- 1. Satnam Singh (2018) 1 Lakh
1. Om Singh Rajawat 2. Gajendra Singh 1. Wonder Cement
(2018) Company – R.K.
2. Narayan Lal Kumawat Manjhi (2020)
(2019) 3. Padam Singh Rathore Nagar,
3. Shyam Sundar Paliwal (2021) Chittorgarh(2018)
(2020) 4. Mohit Sharma & 2. Manav Seva
4. Abhilasha & Bacchu Divya Sharma Sansthan,
Singh Verma (2021) (2022) Hanumangarh(2018)
5. Pawan Kumar Jain 3. Van Suraksha &
(2022) Prabandhan Samiti,
Udaipur
(Patiya)(2018)
4. Van Suraksha &
Prabandhan Samiti,
Sati Ki Chori, Udaipur
(2020)
Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra Award
 Initiated: 1986
 Objective: This award is given by the Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Government of India, to individuals and institutions who have
made outstanding and exemplary contributions in the field of
afforestation and wasteland development.
 Amount: ₹2,50,000

Rajiv Gandhi Environmental Conservation Award

 Initiated: 2012 (5 June)
 Levels: This award is given at three levels:

2) Individual: ₹2lakh 1) Civic body/Urban 3) Institution: ₹5 lakh

+ silver lotus local body: ₹3 lakh + silver lotus
+ silver lotus

39
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Kailash Sankhla Wildlife Conservation Award
 Started : 2010
 Amount: ₹50,000 (for wildlife conservation)
Note :- Kailash Sankhla is known as tiger man of India.
Vanpalak Puraskar
 This award is given to forest guards and other forest department
employees.
Forest and Wildlife Conservation Acts and Projects
 Wildlife Conservation Act: 1972
 Tiger Conservation Project: 1973
 Crocodile Conservation Project: 1975
 Forest Conservation Act: 1980 (Amended in 1988)
 Environmental Protection Act: 1986
 Project Elephant/ Elephant conservation project: 1992
 Bio-Diversity Conservation Act:2002 (Rules : 2010) Biodiversity Board : 2010
 Godawan Conservation Project - 2013
NOTE: The Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board was established on 14
September 2010 in Jaipur.

Major Days
 14th to 31st January: Wildlife Week
 2 Feb.- world Wetlands day
 21 March- World Forestry Day
 22 March- Water Day
 22 April- Earth Day
 22 May- Biodiversity Day
 5 June- World Environment Day
 July 1 to 7- Van Mahotsav and Van Saptah (Forest Festival and Forest
Week) [State van Mahotsav in Raj. – 12 Sept.]
 September 16- Ozone Day
 October 1 to 7 / 2 to 8 - Wildlife Week

40
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Theme: 2025
 February 2: Protecting Wetland for our Common Future
 March 21: Forests & Food
 March 22: Glacier Preservation
 April 22: Our Earth Our Planet
 May 22: Harmony with Nature and Sustainable Development
 June 5: Combating Plastic Pollution
 September 16: (Update after release)

41
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation in

Rajasthan
 Ecological systems
 Environmental challenges in Rajasthan
 Wildlife / ecological conservation.
Ecological Systems
 Rajasthan is divided into 4 ecological systems:
1) Desert Ecosystem
2) Aravalli Ecosystem
3) Eastern Plains Ecosystem
4) Hadoti Ecosystem
1. Desert Ecosystem
 Located in the northwest part of Rajasthan.
 Vegetation: This ecosystem has xerophytes or thorny plants, such as
cactus, thorny shrubs, danda thor (a type of desert plant).
 Wildlife: Desert fox(Barmer), godawan(Great Indian
bustard)(Jaisalmer), chinkara (Indian gazelle)(Ganganagar),
kurja(Jodhpur), small kilkila (a type of bird), blackbuck (Churu).
 Imp. – less biodiversity is found here due to low rainfall and vegetation
density.

2. Aravalli Ecosystem
 This extends from south-west to north-east in Rajasthan.
 Vegetation: Subtropical evergreen, tropical dhok, tropical dry deciduous.
Ex. – Ambartari, Salar/sal, khair, palash.
 Wildlife: Kabr bijju (Palm Civet), wolves ( Rajsamand), kharmor
(Ajmer), Wild cock(Sirohi), cheetal (Jaipur), sambhar (Alwar),
rabbit(Dausa).

Note: This ecosystem has the highest biodiversity due to its dense
vegetation.

3. Eastern Plains Ecosystem

 This ecosystem is located to the east of the Aravalli Range.

42
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 This ecosystem has tropical dry monsoon vegetation(Deciduous), such as
sal, teak, sisam, Palash, Khair.
 Wildlife: This ecosystem has high avian biodiversity(Ex.- 1. Keoladeo –
heaven of birds 2. Bandh Baretha – House/Nest of birds), such as:
o Jalpipi (Bronze winged jacana)- Banswara
o Janghil(Painted stork)- Dungarpur
o Sarus(Siberian crane) - Bharatpur
o Peacock - Bhilwara
o Swan - Tonk
o Indian Skimmer (Panchida) – Dholpur

4. Hadoti Ecosystem
 This ecosystem is located in the southeastern region of Rajasthan
(Plateau region).
 This ecosystem has teak forests.
 Wildlife: This ecosystem has high aquatic biodiversity, such as:
o Alligator (Karauli), crocodile (Baran), gangetic dolphin, udbilav
(Otter) (Kota), Golden Pheasant (Bundi).
 Vegetation: teak, gulhar, mahua, tendu.
 Characteristics :
- Highest rainfall in this ecosystem that’s why the availability of
surface water is high

Note : Aquatic biodiversity is mostly found in this ecological system.

43
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Environmental Problems/Challenges in Rajasthan
Challenges (50 words)
 In Rajasthan, there are fewer wildlife species compared to its area.
Reasons:
Anthropogenic Climate/Environmental
1. Increasing population and 1. Scanty rainfall in Rajasthan
Livestock.
2. Deforestation 2. Shortage of surface and groundwater

3. Increasing urbanization 3. Less density of natural vegetation

and industrialization
4. Increasing conflict between 4. Increasing desertification
human & wildlife
5. Intense mining in the 5. Increasing conflict between wildlife
Aravali region
6. Poaching

Wildlife/Ecological Conservation
After Assam, Rajasthan is the second largest state in India for wildlife.
Rajasthan was known as the "hunters' paradise" before independence. After
independence, due to unregulated cutting of trees and illegal hunting, both
the central and state governments have been working together to conserve
forests and wildlife.

44
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Wildlife can be conserved in two ways
1) In-situ Conservation: Conserving 2) Ex-situ Conservation: Conserving
wildlife in their natural habitat. wildlife outside their natural
o National parks (3) habitat.
o Wildlife sanctuaries(26) o Zoological parks
o Tiger conservation o Botanical gardens
project(5) o Animal gene bank and
o Ramsar sites(2) aquarium
o Conservation reserves(37)
o Hunting prohibited areas
(33)
o Biosphere reserves

In-situ Conservation
 National Parks : Rajasthan has three national parks, which are:
a) Ranthambore National Park (1980)
b) Keoladeo National Park/Ghana Bird National Park (1981)
c) Mukundra Hills National Park (2012)
a. Ranthambore National Park:(1980)
 Located in Sawai Madhopur.
 Area: 282.03 km²
 Rajasthan's first national park also known as the "Land/house of tigers."
 Rajasthan's first tiger project, known for its tigers like Machli/T-16, T-
24(Krishna).
 Listed in national tiger project since 1974
 Famous for the Trinetra Ganesh temple, Jogimahal, and Kukkur Ghatti
(Dog Valley).
 Dhok trees are mostly found.
 Ponds(Situated in Ranthambore): Kala Talab, Jungli Talab, Sukh Talab.
b. Keoladeo National Park/Ghana Bird National Park (1981):
 Located in Bharatpur.
 Area: 28.73 km²
 UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985), the only natural heritage site in
Rajasthan.
 Siberian cranes visit here during the winter.
 Known as the "bird's paradise/heaven of birds."
45
 Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Included in the Ramsar List in 1981.
 Cultural site : Keoladeo temple (Lord shiva) is located in this national
park.
 Dr. Salim Ali's workplace.
 Ajan Dam is located in this sanctuary.
 In this national park “Aincha grass” is found in abundance.
c. Mukundra Hills National Park (2012):
 Extension – Kota & Chittorgarh.
 Rajasthan's latest national park.
 Rajasthan's largest national park, covering 297.62 square kilometers.
 Famous for its Gagroni parrots and tigers.
 Rajasthan's third tiger project(2013).
 Vegetation - Teak Forest.
 Cultural site – Abli-meeni palace/Mahal.

Note – Mukundra

National park Hills Tiger Project Darrah

   
Kota & Chittorgarh Kota & Jhalawar Kota, Bundi, Kota & Jhalawar
Jhalawar &
Chittor
B. Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan (26 - Forest Department) (27 – Eco.
Survey)
Largest Smallest
1. National Desert Park- Jaisalmer, 1. Sariska-A (3 km²)
Barmer(3162 km²)
2. Kailadevi Sanctuary – S.Madhopur, 2. Sajjangarh Sanctuary (5 km²)
Karauli(677 km²)
3. Kumbhalgarh Sanctuary – Udaipur, 3. Tal Chappar Sanctuary(7 km2)
Pali (611 km²)

46
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Prominent Sanctuaries
Name Location Year Features
Ramsagar Dholpur 1955
Van Vihar Dholpur 1955
Kesarbagh Dholpur 1955
Sariska Alwar 1955 Second tiger project
in Rajasthan-1978.
Pandupole,
bhritarhari temple,
Neelkanth Mahadev
& Narayani mata
Temple
Wildlife-Peacock,
Green pigeon
Sariska-A Alwar 2012 Smallest sanctuary
of Rajasthan.
Total area- 3 km2
Sawai Madhopur Sawai Madhopur 1955
Jaisamand Salumbar 1955 "Colony of aquatic
animals." –
because of great
aquatic biodiversity
Darra Kota, Jhalawar 1955 Gagroni parrots
Tal Chappar Churu 1962 Known for Black
buck and Kurja
bird.
Historical site :
Guru Dronacharya
Ashram located
here.
Vegetation :
Mochiya grass.
Kumbhalgarh Udaipur, Pali and 1971 Known for wolves
Rajsamand and the Ranakpur
Jain temple.

47
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Name Location Year Features
Jawahar Sagar Bundi, Kota, 1975 Famous for
Chittorgarh alligators.
Part of Mukundra
tiger project.
Chambal river flows
through this
sanctuary.
Garadiya Mahadev
Temple and
Geparnath temple.
National Chambal Dholpur, Karauli, 1979 Famous for
Alligator sanctuary Sawai Madhopur, crocodiles,
Bundi, Kota alligators, and
dolphins.
Extended in
maximum districts
Sitamata Wildlife Pratapgarh, 1979 High biodiversity,
Sanctuary Chittorgarh, unique ecosystem,
Salumbar Flying Squirrel,
leopards,
porcupines
pangolin, deer, four
horned
antelope(Land of
Cheetals)
Vegetation – Teak
forest, medicinal
plants.
Jakham, Karmoi &
Naleshwar rivers &
luv-kush water fall
is located.
Nahargarh Jaipur 1980 Being developed as
an exotic park, lion
safari, Developed as
biological park
- Jaipur Zoo
(Ramnivas Zoo)

48
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Name Location Year Features
Rajasthan’s 3rd
biological park.
Bear rescue centre.
National Desert Jaisalmer, Barmer 1980 Largest sanctuary
park in Rajasthan, Sevan
(3162 km2)
grass, Godawan,
Chinkara,
Xerophyte plants,
Akalwood fossil
park, Breeding
centre of Godawan.
Ramgarh-Vishdhari Bundi 1982 Kanak Sagar Lake
(Dugari Dam), 4th
tiger project of
state, Pythons are
found here, Mej
river flows here,
sandal wood trees.
Also known as :
land of pythons,
Delivery house of
tigress.
Jamwaramgarh Jaipur 1982 Dhok trees, Jamvay
Mata Temple
Ravali-Todgarh Rajsamand, Pali, 1983
Sanctuary Beawar
Phulwari Ki Nal Udaipur(Kotra) 1983 Som, Mansi, Wakal
rivers.
Bhainsrodgarh Chittorgarh 1983 Chambal and
Brahmani rivers,
Famous for
alligators.
Shergarh Baran 1983 Snakes, tigers,
Parvan River,
Shergarh Fort, also
known as shelter
land of snakes.

49
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Name Location Year Features
Kailadevi Karauli, Sawai 1983 High density of
Madhopur dhok trees.
2nd largest
sanctuary of
Rajasthan. (677
km2)
Part of
Ranthambore tiger
project.
Sawai Man Singh Sawai Madhopur 1984
Bandh Baretha Bharatpur 1985 "Home of birds",
Kukund river,
Bandh Baretha
(dam/Lake)is
located here.
Sajjangarh Udaipur 1987 First biological
park, second
smallest sanctuary
in Rajasthan,
presently Udaipur
Zoo is situated
here.
Bassi Chittorgarh 1988 Jaleshwar Mahadev
Temple

Mount Abu Sirohi 2008 Dicliptera abuensis

(Ambartari),
famous for
Wildchicken

50
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

C. Tiger Projects in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has 5 tiger projects:
Name Location Year Area (km²) Notable
Established Features
Ranthambore Sawai 1974 1530.23 Ranthambore
Madhopur, National Park,
Karauli, Bundi, Sawai
Tonk Madhopur
Sanctuary,
Kailadevi
National Park,
National
Chambal
Sanctuary
Sariska Alwar, Jaipur, 1978 1213.34 Sariska
Kotputli-Behror Sanctuary,
Jamwaramgarh
Sanctuary
Mukundra Tiger Kota, Bundi, 2013 1135.78 Mukundra Hills
Reserve Jhalawar, National Park,
Chittorgarh Darra
Sanctuary,
Chambal
Sanctuary,
Jawahar Sagar
Sanctuary
Ramgarh- Bundi, Kota 2021 1496.49
Vishadhari (Forest Dep.)
Dholpur-Karauli Dholpur-Karauli 2023 599.64

Note :- Recently principle approval is given to ‘Kumbhalgarh’

D. Ramsar Sites:
 Rajasthan has two Ramsar sites:
1. Keoladeo (1981) - Siberian cranes
2. Sambhar (1990) - Kurja and flamingos

51
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
E. Conservation Reserves:
 Rajasthan has a total of 37 conservation reserves:
 Jodbeed Gadhwala → Bikaner
 Jawai Bandh Leopard-I → Pali
 Jawai Bandh Leopard-II → Pali
 Beed → Jhunjhunu
 Bassiyal Khetdi → Jhunjhunu
 Bassiyal - Khetri Bagor → Jhunjhunu
 Mansa Mata → Jhunjhunu
 Bisalpur → Tonk
 Sundha Mata → Jalore, Sirohi
 Shakambhari → Sikar, Jhunjhunu
 Gogelaav → Nagaur
 Rotu → Nagaur
 Gudha Vishnoiyan → Jodhpur
 Ummedganj Pakshi vihar Conservation reserve → Kota
 Sahabad Conservation reserve → Baran ( Largest in the state)
 Beed Ghaas Fuliya Khurd → Bhilwara
 Baghdarra Crocodile Conservation reserve → Udaipur
 Rankhar → Jalore
 Shahbad – Talhati → Baran
 Jhalana-Aamagarh → Jaipur
 Wadakheda→ Sirohi
 Ramgarh - Kunji - Sunavas → Baran
 Kharmor → Ajmer
 Kurja (Khichan) → Phalodi
 Hamirgarh → Bhilwara
 Banjh Amli → Baran
 Sorsan - I → Baran
 Sorsan - II → Baran
 Sorsan - III → Baran
 Mahseer→ Udaipur
 Beed Fatehpur→ Sikar
 Beed Muhana - A→ Jaipur

52
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Beed Muhana - B→ Jaipur (Smallest)
 Amrakh Mahadev Leopard Conservation Reserve→ Udaipur
 Baleshwar → Sikar(largest)
 Ganga Bhairav Ghati → Ajmer
 Aasop conservation Reserve → Bhilwara (Latest)

F. Hunting Prohibited Areas (Total 33 in Rajasthan)

 Largest: Kotsar Samvatsar (Churu, Bikaner)
 Smallest: Kanak Sagar (Bundi)
 Others:
o Jodhpur: Doli, Guda Vishnoiyan
o Bikaner: Jodbeed, Mukam, Bajju, Deshnok
o Ajmer: Sokhaliya, Tilora
o Jaipur: Santhal, Mahla
o Jaisalmer – Ramdevra
o Nagaur – Rotu
o Pali – Jawai Bandh
II. Ex-situ Conservation:
A. Rajasthan has 5 zoo
i. Jaipur Zoo :
 Rajasthan's first Zoo.
 Established by Ram Singh II (1876) in Ram Niwas Bagh.
 Currently shifted to Nahargarh Sanctuary.
 Alligator breeding centre is located here.
ii. Udaipur Zoo :
 Established in 1878 in Gulab Bagh (Udaipur).
 Rajasthan's second zoo.
 Currently shifted to Sajjangarh Biological Park.
iii. Bikaner Zoo : Established in 1922.
 Shifted in Marudhara
iv. Jodhpur Zoo : Established in 1936.
 Pakshishala and godawan breeding center located here.

53
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Shifted in Machiys Safari
v. Kota Zoo : Established in 1954.
 Shifted in Abheda
B. Deer Parks: Rajasthan has 7 deer parks.
1. Ashok: Jaipur
2. Sanjay: Jaipur
3. Amrita Devi: Jodhpur
4. Machia Safari: Jodhpur
5. Pushkar: Ajmer
6. Sajjangarh: Udaipur
7. Durg: Chittorgarh
 District Mascots of Rajasthan
District Mascot
1. Ajmer - Kharmor Bird
2. Bhilwara - Peacock
3. Alwar - Sambar Deer
4. Banswara - Bronze Winged Jacana(jalpipi)
5. Baran - Indian Crocodile
6. Barmer - Fox
7. Bikaner - Batwad Teetar/Sand grouse
8. Bharatpur - Siberian Crane
9. Bundi - Golden Pheasant(Surkhab)
10. Chittorgarh - Four horned antelope (Chausingha)
11. Churu - Blackbuck
12. Jhunjhunu - Black pheasant(Kala teetar)
13. Dausa - Rabbit
14. Dholpur - Panchira (Indian Screamer)
15. Dungarpur - Painted Stork (Jhanghil)
16. Hanumangarh - Chhota Kilkila (King Fisher)
17. Jaisalmer - Godawan(great Indian bustard)
18. Jalore - Bear
19. Jhalawar - Gagroni Parrot
20. Jodhpur - Kurja Bird
21. Karauli – Alligator
22. Kota - Otters (Udbilao)
23. Nagaur - Flamingo(Rajhans)
24. Tonk - Swan (hans)
25. Pali - Leopard
26. Pratapgarh - Flying Squirrel
27. Rajsamand - Wolf
28.Sawai Madhopur - Tiger

54
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
29. Sri Ganganagar - Chinkara
30. Sikar - Shahin (Hawk)
31. Udaipur - Tomb Brock(Kabr bijju)
32. Sirohi - Wild Chicken
33. Jaipur - Cheetal (Spotted Deer)

Main Wildlife:
1. Chinkara:
 Declared as the state animal of Rajasthan in 1981.
 Scientific name: Gazella Gazella
 Nahargarh Sanctuary and National Desert Park are known for Chinkara.

2. Godawan:
 Declared as the state bird of Rajasthan in 1981.
 Scientific name: Ardeotis nigriceps.
 Also known as "Great Indian Bustard" or "Son Chidiya".
 Mainly Found in Jaisalmer (Desert Park), Ajmer (Sankhaliya), and Sorsen.
(Baran).
 Godawan Breeding Centre is located in Jaisalmer (Sam & Ramdevra),
Jodhpur, and Baran (Sorsen).
 It is a threatened species.
 Hatching Centre (Artificial breeding centre) - Ramdevra (Jaisalmer).
 Godawan Conservation Act-2014, passed for its protection.

55
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Industries
 General Introduction
 Classification of Industries
 Industrial Development
 Other Important Facts
A. General Introduction
 Industries are a part of Secondary sector in economy.
 Rajasthan is considered a backward state in terms of industrial
development due to:
o Harsh climatic conditions in Rajasthan.
o Underdeveloped basic infrastructure.
o Low investment in the industrial sector.
o Lack of skilled workers.
In Rajasthan State

Industrial Maximum Maximum Macro Industries

city Industries 
  Alwar
Kota Jaipur

B. Classification of Industries
Classification of Industries (Based on)

Size Manufacturing Ownership

1. Based on Size
 Industries are classified into three categories based on capital and
turnover:
Industry Capital/Investment Turnover
Micro 1 crore 5 crore
Small 1-10 crore 5-50 crore
Medium 10-50 crore 50-250 crore

56
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Note : Implemented from 1 July, 2020

 Cottage Industries: Low-tech industries whose primary goal is

livelihood rather than profit.

2. Based on Manufacturing

 On the basis of manufacturing the industries are divided according to

the raw material.

On the basis of Manufacturing

Agro-based Forest products based Engineering

Industry Industry /technology industry
Mineral based industry Chemical Fertilizer industry

1. Agro-based Industries
1. Cotton Industry
2. Sugar Industry
3. Wool Industry
4. Vegetable Oil and Mustard Oil Industry
5. Dairy Industry
6. Biodiesel
7. Olive Oil Industry
1. Cotton Textile Industry (Raw Material - Cotton)
 First cotton mill in Rajasthan : The Krishna Cotton Mill
Established: 1889 (Beawar, Ajmer)
 Founder: Seth Damodar Das Rathi and Colonel Dixon
Public sector cotton textile mills

1. Edward (Beawar, 1906)

2. Vijayanagar (Beawar)
3. Mahalakshmi (Beawar, 1925)

57
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Rajasthan's Cooperative Sector Cotton Mills
Rajasthan State Co-0perative spinning mills, Gulabpura (Bhilwara-1965)
Gangapur co-operative spinning mill, Bhilwara-1981
Sri Ganganagar co-operative spinning mill, Hanumangarh – 1978
Gulabpura spinning & Ginning Co-operative mill - Bhilwara
Note :- Rajasthan State Cooperative Spinning and Ginning Mills
Federation Ltd. (SPINFED)
o Established: April 1, 1993
o This is a federation of cooperative cotton textile mills of
Rajasthan.
Other Important Facts
 The cotton textile industry is the largest agriculture-based industry.
 It is a traditional industry.
 Women are predominantly employed in this industry.
 Maharaja Umaid Mills Limited (Pali)
o Established: 1939 (Largest textile mill in Rajasthan)
Note: Bhilwara is known as the "Manchester of Rajasthan", "Textile
City".
 Rising textile city  Bhiwadi (Khairthal Tijara)

2. Sugar Industry (Raw Material - Sugarcane and Beetroot)

Sugar Mills in Rajasthan

Mewar Sugar mill Udaipur sugar mill Ganganagar sugar Keshoraipatan

Bhopalsagar-1932 (1976) mill (1937) sugar mill,1965-Bundi
(Chittor) Udaipur - Sri Ganganagar First- co-operative
- First private first- Public sugar sugar mill in
- Sugar mill mill(1956) Rajasthan

Note: Ganganagar Sugar Mill is the only sugar mill in Rajasthan that
produced sugar from both sugarcane and beetroot in 1968. It is currently
closed, but its assets are being utilized for other ventures:
 Indigenous liquor manufacturing
 Heritage liquor manufacturing (Jaipur)

58
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 High-tech precision glass factory (Dholpur)
 Sanitizer manufacturing
 Sugar industry is also traditional industry.
 2nd largest agro based industry.

3. Wool Industry
 Highest wool production in India(2023-24)-1st Rajasthan(45.94%)
2nd – J & K (25.24%)
 Highest wool production in Rajasthan: Jodhpur.
Major Wool Industries
1. Central Wool Board – Jodhpur (1987)
2. Largest wool market in Rajasthan: Bikaner
3. Wool Testing Laboratory: Bikaner
4. State Wool Mill: Bikaner
5. Wool Training Centre: Jaipur
6. Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute: Avikanagar (Tonk)
7. Worsted Spinning Mills: Ladnun (Didwana-Kuchaman) and Churu
Note : - Wool complex in Rajasthan
a. Khara – Bikaner
b. Beawar
c. Narbad Kheda Beawar
d. Gohna

4. Vegetable Ghee and Mustard Oil Industry

 First vegetable ghee factory in Rajasthan: Bhilwara (established 1964)
 Highest vegetable ghee production: Jaipur
 Highest mustard oil production: Jaipur
 Major mustard oil factories:
o Chambal - Jaipur
o Veer Balak - Jaipur
o Netaji - Jaipur
o Engine Mark – Bharatpur
5. Dairy Industry
 The dairy industry has witnessed significant development in
Rajasthan, particularly in Jaipur.

59
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Rajasthan State Dairy Development Corporation (RSDDC)
o Established: 1975 (Jaipur)
o With the assistance of the World Bank
 Three-tier structure for dairy development:
o State level: RCDF (Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation)- 1977
o District level: District Cooperative Milk Union – number  24
o Village level: Primary Cooperative Milk societies – 18781 (According
to economic review 2023-24)
 RCDF (Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation)
o Replaced RSDDC in 1977(APEX)
o HQ - Jaipur
Note: Major dairy units in Rajasthan:
 Rajasthan's first dairy: Padma (Ajmer), 1938
 Warmul (WRMUL): Western Rajasthan Milk Union Ltd. (Jodhpur)
 Urmul (URMUL): Uttari Rajasthan Milk Union Ltd. (Bikaner)
 Gangmul: Ganganagar Milk Union Ltd., Hanumangarh
 Camel Milk Dairy:
o Ist - Bikaner, 2009 (Jodbeed)
o 2nd - Jaisalmer, 2021 (Pokhran)
 Metro Dairy: Govindgarh (Jaipur Rural) - Capacity: 11 lakh liters
 Camel milk marketing center established in Jaipur. Capacity: 21000
liters/day
6. Biodiesel
 Raw Material: Jatropha, Karanj.
 Biodiesel Refinery: Kaladawas (Udaipur)
 Biodiesel Plant: Jhamar Kotra (Udaipur)
7. Olive Oil
 Raw Material: Olives
 Olive Refinery: Lunkaransar (Bikaner)
 Note: An olive oil plant has been established in Jaipur Rural (Bassi)
(Cooperation – Israel).
II. Mineral-based Industries
 Cement Industry
 Glass Industry

60
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Salt Industry
 Marble Industry
 Granite industry
 Mica industry
1. Cement Industry
 Raw Materials: Limestone, gypsum, and silica
 First cement factory: ACC (Associated Cement Company)
Location: Lakheri (Bundi)
 Established: 1915 (Production: 1917) (Cooperation – Killick Nixon)
White Cement Factories:
 J.K. White Cement Factory: Gotan (Nagaur) 1984
 J.K. White Cement Factory: Mangrol (Chittorgarh)
 Birla White Cement Factory: Khariya Khangar (Jodhpur)
Major Cement Units
 J.K. Cement Factory: Nimbahera (Chittorgarh)
 J.K. Laxmi Cement Factory (Sirohi)
 Binani Cement Factory: Pindwara (Sirohi)
 Grasim Cement Factory : (Kotputli - Behror)
 Bangar Cement Factory : (Pali)
 Associated Cement Factory : Lakheri (Bundi)
 UltraTech Cement Factory: (Chittorgarh)
 Chetak Cement Factory: (Chittorgarh)
 Lafarge Cement Factory: (Chittorgarh)
 Wonder Cement Factory : (Chittorgarh)
 Shri Cement Factory: Shri Ganganagar, Jhunjhunu, Beawar
 Shri Ram Cement Factory: Shri Ram Nagar (Kota)
 Mangalam Cement Factory: Modak (Kota)
 Jaipur Cement Factory: Sawai Madhopur
 Ambuja Cement Factory: Rabdiawaas (Beawar)  previously in Pali,
Mundwa-Marwar (Nagaur)
Note :- In Rajasthan Cement is mostly produced in Chittorgarh
(Nimbahera).

61
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
2. Glass Industry
 Raw materials: Silica sand, sodium sulfate, soda ash
 Rajasthan has witnessed significant development in the glass industry,
especially in Dholpur and Alwar.
Major Glass Factories

Dholpur : Kota : Alwar :

 High-tech  Semcor Glass  Operated by France
precision Factory  Saint Gobain Glass
glass factory (Aid : South Factory (Bhiwadi,
 Dholpur glass Korea) Khairthal-Tijara)
factory

3. Salt Industry - Major sources – Brine water lakes and oceans

 The salt industry is primarily based on Brine water lakes in Rajasthan.
Salt Industries
 Sambhar Lake (Operated by Hindustan Salt Ltd.) – Maximum salt HSL = 60%
production SSL = 40%
 Pachpadra (Balotra) – best quality salt
 Didwana – Worst quality salt
4. Marble Industry
 Rajasthan ranks first in marble production in India.
 Rajsamand has the highest marble production. (Max. processing units)
 Kishangarh (Ajmer) is the largest marble market centre.
 Rajasthan's white marble (Makrana, Didwana, Kuchaman) is famous
worldwide.
5. Granite Industry
 Granite production is highest in Jalore, Barmer and Sirohi regions of
Rajasthan.
 Jalore is known as the "Granite City" of Rajasthan.
6. Mica Industry
 Maximum production  Bhilwara

62
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Mica brick factory  Bhilwara
 Bhilwara is also known as the "Mica City".
 Uses of Mica: Mica is used in the production of electronic devices.

III. Forest-based Industries

Products Tree Area
Ornamented furniture Sagwan/Rohita Barmer & Jodhpur
Edible Gum (Gond) Kumah tree Chohatan, Barmer
Tussar silk Mulberry Udaipur, Banswara,
(Program – 1980) Kota
Bidi Tendu leaves Ajmer, Bhilwara,
Tonk(Mayur Bidi)
Katha Kher Udaipur, Chittorgarh
Medicine & Liquor Mahua Dungarpur, Banswara

IV. Engineering or Technical Industries

 In Rajasthan it is mainly developed in Jaipur, Alwar and Kota

Industry Product Location

National Engineering Ball and bearing
Company
Jaipur

Jaipur Metals Electricity meters Jaipur

Capstan Meters Water meters Jaipur, Pali
Rajasthan State TV Jaipur
Electronics Corporation
Man Industries Iron doors and tower Jaipur
construction
REIL (Raj. Electronics & Renewable energy Jaipur (Kanakpura)
Instruments Ltd.) equipments
Hero Moto Corps Motorcycle Jaipur (Kukas)

63
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Industry Product Location

Kotputli-Behror
(Neemrana)
Cable Industries Cables Kota
Instrumentation Instruments/machines Kota
J&K Electronics TV Kota
Fluorspar Plant Mixes with iron to Dungarpur
make alloys
CIMMCO(Central India Railway carriages Bharatpur
Machinery
Manufacturing
Company Ltd.) Wagon
Factory (1957)

V. Chemical Fertilizer Industries

● Chambal Fertilizers and Chemicals: Gadhepan (Kota)
● National Chemicals and Fertilizers (DAP - Diammonium Phosphate):
Kapasan (Chittorgarh)
● Rajasthan State Chemical Works: Didwana - 1964
● Pyrites-Phosphates and Chemicals Limited: Saladipura (Sikar)

On the basis of ownership

Private Sector Public Sector Cooperative Sector

Industries Industries Industries
(Owned by (Private + Government)
Government)

Public Industry
1. Centre government undertakings – 7
2. State government undertakings – 23
- Statutory boards-6
- Companies Act -17

64
Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
1. Centre Government undertaking-
Khetri (Neem ka thana)
Hindustan Copper
Limited (1967)

Jhunjhunu Hindustan Salt

Limited Jaipur-1964
Hindustan Machine Ajmer Jaipur
Tools (HMT)
Modern
Kota Bakery(Privatization)
-1964
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
Hindustan Zinc
Limited, Debari, 1978
Udaipur (1966)
Instrumentation
Limited -1964

II. Undertakings of the State Government

A. Statutory Boards - 6
 Rajasthan Financial Corporation: 1955
 Rajasthan State Agriculture Warehousing Corporation: 1957
 Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC): 1 oct,1964
 Rajasthan Housing Board: 1970
 Rajasthan State Agricultural Marketing Board: 1974
 Rajasthan State Land Development Corporation: 1975
B. Companies Act - 17
 There are 17 undertakings operating under the Companies Act in
Rajasthan, out of which the prominent ones are:
1. RSMML - Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd. (30 Oct. 1974) -
Udaipur
2. State Electricity Distribution Corporation - Jodhpur, Ajmer, Jaipur
Industrial development :

Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial

Policies Park & Corridor Development Development
Complex Institute Schemes

Special Industrial
Economic Investment
Zones program
(SEZ)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

I. Industrial Policies in Rajasthan

General Policies
● 1978
● 1991
● 1994
● 1998
● 2010
● 1 July 2019 (Latest Industrial Policy)
● Textile & Apparel Policy – April 2025
MSME Policy (Micro Small Medium Enterprises Policy)
1st - 20 November, 2015
2nd - 17 September, 2022
3rd – 4 December, 2024
Handicraft Policy
● 17 September 2022
II. Special Economic Zone (SEZ) - Implementation – RIICO (Rajasthan
State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Ltd.)
 Maximum SEZ in Rajasthan is in Jaipur.
Major SEZs
SEZ Related Sector District/Location
Boranada SEZ Guar Gum, Handicrafts Jodhpur (Mansarovar)
Sitapura SEZ Gems & Jewellery Jaipur
Mahindra SEZ IT, Automobile, Jaipur (Kalwara)
Handicrafts
Somani SEZ Hardware & Software Khairthal-Tijara
(Bhiwadi)
RNB SEZ Textiles Bikaner
Vatika SEZ (Proposed) IT Jaipur

III. Industrial Parks and Complexes

1. Japanese Park (JETRO): 1st - Neemrana (Kotputli-Behror),
2nd – Ghiloth (Kotputli-Behror)
o JETRO - Japan External Trade Organization

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
2. Korean Park (KOTRA): Ghiloth (Kotputli-Behror)
o KOTRA - Korea Trade Investment Promotion Agency
3. Ceramic Zone: Ghiloth (Kotputli – Behror)
4. Agro Food Park (State Government): Sri Ganganagar, Jodhpur, Kota,
Alwar
5. Mega Food Park (Central Government): Rupangarh (Ajmer) 2018
o Proposed: Mathania (Jodhpur), Palana (Bikaner)
6. Information Technology Park (IT Park): Jaipur, Kota, Udaipur, Jodhpur
7. Spice Park: Mathania,( Jodhpur), Ramganj Mandi,( Kota)
8. Apparel Park / Garment Park: Jagatpura (Mahal Road), Jaipur
9. Stone Park: Nimbaheda(Chittorgarh), Bundi.
10. Software Park: Kanakpura (Jaipur)
11. Floral Park: Khushkhera (Khairthal-Tijara)
12. Hosiery Park: Chaupanki (Khairthal-Tijara)
13. EPIP - Export Promotion Industrial Park: Sitapura- Jaipur (It is India's
first Export Promotion Industrial Park -1997), Boranada (Jodhpur),
Neemrana (Kotputli-Behrod)
14. Toy Park : Kota
15. Pharma Park : DMIC
16. MEDTech medical devices Park : Boranada (Jodhpur)
17. Integrated Resource Recovery Park : Jaipur
 Proposed Park (Budget - 2025-26): Agro Food Park – Sanchore(Jalore)
Mini Agro Park : Anupgarh,
Shriganganagar
Complexes:
1. Woolen Complexes: Khara (Bikaner), Gohana and Narbadkheda
(Beawar)
2. Ceramic Complexes: Khara (Bikaner)
3. Leather Complexes: Manpura Machedi (Jaipur)
4. Petro-chemical Complexes: Balotra (Pachpadra)

IV. Industrial Investment Programs

1. Resurgent Rajasthan: 2008 (1st), November 2015 (2nd)
2. Invest Rajasthan Summit: 2022 (7-8 Oct, 2022)
3. Rising Rajasthan Global Investment Summit: 2024 (9-10-11 December)
o Theme : Replete – Responsible – Ready (R3)
o Objective : Making Raj. $350 billion economy in next 5 years.
o Conduct : JECC (Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre)
 Among all these programs, the highest investment has been in the
energy sector.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Note: The nodal agency responsible for organizing investment programs is
BIP (Bureau of Investment Promotion), established in 1991.
Objective: To attract industrial investments worth more than 10 crores.

V. Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)

Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC):
 1504 km
 Connects Dadri (UP) to JLN Port (Mumbai)
 38% (approximately 570 km) passes through Rajasthan (Total 6
states and UTs)
 Cooperation :- Japan
 Objective: To boost industrial exports
 On both sides of DMIC, a 150 km wide strip will be developed as DMIC,
including 24 industrial areas and 8 industrial investment regions. Out
of these, Rajasthan has:
Investment Region
1. Ajmer-Kishangarh
2. Khushkhera-Bhiwadi-Neemrana :- notified as special investment
region on 28 dec. 2020.
Industrial Region
1. Jaipur-Dausa Industrial Region
2. Rajsamand-Bhilwara Industrial Region
3. Jodhpur-Pali-Marwar (RIICO's responsibility) :- notified as special
investment region on 12 Oct. 2020.
Rajasthan's First Phase of DMIC
1. Khushkhera-Bhiwadi-Neemrana (165 sq. km)
2. Jodhpur-Pali-Marwar (154 sq. km)
 A joint Special Purpose Vehicle Company, "Rajasthan Industrial
Development Corporation" (RIDCO), was established on 15 march 2022
for their development.
Note: The first phase includes only government land.

VI. Industrial Institutions

1. RFC (Rajasthan Financial Corporation): 1955 (Jaipur)
2. RAJSICO (Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation Limited): 1961
(Jaipur)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
3. RIICO (Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment
Corporation Limited): 1969 (Jaipur)
4. RUDA (Rajasthan Non-farm/Agriculture Development Agency): 1995
(Jaipur)

A. RFC (Rajasthan Financial Corporation)

 Establishment: January, 1955
 Headquarters: Jaipur
 Objective: To provide short-term loans to micro, small, and medium
enterprises (loan amount: ₹20,000-20 crores)
RFC Schemes
1. Flexi Loan Scheme: Provides loans at concessional rates to micro,
small, and medium enterprises.
2. Top-up Loan Scheme: Provides loans to micro enterprises for
technology and machinery development.
3. Semfex Scheme (Self employment Ex-Serviceman Scheme): Provides
assistance to ex-servicemen for establishing their own enterprises.
Note: RFC issues silver, gold, and platinum cards to reliable borrowers.
(b) RAJSICO (Rajasthan Small Industries Corporation Limited)
 Established: June, 1961
 Headquarters: Jaipur
 Objective:
o To provide training to artisans in tribal areas.
o To provide raw materials, machinery, and technical assistance
to small industries
o To market products produced by small industries
(c) RIICO (Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment
Corporation Limited)
 Established: 28 march, 1969 (Reconstituted in 1 Jan., 1980)
 Headquarters: Jaipur
 Objective:
o To provide medium-term loans to medium and large industries
o To provide land for industries
o To implement SEZ programs
o It is the apex organization for industrial development in
Rajasthan.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
(d) RUDA (Rural Non-Farm/Agriculture Development Agency)
 Established: 1995
 Headquarters: Jaipur
 Objective: To provide training to rural communities in non-agricultural
sectors
 RUDA's training areas include wool and textile industry, leather
industry, and small and minor mineral-related industries.
VII. Industrial Development Schemes
(a) Ease of Doing Business Scheme
 Launched in March 2022
 Objective: To improve the ease of doing business in Rajasthan
(b) Mukhyamantri Swavalamban Yojana
 Launched in 2013
 Objective: To provide loans up to ₹10 lakhs to artisans and craftsmen
for setting up their own enterprises
(c) Mukhyamantri Yuva Udyamita Yojana
 Launched: 1 April 2013 (Applicable until 31 July 2024 as per March
2023 order)
 Objective: To provide financial assistance and loans to young
entrepreneurs with innovative business ideas
 Eligibility: Age 18-35, 10th + ITI or graduate
 Loan Amount: ₹25 lakhs - ₹1 crore (Loan repayment period : 7 years)

(d) Mukhyamantri Laghu Udyog Protsahan Yojana

 Launched: 17 December 2019 (Effective from 31 March 2024)
 Scheme: Interest subsidy scheme for loans to small industries

Loan Amount Interest Subsidy

₹25 lakhs 8%
₹25 lakhs - ₹5 crores 6%

₹5 crores - ₹10 crores 5%

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Rajasthan Dalit, Adivasi Udyam Protsahan Yojana -
2022
 Started on - 8 September 2022
 Objective – To provide Interest subsidy to SC/ST graduates for
establishing enterprises in non-agricultural sector

Other Important Facts

(i) For Industrial Development
 On District Level: District Industrial Centres - 36
 Sub-centres: 8
(ii) Single Window Clearance Act: 2011 (Amended in 2020)
(iii) E-Governance & IT Policy: November 2015
(iv) Special Industrial Institutions of the State
 Computer Aided Carpet (CAR) Design Centre: Jaipur
 Computer Aided Textile Design Centre: Bhilwara
 Brahmagupt Research and Development Institute: Jodhpur
 Footwear Design Center: Mandore (Jodhpur)
 NIFT (National Institute of Fashion Technology): Jaipur
 Ceramic Research and Development Centre: Bikaner
V. Investment Promotion Policy in Rajasthan
 Investment Promotion Policy: 2003
 Rajasthan Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy: 2010
 Rajasthan Investment Promotion Policy: 2014
 Rajasthan Investment Promotion Policy: 17 December 2019
 Rajasthan Investment Promotion Policy: 7 October 2022
 Rajasthan Investment Promotion Scheme (RIPS) : 8 October 2024

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Objectives of RIPS-2024 :
 To promote sustainable economic growth and employment in the state.
 Focuses on fostering industrial development, innovation, environmental
sustainability and green growth.
Note :- Update in economic survey chapter-5.

Note: Rajasthan's top industrial exports are (2023-24):

1. Textiles
2. Agro & Food Products
3. Gems & Jewellery
4. Engineering
5. Metal-
 Ferrous
 Non-Ferrous

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Population
History of Census
 Ancient Period- Arthashastra = Chanakya (Mauryan Period)
 Medieval Period-"Ain-e-Akbari" = Abul Fazl (Mughal Period)
 Modern Period-1872 AD: Modern census initiated by Lord Mayo.
Note:
 In 1881, during the time of Lord Ripon, systematic and decadal census
began.
 Census is a subject of the Union List.
 Census is included in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
 Population Census Act – Passed in 1948.
 National Population Commission – 11 May 2000
 Census is conducted by the Census Department of the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
Census 2011

Number wise Decennial/Systematic After Independence 21st century

15th 14th 7th 2nd

 Fifteenth Census Budget: Rs. 2200 crore

 Per Capita Cost: Rs.18.19
 Total Districts Covered in 2011 Census: India- 640 Districts (Rajasthan
- 33 districts)
 Census Mascot: Female Enumerator
 Census Slogan: "Our Census, Our Future"
Key Points:
 National Population Register (NPR) was created for the first time.
 First-time enumeration of houses.
 Transgenders were included in this census for the first time.
 First-ever paperless census.
 Socio-economic caste census was conducted for the second time in
2011 (first time in 1931).
 2011 Census conducted in two phases:
o First Phase: May 15, 2010 to June 30, 2010
o Second Phase: February 9 to February 28, 2011
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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Total Population
India's Total Population: 121.085 crore
Rajasthan's Total Population: 6.85 crore
(Male - 51.86% and Female - 48.14%)
Total Population

(Maximum) (Minimum)
1. Jaipur - 66.26 lakh 1. Jaisalmer – 6.69 lakh
2. Jodhpur - 36.87 2. Pratapgarh - 8.67 lakh
lakh 3. Sirohi - 10.36 lakh
3. Alwar - 36.74 lakh 4. Bundi - 11.10 lakh
4. Nagaur - 33.07 lakh 5. Rajsamand - 11.56 lakh
5. Udaipur - 30.68 lakh

 Rajasthan accounts for 5.67% of India's total population and

approximately 1% of the world's total population.
 According to the 2011 census, Rajasthan ranked 8th in terms of
population. However, due to the division of Andhra Pradesh, it currently
ranks 7th in India.
 Child Population (0-6 years): 15.54% of Rajasthan's total population.
Rural & Urban population :-
 Rural population – 5.15 crore
 Urban population – 1.70 crore
Rural and Urban Population

Rural (5.15 crore) Urban (1.70 crore)

Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum

   
1. Jaipur 1. Jaisalmer 1. Jaipur 1. Pratapgarh
2. Alwar 2. Kota 2. Jodhpur 2. Dungarpur
3. Nagaur 3. Pratapgarh 3. Kota 3. Jaisalmer
4. Udaipur 4. Sirohi 4. Ajmer 4. Banswara

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Rural and Urban Population Percentage

Rural - 75.1% Urban - 24.9%

Maximum % Minimum % Maximum % Minimum %

   
Dungarpur Kota Kota Dungarpur

Total Population Growth Rate

 The population growth rate refers to the increase in population per 100
people over a specific period of time (usually 10 years) in a particular
place.
Population Growth Rate

(Maximum) (Minimum)
1. Barmer - 32.5% 1. Sri Ganganagar - 10%
2. Jaisalmer - 31.8% 2. Jhunjhunu - 11.7%
3. Jodhpur - 27.7% 3. Pali - 11.9%
4. Banswara - 26.58% 4. Bundi - 15.4%

Rural (19%) and Urban (29%) Population Growth Rates

Highest Lowest

Rural Urban Rural Urban

1. Jaisalmer 1. Alwar 1. Kota 1. Dungarpur
2. Barmer 2. Dausa 2. Sri ganganagar 2. Pratapgarh
3. Banswara 3. Baran 3. Jhunjhunu 3. Hanumangarh

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Rajasthan experienced the highest negative population growth rate
(-6.29%) during the 1911-21 decade. This period is also known as the
"Decade of Demographic divide."
 Reasons for Population Decline in Rajasthan (1911-21)
1. Plague Epidemic (Main Reason)
2. World War I
3. Beginning of National Movements
 The decades from 1951 to 1981 are known as the "Population Explosion
Decades" in Rajasthan. During this period, Rajasthan witnessed its
highest population growth rate of 32.97% between 1971 and 1981.
 In decade of 1991-2001-Rajasthan recorded its highest population
growth.
 Main Factors Contributing to Population Growth: High birth rate, low
death rate, and immigration.

Population Density: Refers to population residing in a square km.

 In 2001: Rajasthan's population density was 165 persons per square
kilometer.
 In 2011: Population density increased to 200 Persons per sq. km.

Highest Lowest
Jaipur – 595 Jaisalmer – 17
Bharatpur – 503 Bikaner – 78
Dausa – 476 Barmer – 92
Alwar - 438 Churu - 147

 Districts having population density less than 100 persons per sq. km 
Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer.
 Lowest population density is found in Desert Districts (Western
Rajasthan)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Sex Ratio
 Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males.
 Overall Average Sex Ratio: 928

Highest Lowest
Dungarpur – 994 Dholpur – 846
Rajsamand-990 Jaisalmer-852
Pali-987 Karauli – 861
Pratapgarh-983 Bharatpur-880

 There has been a significant increase of 7 points in the sex ratio from
2001 (921) to 2011 (928).
Sex Ratio in Rajasthan

Rural-933 Urban-914

Highest Lowest Highest Lowest

1. Pali - 1003 1. Dholpur- 841 1. Tonk - 985 1. Jaisalmer - 807
2. Rajsamand-998 2. Karauli - 856 2. Banswara-964 2. Dholpur-864
3. Dungarpur-996 3. Jaisalmer-859 3. Pratapgarh-963 3. Alwar-872

Child sex ratio in 2011 - 888

Highest Lowest
Banswara – 934 Jhunjhunu – 837
Pratapgarh-933 Sikar-848
Bhilwara-928 Karauli – 852
Udaipur-924 Sri Ganganagar-854

Note :- There has been decrease of 21 points in child sex ratio from 2001
(909) to 2011 (888).

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 Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Child Sex Ratio in the State (888)

Rural: 892 Urban: 874

Highest Lowest Highest Lowest

1. Banswara - 937 1. Jhunjhunu – (832) 1. Nagaur – (907) 1. Dholpur – (841)
2. Pratapgarh – 936 2. Sikar – (843) 2. Bikaner – (906) 2. Sriganganagar –
3. Bhilwara - 933 3. Karauli – (850) 3. Bhilwara – (904) (842)
3. Dausa – (847)

Note:
 All districts of Rajasthan have a sex ratio below 1000.
 Rajasthan's overall sex ratio (928) is lower than India's overall sex ratio
(943).
 In Rajasthan, 15 districts have sex ratio lower than the state’s average
sex ratio(928).
 In Rajasthan, 12 districts have a child sex ratio lower than the state’s
average, child sex ratio (888).
Factors Behind Higher and Lower Sex Ratios

For Higher Sex Ratio For Lower Sex Ratio

 Lower per capita  Higher per capita
income income
 Lack of technical  Higher technological
knowledge and facilities facilities and knowledge
 Lower literacy rate  Higher literacy rate
 Joint family system  Nuclear family system
 No prevalence of dowry  Prevalent dowry system
system

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Literacy: A person aged 6 or above who can read or write in any language is
considered literate.
Literacy Rate in 2011: 66.1% (In 2001  60.41%)

Highest Lowest
Kota – 76.6% Jalore – 54.9%
Jaipur-75.5% Sirohi-55.3%
Jhunjhunu-74.1% Pratapgarh – 56.0%
Sikar-71.9% Banswara-56.3%

Male Literacy Rate in Rajasthan: (79.2%)

Highest Lowest
 
1. Jhunjhunu - 1. Pratapgarh - 69.5%
86.9% 2. Banswara - 69.5%
2. Kota - 86.3% 3. Sirohi - 70.0%
3. Jaipur - 86.1% 4. Jalore – 70.7%
4. Sikar – 85.1%

Female Literacy Rate in Rajasthan: 52.1%

Highest Lowest
 
1. Kota - 65.9% 1. Jalore - 38.5%
2. Jaipur - 64.0% 2. Jaisalmer - 39.7%
3. Jhunjhunu - 61.0% 3. Sirohi - 39.7%
4. Sriganganagar - 59.7% 4. Barmer – 40.6%

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Rural and Urban Literacy

Rural (61.4%) Urban (79.7%)

Male Female Male Female

(76.2%) (45.8%) (87.9%) (70.7%)

Maximum Minimum
Rural literacy rate Jhunjhunu Sirohi
Rural Literacy (Male) Jhunjhunu Sirohi
Rural Literacy (Female) Jhunjhunu Sirohi

Maximum Minimum
Urban literacy rate Udaipur Nagaur
Urban Male Literacy Rate Udaipur Dholpur
Urban Female Literacy Rate Udaipur Jalore

 Literacy rate has decreased in Barmer and Churu district, while Literacy
Rate increased in all other districts.
 The gap between male and female literacy rates in Rajasthan is the
highest in the country.
 In Rajasthan, 19 districts have a literacy rate lower than the state’s
average literacy rate (66.1%).

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan

 ST Sex Ratio – 948
Scheduled Tribes (ST) (13.5%). Total Population: 92.38 lakh

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Scheduled Tribes

Maximum Population Minimum Population

1. Udaipur 1. Bikaner
2. Banswara 2. Nagaur
3. Dungarpur 3. Churu

Maximum Percentage Minimum Percentage

1. Banswara 1. Nagaur
2. Dungarpur 2. Bikaner
3. Pratapgarh 3. Churu

 Districts with ST Population Exceeding 28%: 5 districts (Banswara,

Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Sirohi, Udaipur)
 Districts with ST Population Exceeding 50% or 60%: 3 districts
(Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh)
Scheduled Castes (SC) (17.8%) Total Population: 122.21 lakh
 SC Sex Ratio - 923

Scheduled Caste

Maximum Population Minimum Population

1. Jaipur 1. Dungarpur
2. Sri-ganganagar 2. Pratapgarh
3. Nagaur 3. Banswara
Maximum Percentage Minimum Percentage
1. Sri-ganganagar 1. Dungarpur
2. Hanumangarh 2. Banswara
3. Karauli 3. Udaipur

 Districts with SC Population Exceeding 25%: 2 districts (Sri Ganganagar,

Hanumangarh)
 Districts with SC Population Exceeding 20%: 12 districts

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Population of Different Religions in Rajasthan
Religion Percentage Highest Population Highest Percentage
District District
Hindu 88.49 Jaipur Dausa
Muslim 9.07 Jaipur Jaisalmer
Sikh 1.27 Sri Ganganagar Sri Ganganagar
Jain 0.91 Jaipur Udaipur
Christian 0.14 Banswara Banswara
Buddhist 0.02 Alwar Alwar
 Note: Rajasthan State Population Policy - 20 January, 2000
 Note: National Population Policy - 15 February, 2000

 Objectives of National Population Policy

Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term

Providing family planning Reducing Total Fertility Achieving the goal of
and health facilities Rate (TFR) to 2.1 by 2010 stabilizing the population
by 2045

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Tourism
Tourism Circuits and Sites in Rajasthan

Introduction Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism

Department arrival circuits institutes Policy schemes

Types of Tourism
Tourism festivals
Introduction sites

 Tourism was given the status of an industry on the recommendation of

the Mohammad Yunus Committee on 4th March 1989.
 Rajasthan has 4 tourism divisions: Jodhpur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Kota
Tourism Department

Symbolic Animal : Slogan : Tagline :

Camel "Padharo Mhare Desh" "Rajasthan: The
Incredible State of India"

Total Tourist Arrival in Rajasthan - 2023-24: 1,807.52 lakh

Domestic Tourists : Foreign Tourists:

(1,790.52 lakh) (17 lakh)
Growth:- 82.10% Growth:- 451.94%

Total Tourist Arrival in Rajasthan - 2024-25: 2321.56 lakh

Domestic Tourists : Foreign Tourists:

(2300.84 lakh) (20.72 lakh)
Growth:- 28.50% Growth:- 21.88%

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Peak and Off-Peak Seasons for Tourist Arrivals
Season Domestic Tourists Foreign Tourists
Peak Oct - Dec Oct - Dec
Off-Peak Apr - June Apr - June

Tourist Arrival Destinations

Domestic Tourists Foreign Tourists
Sikar Jaipur
Chittorgarh Udaipur
Ajmer Jodhpur
Note :- Maximum Foreign Tourists came from – 1. USA 2. UK 3. France
4. Italy
Tourism Circuits
1. Tourism Circuits: 10
2. Wildlife Circuits: 7
3. Archaeological Circuits: 7
4. Eco-Adventure Circuits: 10
5. Tribal Circuits: 4
6. Spiritual Circuits: 4

1. Tourism Circuits
1. Shekhawati Circuit: Jhunjhunu, Churu, Sikar
2. Alwar Circuit: Silisedh and Sariska
3. Bharatpur Circuit: Bharatpur, Deeg, Dholpur
4. Ranthambore Circuit: Sawai Madhopur, Tonk
5. Hadoti Circuit: Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar Baran ✗
6. Dhundhar Circuit: Jaipur - Amer- Ramgarh, Samod, Dausa - Abhaneri
7. Maru Triangle Circuit: Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur
8. Merwara Circuit: Ajmer - Pushkar, Nagaur - Merta
9. Mewar Circuit: Udaipur - Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh - Nathdwara
10. Mount Abu Circuit: Sirohi - Pali (Ranakpur) and Jalore

 Other Tourism Circuits in Rajasthan

 Proposed: Godwad Circuit: Pali, Jalore, Barmer, Sirohi
 Golden Triangle: Jaipur, Delhi, Agra
2. Archaeological Circuits
1. Bikaner Archaeological Circuit
2. Jodhpur Archaeological Circuit
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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
3. Ajmer Archaeological Circuit
4. Jaipur Archaeological Circuit
5. Bharatpur Archaeological Circuit
6. Udaipur Archaeological Circuit
7. Kota Archaeological Circuit
3. Eco Adventure Circuits
Districts included - 10

Jodhpur
Jaisalmer
Dholpur
Kota
Chittorgarh
Sirohi, Rajsamand,
Udaipur

4. Wild Life Circuits

Districts Included - 7

Jaipur-Alwar

Dholpur, Karauli
Sirohi

Rajsamand
Pratapgarh

5. Tribal Circuit
 Districts included: 4
1. Dungarpur
2. Banswara
3. Pratapgarh
4. Udaipur
6. Spiritual Circuit

Budda circuit Balaji Circuit Pilgrimage Circuit Krishna Circuit

| | | |
2 4 4 3
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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Buddha Circuit: 2
o Jaipur-Bairath
o Jhalawar-Kolvi Caves
Balaji Circuit: 4
o Churu - Salasar
o Jaipur Rural - Veer Hanuman Ji - Samod
o Dausa - Mehandipur Balaji
o Alwar - Pandupol (Sariska)
Pilgrimage Circuit: 4
o Ajmer
o Pushkar
o Nathdwara (Rajsamand)
o Mahavir Ji (Karauli)
Krishna Circuit
 States included in the Krishna Circuit under the Swadesh Darshan
Scheme (2014-15):

States: 5 Sites: 12
 
1. Rajasthan Note: Out of which 3 sites
2. Haryana are in Rajasthan
3. Uttar  Sikar - Khatu Shyam Ji
Pradesh  Rajsamand - Shri Nath Ji
4. Gujarat
 Jaipur - Govind Dev Ji,
5. Odisha
Galta Ji, Kanak Vrindavan
Types of Tourist Sites

Historical Sites Cultural Sites Geographical Sites

 Civilization Sites,  Religious Sites,  Hill Stations,
 Battlefields  Tourism Festivals  Rivers
and Fairs  Dams
 Major Forts and  Lakes
Palaces  National Parks
and Sanctuaries

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Major Tourism Festivals
January
 Camel Festival: Bikaner
 Jaipur Literature Festival: Diggi Palace, Jaipur
February
 Beneshwar Fair: Dungarpur
 Maru Mahotsav: Jaisalmer
 Udaipur World Museum Festival: Udaipur
March
 Brij Mahotsav: Bharatpur
 Dhulandi Mahotsav: The day after Holi
 Rajasthan Mahotsav: 27th - 30th March
April
 Gangaur Utsav: famous in Jaipur
 Mewar Mahotsav: Udaipur
May
 Greeshm Mahotsav (Summer Festival): Mount Abu
August
 Teej Festival: Jaipur (Shravan Shukla Tritiya)
 Kajali Teej: Bundi (Bhadrapad Krishna Tritiya)

October
 Rajasthan Kabir yatra: Bikaner
 Abhaneri Utsav: Dausa
 Marwar Utsav (Mand Utsav): Jodhpur

October-November
 Dusshera Utsav: Kota
 Pushkar Utsav: Ajmer
 Kolayat Mela: Bikaner

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Matsya Mahotsav: Alwar
 Chandrabhaga Mahotsav: Jhalawar
 Bundi Utsav: Bundi
December
 Kumbhalgarh Utsav: Rajsamand (1-3 December)
 Ranakpur Utsav: Pali (21-22 December)
 Shitkalin Utsav( winter festival): Mount Abu (29-30 December)
Tourism Institutions
Tourism Department: Established in 1956

Institutions Operated by the Tourism Department:

Tourism Management Institute Food Craft Institute

IInstitutes
Jaipur Jodhpur Udaipur Ajmer Sumerpur(Pali)
(Pali)
Note: Tourism Department Information/Welcome Centres: 42 in the state,
5 outside the state (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad)
 Institutions Under the Tourism Department: 4
1. Rajasthan State Hotel Corporation (RSHC): Established on 7th June
1965 in Jaipur
2. RTDC (Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation):
o Established: 1st April 1979 (Jaipur)
o Objective: Provides accommodation, food, and transportation
facilities to tourists.
3. RITTMAN (Rajasthan Institute of Tourism and Travel Management)
o Established: 29th April, 1996
4. State fair Authority(Rajya Mela Pradhikaran)
o Established: 2011 under the Devasthan Department
o As of December 2019, 42 fairs are registered.
Note:
 National Tourism Day: 25th January
 World Tourism Day: 27th September

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
Tourism Policies

Tourism Policy Eco-Tourism Policy Hotel Policy

  
Year  4 February 2010 Year 2006
 2001
 2007  15 July 2021
 2015  4th Dec. 2024
 9th Sept. 2020
 4th Dec. 2024


Rajasthan Tourism Policy – 2024 :-

Target :-
 Target of tourism in the state's gross value added by 2030 will be 8.5%.
 Tourism sector will provide 13% of the total employment in the state by
2030.
 To bring Rajasthan to the top position in domestic and foreign tourists by
2030.
 To bring fresh private sector investment of Rs 50,000 crore in tourism and
hospitality sector.
 To take domestic tourism to 25.19 crore by 2030.
 To take foreign tourism to 1952 lakh by 2030.

Other Tourism Policies

Rajasthan Film Tourism Promotion Policy 2022:
 Implemented: 18th April, 2022
 Objective: To promote film destinations and shooting in the state
 Incentive: 15% of the total production cost or a maximum of ₹2 crore
Tourism Schemes
(i) Paying Guest Scheme
 Launch: 27th September, 1991
 Implemented in the entire state in 2012
(ii) Heritage Hotel Scheme
 In 1991, the Indian government recognized a new category of heritage
hotels.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Necessary condition for heritage: Buildings must be at least 50 years
old, such as forts, palaces, havelis.
 Categorization: Heritage hotels are classified into three categories
based on their services and amenities:
1. Heritage
2. Heritage Classic
3. Heritage Grand

Note: In Rajasthan, "Ajit Bhawan, Jodhpur" was the first hotel to be

designated as a heritage hotel.

(iii) Mewar Complex Scheme

 To develop places related to Maharana Pratap's life (Gogunda, Chavand,
Diwer, Haldighati) as tourist destinations, launched on his 400th death
anniversary (1997).
(iv) Senior Citizen Pilgrimage Scheme
 Launch: 2013 (by the Devasthan Department)
(v) HRIDAY Yojana (Heritage city development & Augmentation Yojana)
 Launch: 2015
 Objective: Development and augmentation of national heritage sites in
India
 Ajmer (Rajasthan) was included in this scheme.
(vi) PRASAD Yojana (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation & Heritage spiritual
Augmentation Drive)
 Launch: January 2015
 Implementation: By the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
 Objective: To rejuvenate pilgrimage, spiritual, and heritage sites
 Ajmer-Pushkar in Rajasthan will be developed under this scheme.
(vii) Paying Guest House Scheme
 Launch: 21st October, 2021
 Requirements for Paying Guest Houses:
1. Minimum 6 and maximum 20 rooms allowed
2. Home stays in residential areas cannot have more than 23 rooms

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 Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
3. Area of the paying guest house must be 167 square meters
4. Minimum 30 feet road in front of the paying guest house
5. Flats owned by multiple owners are not allowed
6. Fire NOC and food license are mandatory
(viii) Guest House Scheme (Home Stay)
 Launch: 16th April, 2021
(ix) Rajasthan Rural Tourism Scheme, 2022
 Objective: To promote tourism in rural areas
 Implementation: 30th November, 2022
 Incentives:
1. Loans up to Rs. 25 lakh and 9% interest subsidy
2. 100% reimbursement of SGST for 10 years for rural tourism units
investing at least Rs. 1 crore

Other Important Points

Important centres related to tourism

Tourism Convention Centre Institute of Heritage Conservation CETT

(Cener of excellence for
 
tourism training)
Jodhpur Jaipur
(Rajasthan’s 1st ) 
Udaipur (2016)
Cooperation-Singapore

 Tourism contributes approximately 5.6% to Rajasthan's economy

(according to the 2024-25 budget).
 Tourism Development Fund: In the 2020-21 budget, Rs. 500 crore was
allocated for the "Tourism Development Fund," which was increased to
Rs. 1500 crore in the 2023-24 budget.
 Dhola Maru Tourism Complex: This complex will be established in
Jaisalmer.
 Deomali (Beawar) has been selected as the "Best Tourism Village" for
2024.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

UNESCO Geo-Parks, Geo-Heritage Sites and World

Heritage Sites in Rajasthan
UNESCO
 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
 Established: 16th November, 1945 (London, Britain)
 Headquarters: Paris, France
 India became a UNESCO member: 1946
Geo-Parks and Geo-Heritage Site Concept
UNESCO's Concept of Geo-Parks and Geo-Heritage Sites
UNESCO :
 Global Geo-Park
 Geoheritage sites
A. Global Geo-Park
What is a Geo-Park?
 Introduced by UNESCO in 2001
 A unified geographical area where geologically significant sites and
landscapes managed by UNESCO for protection, education, and
sustainable development.
 Involves local communities, land owners, tourism & service providers in
the sustainable development and conservation of these sites through a
bottom to top approach.
Current Geo-Parks
 UNESCO has recognized 229 sites in 50 countries as Global Geoparks.
 The first proposed Global Geopark in India is Lamheta Ghat, located in
Madhya Pradesh, known for its dinosaur fossils and ancient rocks.
Is the status of a Geo-Park permanent?
 UNESCO grants Global Geopark status for 4 years.
 In every 4 years, the performance and quality of the Geo-Park are re-
evaluated.
 UNESCO's evaluation process for Global Geoparks:
 Two evaluators conduct a field mission to assess the quality of the Global
Geopark.

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes
 Based on the field mission, the evaluators prepare a progress report and
issue a card, which can be green, yellow, or red.
Color of the card and its implications:

Green card:- The Yellow card:- The Red card:- After getting
Geo-Park meets Geo-Park needs yellow card, if geo-park
all the criteria to take corrective fails to met criteia within
and can remain measures within 2 years, it will lose its
on the list for 2 years to meet global geopark status.
another 4 years. the criteria.

Four Fundamental Characteristics of UNESCO Global Geoparks

1. Global Geological heritage Site: A region must have international
geological significance to be considered for a Geo-Park.
2. Management: Local statutory organizations should manage the Geo-
Park.
3. Visibility: Promote sustainable local economic development through
geo-tourism.
4. Networking: Exchange information about natural and cultural sites at
local and global levels.
Geo-Heritage Sites
 UNESCO World Heritage Site Concept: Adopted by UNESCO in 1972
 Promotes the conservation of natural, cultural, and intangible heritage
sites
 At Present, 43 sites of India are included in the UNESCO ‘Geo heritage
sites’.

Rajasthan's UNESCO World Heritage Sites

1. Cultural Heritage: 2. Natural Heritage: 3. Intangible Cultural

 Jaipur Parkota (2019)  Keoladeo National Park, Heritage:
 Jantar Mantar (2010) Bharatpur (1985)  Kalbeliya Dance
 6 Forts (2013): Amer (2010)
(Jaipur), Gagron
(Jhalawar), Sonargarh
(Jaisalmer), Ranthambore
(Sawai Madhopur),
Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh
(Rajsamand)

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Rajasthan Geography Class Notes

Potential Geo-Heritage Sites in Rajasthan

 Geological Survey of India, Kolkata 1851 (GSI) has identified 12 potential
geo-heritage sites in Rajasthan.
1. Zawar :- Udaipur
2. Stromatolite (formed by blue-green algae) :- Jhamar Kotra
(Udaipur)
3. Stromatolite :- Chittorgarh
4. Great Boundary Fault :- Bundi
5. Ramgarh Meteorite Crater :- Ramgarh (Baran)
6. Jodhpur Malani Group Igneous Rocks :- Jodhpur
7. Welded Tuff :- Jodhpur
8. Sendra Granite :- Pali
9. Bar Conglomerate (sedimentary rock) :- Pali
10. Akal Wood Fossil Park (fossils of Jurassic-era wood) :- Jaisalmer
11. Gosan Rajpura Dariba :- Rajsamand
12. Nepheline Syenite :- Kishangarh
Conclusion
 In collaboration with UNESCO and local communities, it is essential to
preserve natural, cultural, and intangible heritage sites.
 This will not only promote economic development and tourism but also
create opportunities for sustainable livelihoods.
INTACH
 Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
 Established: 27th January, 1984 (New Delhi)
Objective: To promote heritage conservation and awareness.

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