Microbiology

Paper 1

General Microbiology

Essays

1. Immuno-prophylaxis of Viral Diseases (or) Viral Vaccines ** ([Link]: 82)

2. Bacterial Cell Wall (Feb 09) ([Link]: 14)

– Morphology, Diagram, Functions of various appendages

3. Bacterial Growth Curve (Mar 22) ([Link]: 19)

– Factors affecting the growth of bacteria

4. Culture Media (Nov 20) ([Link]: 27)

– Types, Anaerobic culture media

5. Methods of Gene Transfer (Feb 18) ([Link]: 44)

6. Physiology of Bacteria (Feb 13) ([Link]: 19)

Short Notes

1. Anaerobic Culture Media ******** (Sep 21;Feb 16;Feb 14;Feb 12;Aug 11;Feb
11;Aug 10;Feb 10) ([Link]: 28)

2. Bacterial Growth Curve ****** (Nov 20;Aug 16;Aug 14;Aug 12;Feb 12;Feb 10)
([Link]: 19)

– Factors affecting growth of bacteria

3. Enriched Media ****** (Feb 22;Aug 18;Feb 16;Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 08) ([Link]:
27)

4. Louis Pasteur ****** (Sep 21;Nov 20;Aug 17;Feb 15;Feb 11;Feb 09) ([Link]: 4)

5. Bacterial Capsule ***** (Aug 17;Feb 14;Aug 10;Feb 10;Aug 08) ([Link]: 17)

Page: 71
6. Bacterial Spores ***** ([Link]: 18)

7. Flagella ***** (Sep 21;Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb 12;Aug 09) ([Link]: 17)

– Types
– Bacteria having peritrichous flagella
8. Mutation ***** (Jul 23;Aug 18;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug 10) ([Link]: 44)

9. Plasmid ***** (Feb 20;Aug 14;Feb 13;Aug 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 44)

10. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ***** (Aug 19;Aug 16;Feb 15;Aug 13;Feb
12) ([Link]: 39)

11. Robert Koch ***** (Jul 23;Feb 22;Feb 19;Feb 16;Aug 09) ([Link]: 4)

– Koch's postulates
12. Selective Media ***** (Feb 15;Feb 14;Feb 13;Aug 12;Aug 09) ([Link]: 28)

13. Transport Media ***** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Aug 14;Feb 12;Feb 09) ([Link]: 28)

14. Exotoxins **** (Feb 18;Feb 14;Feb 13;Feb 10) ([Link]: 60)

– Bacteria producing exotoxins

– Exotoxin producing shigella species
15. Transposons **** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Feb 19;Aug 11) ([Link]: 48)

16. Electron Microscope *** (Jul 23;Feb 15;Aug 11) ([Link]: 9)

17. Fluorescence Microscope *** (Feb 23;Feb 20;Feb 16) ([Link]: 8)

– Working Mechanism
– Uses
– Principles
18. Genetic engineering *** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 18) ([Link]: 48)

– Definition, Procedure and application, Recombinant DNA technology

in vaccine production
19. Negative Staining *** (Feb 22;Aug 13;Feb 09) ([Link]: 23)

20. Antimicrobial Resistance ** (Nov 20;Aug 12) ([Link]: 51)

21. Bacterial Virulence ** (Feb 17;Aug 08) ([Link]: 58)

22. Conjugation ** (Aug 15;Feb 10) ([Link]: 47)

Page: 72
23. Darkground Microscope ** (Aug 19;Feb 12) ([Link]: 7)
– Uses
24. Enrichment Broth ** (Aug 16;Feb 11) ([Link]: 27)
25. Fimbriae ** (Feb 23;Feb 11) ([Link]: 18)
26. Mycoplasma ** (Feb 14;Feb 09) ([Link]: 18;[Link]: 69)
– Lab Diagnosis
27. Nucleic Acid Probes ** (Feb 16;Aug 12) ([Link]: 41)
28. Pasteurization ** (Aug 19;Aug 09)
29. Phase Contrast Microscope ** (Jul 23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 7)
– Working mechanism
– Principle
30. Transduction ** (Aug 13;Aug 09) ([Link]: 45)
– Mechanism, Types
31. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) ([Link]: 35)

32. Bacterial Cell Wall (Feb 16) ([Link]: 14)

– Difference between bacterial cell wall of Gram Positive and Gram
Negative bacteria
33. Biofilm ([Link]: 17)

34. Chocolate Agar (Aug 17) ([Link]: 27)

35. Commensals (Aug 18) ([Link]: 108)

36. Culture Media (Feb 23) ([Link]: 27)

37. Difference Between Exotoxin and Endotoxin (Aug 08) ([Link]: 59)

38. Differential Media (Aug 22) ([Link]: 28)

39. Differential Stains (Aug 22) ([Link]: 24)

40. Dimorphic Fungi ([Link]: 101)

41. Gene Transfer (Mar 22) ([Link]: 44)

– Various methods of gene transfer
– Transformation
42. Identification of Bacteria (Feb 20) ([Link]: 32)

43. IMVIC test (Aug 12) ([Link]: 33)

44. Indole Test (Sep 21) ([Link]: 33)

Page: 73
45. L-forms of Bacteria ([Link]: 18)

46. Lab Diagnosis of Viral Diseases ([Link]: 77)

47. Lord Lister ([Link]: 4)

48. Modified Acid-Fast Staining (Nov 20) ([Link]: 25)

49. Non-Sporing Anaerobic Infections (Feb 09) ([Link]: 68)

50. Opportunistic Fungal Infections ([Link]: 105)

51. Oxidase Test (Feb 09) ([Link]: 33)

52. Pleomorphism (Aug 13) ([Link]: 18)

53. Slime Layer (Nov 20) ([Link]: 17)

54. Sporicidal Chemicals ([Link]: 19)

55. Stool Concentration Techniques ([Link]: 93)

56. Transferrable Drug Resistance (Feb 11) ([Link]: 55)

57. Urease Test (Aug 08) ([Link]: 34)

58. Uses of Gram Stain (Aug 10) ([Link]: 24)

59. Viral Replication ([Link]: 73)

Page: 74
 Immunology

Essays

1. Antigen Antibody Reaction **** (Dec 23;Aug 10;Jun 08;Mar 02) ([Link]:
136;[Link]: 152)

– Definition, Precipitation Reaction

2. Anaphylaxis ([Link]: 176)

3. Antibody (Apr 01) ([Link]: 129)

– Definition, Antibody Synthesis in Human Immune System, Functions

of Different Immunoglobulins
4. Complement (Feb 16) ([Link]: 146)

– Definition, Alternate C Pathway, Biological effects of Complement,

Genetic deficiencies of Complement
5. Hypersensitivity Reactions (Aug 08) ([Link]: 174)

– Definition and Classification, Hypersensitivity Type 1

6. Immunity (Aug 05) ([Link]: 119)

– Types, Acquired Immunity

7. Immunofluorescence (Aug 13) ([Link]: 143)

Short Notes

1. Mechanism of Autoimmunity ****** (Feb 18;Aug 14;Aug 10;Apr 08;Nov

01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 182)

2. Monoclonal Antibody ***** (Aug 13;Feb 13;Aug 09;Feb 08;Apr 97) ([Link]:
133;[Link]: 149)

3. Graft vs Host Reactions **** (Aug 17;Aug 16;Aug 10;Feb 09) ([Link]: 190)

4. Immunofluorescence **** (Feb 08;Aug 03;Oct 00;Apr 00) ([Link]: 143)

5. Immunoglobulin M **** (Feb 22;Aug 19;Aug 12;Aug 08) ([Link]: 131)

6. Adjuvant *** (Aug 11;Feb 10;Dec 90) ([Link]: 126)

7. ELISA *** (Feb 20;Feb 06;Apr 96) ([Link]: 140)

Page: 75
8. Hypersensitivity Type 4 *** (Aug 16;Aug 10;Aug 04) ([Link]: 179;[Link]:
200)

9. Immunoglobulin E *** (Feb 10;Aug 05;Dec 90) ([Link]: 133)

10. T-Cells and B-Cells *** (Aug 12;Feb 11;Aug 10) ([Link]: 155)

11. Tumor Antigens *** (Sep 21;Aug 15;Aug 13) ([Link]: 193)

12. Active Immunity ** (Aug 14;Feb 09) ([Link]: 122)

13. Agglutination Reaction ** (Feb 12;Dec 91) ([Link]: 138)

14. Alternate Compliment Pathway ** (Aug 13;Aug 05) ([Link]: 147)

15. Complement Deficiency Disease ** (Feb 19;Aug 18) ([Link]: 150)

16. Hapten ** (Sep 23;Feb 16) ([Link]: 125;[Link]: 140)

17. HLA Typing ** (Aug 19;Aug 18) ([Link]: 161)

18. Hypersensitivity Type 3 ** (Aug 13;Aug 08) ([Link]: 178)

19. Immunoglobulin A ** (Feb 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 132;[Link]: 147)

20. Immunoglobulin G ** (Feb 19;Aug 08) ([Link]: 131;[Link]: 146)

21. Innate Immunity ** (Aug 12;Feb 06) ([Link]: 119)

22. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (or) Human Leucocyte

Antigens (HLA) ** (Aug 11;Feb 11) ([Link]: 161;[Link]: 178)

23. Non-Organ Specific Autoimmune Disorder ** (Aug 14;Feb 11) ([Link]:

183;[Link]: 206)

24. Passive Agglutination Test ** (Feb 13;Nov 94) ([Link]: 139)

25. T Lymphocyte ** (Aug 04;Nov 95) ([Link]: 155)

26. T-Cell Subsets ** (Oct 97;Oct 96) ([Link]: 157)

27. Western Blot ** (Feb 17;Feb 13) ([Link]: 144)

28. Abnormal Immunoglobulins (Aug 11) ([Link]: 133)

29. Acquired Immunity (Aug 09) ([Link]: 122)

30. Affinity and Avidity (Aug 18) ([Link]: 136)

Page: 76
31. Agglutination Reaction (Aug 15) ([Link]: 138)

32. Allograft Rejection (Feb 14) ([Link]: 189;[Link]: 213)

33. Biological Functions of Complement (Aug 08) ([Link]: 149)

34. C Reactive Protein (Aug 18) ([Link]: 121)

35. CD8+ T-Cell (Feb 17) ([Link]: 157)

36. Cell Mediated Immunity (Apr 97) ([Link]: 168)

37. Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders (Feb 11) ([Link]: 186;[Link]:

210)

38. Cytokines (Feb 11) ([Link]: 162)

39. Herd Immunity (Feb 13) ([Link]: 124)

40. Heterophile Antigen (Apr 92) ([Link]: 126)

41. Humoral Immunity (Nov 95) ([Link]: 171)

42. Hypersensitivity Type 2 (Feb 06) ([Link]: 177)

43. Immunological Tolerance (Aug 11) ([Link]: 182;[Link]: 203)

44. Lymphokines (Dec 90) ([Link]: 162)

45. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) (Feb 18) ([Link]: 154)

46. Natural Killer (NK) Cell (Nov 20) ([Link]: 158)

47. Passive Immunity (Feb 09) ([Link]: 123)

48. Precipitation Reaction (Aug 15) ([Link]: 138;[Link]: 153)

49. Structure and Function of B-Cell (Aug 16) ([Link]: 171;[Link]: 174)

50. Superantigens (Aug 10) ([Link]: 127)

Page: 77
 Hospital Infection Control

Essays

1. Sterilization **** (Aug 14;Feb 11;Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 222;[Link]: 253)

– Definition and Classification, Moist Heat sterilization

– Chemical Methods
– Sterilization by Heat
2. Disinfection (Aug 12) ([Link]: 220;[Link]: 226)

– Definition and Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant, Disinfecting agents

and their applications

Short Notes

1. Cold Sterilization ****** (Jul 23;Feb 20;Feb 19;Feb 15;Feb 09;Feb 08) ([Link]:
223)

2. Heat Sterilization ***** (Feb 23;Feb 22;Aug 18;Aug 15;Apr 97) ([Link]: 222)

3. Hot Air Oven **** (Feb 10;Feb 09;Feb 08;Aug 05) ([Link]: 225)

4. Gas Sterilization *** (Aug 22;Feb 20;Feb 18) ([Link]: 223)

5. Nosocomial Infections ** (Aug 10;Oct 03) ([Link]: 203;[Link]: 241)

6. Chemical Disinfectants (Aug 16) ([Link]: 226)

7. High Level Disinfection (Feb 17) ([Link]: 226)

8. Moist Heat Sterilization (Aug 13) ([Link]: 222)

9. Testing of Disinfectant (Nov 01) ([Link]: 229)

Page: 78
 Skin, Soft tissues and Musculoskeletal System Infections

Essays

1. Herpes Virus ******* (Aug 15;Aug 14;Aug 08;Aug 06;Aug 04;Apr 01;Apr 95)
([Link]: 459;[Link]: 550)

– Classification, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis

2. Bacillus anthracis *** (Aug 07;Mar 02;Oct 00) ([Link]: 449;[Link]: 539)

– Morphology, Cultural Characters, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis

3. Gas Gangrene *** (Feb 23;Mar 22;Aug 07) ([Link]: 439;[Link]: 529)

– Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestation, Laboratory Diagnosis,

Management
Probable Cases:

– Following RTA, edema, crushed muscles & pain. On palpation,

crepitus felt.
4. Streptococci *** (Nov 01;Apr 01;Dec 91) ([Link]: 431;[Link]: 520)

– Classification, Pathogenesis, Sequelae, Laboratory Diagnosis

Short Notes

1. Cutaneous Larva Migrans ********** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 19;Aug 15;Feb 14;Feb
10;Feb 08;Aug 04;Nov 01;Apr 01) ([Link]: 476;[Link]: 572)

2. Dermatophytes ********** (Feb 23;Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb 17;Aug 13;Feb 12;Aug

10;Aug 09;Aug 08;Feb 08;Feb 07;Feb 05;Aug 04;Mar 02;Apr 01) ([Link]:
479;[Link]: 575)

3. Mycetoma ********** (Feb 23;Feb 20;Aug 14;Aug 09;Aug 08;Aug 07;Feb

07;Feb 05;Aug 04;Apr 98;Oct 97;Jan 93;Dec 91;Oct 90) ([Link]: 481;AP3-
[Link]: 578)

4. Mucocutaneous Candidiasis ******* (Aug 22;Feb 22;Feb 18;Feb 16;Aug

09;Feb 09;Oct 03) ([Link]: 483;[Link]: 583)

Page: 79
5. Malignant Pustule ****** (Sep 21;Feb 12;Feb 10;Aug 04;Mar 02;Apr 01)
([Link]: 449;[Link]: 540)

6. Sporotrichosis ****** (Jul 23;Aug 14;Aug 08;Apr 04;Oct 03;Apr 97) ([Link]:
482;[Link]: 580)
– Asteroid Bodies
7. Toxins and Virulence Factors of Streptococci ****** (Feb 23;Feb 19;Aug
17;Feb 11;Oct 03;Apr 01) ([Link]: 431;[Link]: 521)

8. Varicella Zoster Virus Infection (or) Herpes Zoster ****** (Aug 22;Feb
18;Aug 13;Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb 09) ([Link]: 463;[Link]: 554)

9. Gas Gangrene ***** (Feb 23;Aug 19;Aug 09;Oct 03;Apr 00) ([Link]: 439;AP3-
[Link]: 529)

10. Nagler's Reaction ***** (Feb 22;Feb 10;Feb 09;Aug 04;Oct 97) ([Link]:
440;[Link]: 531)

11. Superficial Mycoses ***** (Dec 23;Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb 11;Feb 10) ([Link]:
478;[Link]: 574)

12. Rhinosporidiosis **** (Nov 20;Aug 11;Feb 10;Nov 01) ([Link]: 483;[Link]:
582)

13. Virulence Factors of Staphylococci **** (Aug 16;Feb 12;Aug 04;Oct 97)
([Link]: 422;[Link]: 511)

14. Actinomycosis *** (Aug 19;Feb 19;Feb 14) ([Link]: 452;[Link]: 542)

15. Cyclops (Dracunculiasis) *** (Aug 22;Mar 02;Nov 95) ([Link]: 476;AP3-
[Link]: 569)

16. Measles *** (Feb 23;Feb 14;Aug 11) ([Link]: 468;[Link]: 559)

17. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) *** (Mar 22;Feb

07;Apr 98) ([Link]: 428;[Link]: 517)

18. MMR Vaccine *** (Aug 05;Oct 03;Nov 93) ([Link]: 470;[Link]: 561)

19. Non-Suppurative Complications of Streptococci *** (Aug 12;Aug 08;Mar

02) ([Link]: 433;[Link]: 523)

20. Trichinellosis *** (Aug 12;Feb 11;Apr 00) ([Link]: 476;[Link]: 570)
– Backman Intradermal Test

Page: 80
21. Bacillus anthracis ** (Aug 07;Mar 02) ([Link]: 449;[Link]: 539)

22. Ectothrix and Endothrix Infection of Hair ** (Aug 12;Aug 11) ([Link]: 479;AP3-
[Link]: 576)

23. McFadyean's Reaction ** (Feb 14;Aug 09) ([Link]: 451;[Link]: 541)

24. Non-Venereal Treponematoses ** (Aug 18;Feb 06) ([Link]: 455;[Link]:

545)

25. Tzanck Smear ** (Nov 20;Feb 19) ([Link]: 462;[Link]: 553)

26. Chromoblastomycosis (Aug 18) ([Link]: 482;[Link]: 581)

27. Classification of Streptococci (Jul 23) ([Link]: 430;[Link]: 520)

28. Dracunculus Medinensis (Aug 13) ([Link]: 476;[Link]: 569)

– Life Cycle
29. Group B Streptococci (Feb 13) ([Link]: 435;[Link]: 525)

30. Group D Streptococci (Oct 00) ([Link]: 435;[Link]: 526)

31. Herpes Simplex Virus (Aug 17) ([Link]: 460;[Link]: 551)

32. Koplik's Spots (Feb 10) ([Link]: 469;[Link]: 560)

33. Lab Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogens (Feb 15) ([Link]: 433;[Link]:

524)

34. Lepromin Test (Aug 09) ([Link]: 448;[Link]: 538)

35. Loa Loa (Aug 19) ([Link]: 475;[Link]: 567)

36. Nocardia (Feb 09) ([Link]: 453;[Link]: 544)

37. Special Characters of Staphylococcus aureus (Aug 13) ([Link]: 422;AP3-

[Link]: 517)

38. Subcutaneous Mycoses (Aug 10) ([Link]: 481;[Link]: 578)

39. Tinea Versicolor (Aug 14) ([Link]: 478;[Link]: 574)

40. Toxic Shock Syndrome (Jul 23) ([Link]: 423;[Link]: 512)

41. Toxins of Clostridium perfringens (Aug 11) ([Link]: 438;[Link]: 529)

Page: 81
 Miscellaneous Bacteria and Microbial Zoonotic diseases

Essays

1. Plague (Nov 95) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807)

– Morphology, Cultural Characters, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis

Short Notes

1. Otomycosis ****** (Feb 22;Nov 20;Feb 17;Aug 13;Feb 11;Feb 09) ([Link]:
658;[Link]: 791)
2. Zoonotic Bacterial Disease ****** (Aug 17;Aug 14;Feb 14;Aug 08;Apr 00;Apr
99) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807)
3. Plague **** (Mar 22;Feb 22;Aug 12;Nov 01) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807)
4. Oncogenic Viruses *** (Feb 16;Feb 14;Aug 12) ([Link]: 665;[Link]: 800)
5. Chlamydial Conjunctivitis ** (Jul 23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 653;[Link]: 781)
6. Congenital Rubella Syndrome ** (Jul 23;Feb 23) ([Link]: 660;[Link]:
794)
7. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) associated Malignancy ** (Aug 15;Feb 14) ([Link]:
667;[Link]: 802)
8. Parasites Infecting Eye ** (Feb 12;Aug 08) ([Link]: 655;[Link]: 786)
9. Zoonotic Parasitic Disease ** (Aug 19;Feb 06) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807)
10. Bubonic Plague (Mar 22) ([Link]: 673;[Link]: 809)
11. Congenital Infection (Mar 22) ([Link]: 659;[Link]: 793)
12. Congenital Syphilis (Mar 22) ([Link]: 664;[Link]: 799)
13. Congenital Toxoplasmosis (Aug 17) ([Link]: 659;[Link]: 793)
14. Congenital Viral Infections (Apr 01) ([Link]: 660;[Link]: 793)
15. Conjunctivitis (Aug 11) ([Link]: 653;[Link]: 779)
16. Keratoconjunctivitis (Aug 19) ([Link]: 655;[Link]: 782)
17. Mechanism of Viral Oncogenesis (Nov 98) ([Link]: 665;[Link]: 801)
18. Mycotic Keratitis (Aug 12) ([Link]: 656;[Link]: 789)
19. Ocular Fungal Infections (Jul 23) ([Link]: 656;[Link]: 788)

Page: 82