Chapter One: Meaning, Nature, and Scope of Philosophy

1. The word "philosophy" means:

✅
A. Study of politics
B. Love of wisdom
C. Art of religion
D. Mind and matter

2. Philosophy originated from which language?

✅
A. Latin
B. Greek
C. French
D. Arabic

3. Philosophy deals mainly with:

A. Emotions

✅
B. Speculations
C. Fundamental questions
D. Physical activities

4. A major branch of philosophy is:

A. Chemistry

✅
B. Economics
C. Metaphysics
D. Politics

5. The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge is:

A. Aesthetics
B. Ethics

✅
C. Logic
D. Epistemology

6. Which of the following is NOT a branch of philosophy?

✅
A. Logic
B. Zoology
C. Ethics
D. Aesthetics
7. Which philosopher is known for asking deep questions about existence?

✅
A. Isaac Newton
B. Aristotle
C. Thomas Edison
D. Napoleon

8. Ethics is concerned with:

✅
A. Physical sciences
B. Human conduct
C. Wealth accumulation
D. Political theory

9. Which is NOT a characteristic of philosophy?

A. Rationality

✅
B. Curiosity
C. Belief without reason
D. Critical thinking

10. Philosophy seeks to develop:

A. Riches

✅
B. Leadership
C. Wisdom
D. Technology

---

Chapter Two: Basic Concepts in Philosophy

11. Ontology is the study of:

A. Language

✅
B. Logic
C. Being
D. Numbers

12. A proposition in philosophy is:

A. A suggestion
B. A story
C. A statement that is either true or false ✅
D. A riddle

13. Which of the following best defines an axiom?

A. A joke

✅
B. A complex argument
C. A self-evident truth
D. A fallacy

14. Rationalism holds that knowledge comes from:

✅
A. Experience
B. Reason
C. Senses
D. Teachers

15. Empiricism emphasizes:

A. Prayer
B. Meditation

✅
C. Logic
D. Experience

16. What is meant by "epistemology"?

✅
A. Study of ethics
B. Study of knowledge
C. Study of plants
D. Study of language

17. The "mind-body problem" is part of:

A. Epistemology

✅
B. Aesthetics
C. Metaphysics
D. Logic

18. Which of these is a moral theory?

✅
A. Fallacy
B. Utilitarianism
C. Skepticism
D. Idealism
19. A belief that truth depends on culture is called:
A. Absolutism

✅
B. Realism
C. Relativism
D. Dualism

20. Basic concepts in philosophy include all EXCEPT:

A. Freedom

✅
B. Justice
C. Oxygen
D. Knowledge

---

Chapter Three: Methods in Philosophy

21. The Socratic method uses:

✅
A. Guessing
B. Asking questions
C. Drawing diagrams
D. Group reading

22. Deductive reasoning moves from:

A. Specific to general

✅
B. Hypothesis to theory
C. General to specific
D. Illogical to logical

23. Inductive reasoning moves from:

A. Universal to individual

✅
B. General to specific
C. Specific to general
D. Theory to assumption

24. Descartes' method of doubt involves:

 ✅
A. Trusting tradition
B. Doubting everything initially
C. Observing nature
D. Avoiding thought

25. Which philosopher emphasized rational doubt?

A. Socrates

✅
B. Plato
C. Descartes
D. Aristotle

26. Which is NOT a method used in philosophy?

A. Analysis
B. Observation

✅
C. Thought experiment
D. Surgery

27. Analytic philosophy mostly deals with:

A. Morality

✅
B. Experience
C. Language and logic
D. Culture

28. Which method breaks concepts into parts?

✅
A. Intuition
B. Analysis
C. Assumption
D. Doubt

29. Phenomenology emphasizes:

✅
A. External objects
B. Experience and consciousness
C. Numbers
D. Physical facts

30. Dialectical reasoning involves:

A. One-sided arguments
B. Use of evidence only
C. Dialogue between opposing views ✅
D. Memorization

---

Chapter Four: Language, Logic, and Argument

31. An argument includes:

✅
A. Conflict and noise
B. A conclusion and premises
C. Just emotions
D. Rumors

32. The part of an argument that supports the conclusion is:

A. Proof

✅
B. Thesis
C. Premise
D. Conclusion

33. A good argument is one that is:

✅
A. Loud
B. Valid and sound
C. Popular
D. Long

34. Which is a conclusion indicator?

✅
A. For example
B. Therefore
C. Although
D. Meanwhile

35. A statement that is always true is called:

A. Premise

✅
B. Assumption
C. Tautology
D. Analogy
36. Ambiguity means:
A. Clarity

✅
B. Repetition
C. Multiple meanings
D. Falsehood

37. The opposite of a true statement is:

A. A guess

✅
B. An argument
C. A contradiction
D. A reason

38. What is a fallacy?

A. A good argument

✅
B. A strong conclusion
C. A misleading argument
D. A historical event

39. Formal logic uses:

✅
A. Everyday talk
B. Symbols and rules
C. Emotional appeal
D. Cultural norms

40. Which of the following is NOT part of logic?

A. Validity
B. Premise

✅
C. Argument
D. Painting

Chapter Five: Fallacies

51. An Ad Hominem fallacy attacks:

A. The evidence

✅
B. The conclusion
C. The person
D. The source
52. The Straw Man fallacy involves:

✅
A. Making up a new argument
B. Oversimplifying the opponent's view
C. Repeating your argument
D. Agreeing with the opposition

53. The Slippery Slope fallacy assumes:

✅
A. Progress is inevitable
B. One step will lead to disaster
C. Change is gradual
D. Actions are reversible

54. Which fallacy uses circular reasoning?

✅
A. Red Herring
B. Begging the Question
C. Hasty Generalization
D. Appeal to Pity

✅
55. Which of these is an example of False Dilemma?
A. “You are either with us or against us.”
B. “All dogs bark, so my cat must bark.”
C. “I failed the test because I didn’t eat.”
D. “I know it’s true because my teacher said so.”

✅
56. Which fallacy introduces unrelated topics to divert attention?
A. Red Herring
B. Ad Hominem
C. False Cause
D. Loaded Question

57. “If we allow students to wear hats, next they’ll bring pets” is an example of:

✅
A. Equivocation
B. Slippery Slope
C. Straw Man
D. False Analogy

58. The fallacy of Appeal to Popularity is also known as:

 ✅
A. Reductio ad absurdum
B. Ad Populum
C. Ad Baculum
D. Ad Hominem

59. Equivocation fallacy uses:

A. Biased sources

✅
B. An emotional appeal
C. One word with multiple meanings
D. Direct contradiction

✅
60. Which of these is an example of Appeal to Authority?
A. “This product works because a celebrity said so.”
B. “My teacher proved it.”
C. “All my friends believe it.”
D. “There’s no evidence.”

---

Chapter Six: Relevance of Logic and Philosophy to Society

61. Philosophy contributes to society by promoting:

A. Emotional thinking

✅
B. Quick decisions
C. Critical thinking
D. Totalitarianism

62. Logic is important in society because it improves:

A. Violence

✅
B. Miscommunication
C. Argumentative skills
D. Illusions

63. In education, philosophy helps in:

A. Choosing uniforms

✅
B. Writing songs
C. Curriculum development
D. Grading systems

64. Philosophy improves leadership by encouraging:

A. Power control

✅
B. Dictatorship
C. Ethical decision-making
D. Competition

65. Which branch of philosophy deals with justice and rights?

A. Aesthetics

✅
B. Logic
C. Political Philosophy
D. Epistemology

66. Philosophy contributes to democracy by encouraging:

A. One-party rule

✅
B. Violence
C. Informed citizenship
D. Blind loyalty

67. Ethics influences law by:

A. Promoting corruption

✅
B. Justifying unfair rules
C. Giving moral guidance
D. Limiting rights

68. Which area links logic and computing?

A. Epistemology

✅
B. Philosophical anthropology
C. Philosophy of logic
D. Moral realism

69. In media, logical fallacies can be used to:

A. Educate viewers

✅
B. Promote truth
C. Manipulate opinion
D. Test hypotheses
70. Applied ethics includes topics like:
A. Grammar

✅
B. Religion
C. Abortion and euthanasia
D. Fashion

71. Philosophy of education helps define:

A. Playground rules

✅
B. Student uniforms
C. Educational aims and values
D. National anthems

72. Environmental ethics deals with:

✅
A. Recycling laws
B. Human interaction with the environment
C. Animal feeding
D. Budgeting

73. Philosophy helps in culture by promoting:

✅
A. Stereotyping
B. Understanding of values
C. Conflicts
D. Uniformity

74. Logic helps legal professionals by:

A. Avoiding laws

✅
B. Increasing emotions
C. Ensuring coherent reasoning
D. Simplifying language

75. Philosophy enhances technology by:

A. Direct engineering

✅
B. Creating robots
C. Examining ethical use
D. Building factories
---

Mixed Review: General Questions

76. Who said "I think, therefore I am"?

A. Socrates

✅
B. Plato
C. Descartes
D. Aquinas

77. What does metaphysics study?

A. Morals

✅
B. Beauty
C. Reality
D. Science

78. Epistemology is concerned with:

✅
A. Emotions
B. Knowledge
C. Society
D. Tools

79. Ethics is the study of:

✅
A. Law
B. Conduct
C. Language
D. Space

80. Which branch focuses on beauty and art?

A. Epistemology

✅
B. Metaphysics
C. Aesthetics
D. Logic

81. A valid argument must have:

A. Popular support

✅
B. True conclusion
C. Logical structure
D. Long explanation

82. What is the goal of logic?

A. Create confusion

✅
B. Improve beliefs
C. Ensure valid reasoning
D. Defend feelings

83. Utilitarianism promotes actions that:

A. Uphold tradition

✅
B. Are morally strict
C. Maximize happiness
D. Please the leader

84. A tautology is a statement that is:

✅
A. Always false
B. Always true
C. Sometimes true
D. Unclear

85. Which of these is a thought experiment?

✅
A. Solving a puzzle
B. Imagining a philosophical scenario
C. Laboratory test
D. Scientific formula

86. Which philosopher developed the "categorical imperative"?

A. John Locke

✅
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. Immanuel Kant
D. David Hume

87. The belief that life has no meaning is called:

A. Existentialism

✅
B. Positivism
C. Nihilism
D. Idealism
88. Who is the "father of logic"?
A. Plato

✅
B. Descartes
C. Aristotle
D. Kant

89. Which argument supports God’s existence based on design?

✅
A. Ontological
B. Teleological
C. Cosmological
D. Existential

90. What is a paradox?

A. An unclear opinion

✅
B. A consistent truth
C. A logical contradiction that may be true
D. A religious text

91. "All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal." This is:
A. Inductive reasoning

✅
B. Weak logic
C. Deductive reasoning
D. False dilemma

92. Which philosophy says "truth is relative"?

A. Absolutism

✅
B. Objectivism
C. Relativism
D. Naturalism

93. Philosophy helps law by:

A. Creating more laws

✅
B. Limiting opinions
C. Strengthening logical arguments
D. Reducing punishment

94. A fallacy in logic weakens:

A. Arguments ✅
B. Facts
C. Feelings
D. Intelligence

95. The term ‘ontology’ refers to the study of:

A. Emotions

✅
B. Culture
C. Being
D. Language

96. A sound argument is:

✅
A. Illogical but true
B. Valid with true premises
C. Based on popularity
D. Always inductive

97. Who wrote "The Republic"?

A. Descartes

✅
B. Aristotle
C. Plato
D. Hume

98. What do we call a philosophical story used to explain an idea?

A. Joke

✅
B. Example
C. Analogy
D. Test

✅
99. Which fallacy uses emotions instead of reason?
A. Appeal to emotion
B. Red Herring
C. Straw Man
D. Equivocation

100. Logic is most closely related to:

✅
A. Singing
B. Arguing well
C. Cooking
D. Acting

Chapter 1–6 Review (Philosophy and Logic)

101. Which of these is a question philosophy seeks to answer?

✅
A. What is the square root of 100?
B. What is the nature of reality?
C. How to cook rice?
D. What’s the weather?

102. Which philosopher taught using dialogues and questions?

A. Plato

✅
B. Descartes
C. Socrates
D. Kant

103. The term “philosopher” literally means:

✅
A. Truth seeker
B. Wisdom lover
C. Critical thinker
D. Thinker of science

104. What does logic primarily study?

✅
A. Sentiments
B. Arguments
C. Cultures
D. Senses

105. What makes an argument invalid?

A. It is very short

✅
B. The conclusion is emotional
C. The conclusion doesn’t follow from the premises
D. The grammar is poor

106. Who is considered a student of Socrates?

A. Aristotle

✅
B. Hume
C. Plato
D. Descartes

107. An invalid argument can still be:

A. Sound

✅
B. True
C. Unsound
D. Logical

108. Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

✅
A. All mammals breathe. A whale is a mammal. So it breathes.
B. The sun has risen every day. Therefore, it will rise tomorrow.
C. All bachelors are unmarried. John is a bachelor. So John is unmarried.
D. None of the above

109. Which philosopher believed that knowledge begins with experience?

A. Plato

✅
B. Descartes
C. Locke
D. Aristotle

✅
110. A sound argument must be:
A. Valid and have true premises
B. Persuasive and emotional
C. Complex and circular
D. Long and convincing

---

Chapter 2–4: Core Concepts and Logic

111. Which branch of philosophy studies the structure of arguments?

✅
A. Metaphysics
B. Logic
C. Ethics
D. Sociology
112. A necessary condition is one that:

✅
A. Can occur without the outcome
B. Must occur for something else to happen
C. Is optional
D. Always leads to the result

113. An argument with false premises but a true conclusion is:

A. Sound
B. Valid

✅
C. Invalid
D. Possibly valid

114. The conclusion of a valid deductive argument:

✅
A. Is probably true
B. Must be true if the premises are true
C. Can be false
D. Is unimportant

115. Which of the following is a component of a logical argument?

✅
A. Proof
B. Premises
C. Paragraphs
D. Chapters

116. "If it rains, the ground will be wet." This is a:

A. Causal statement

✅
B. Hypothesis
C. Conditional statement
D. Paradox

117. Which of these is a common use of fallacy in society?

A. Scientific proof

✅
B. Mathematical equations
C. Political debate
D. Laboratory testing

✅
118. Which fallacy says, “Everyone else is doing it, so it must be right”?
A. Ad Populum
B. Red Herring
C. False Dilemma
D. Ad Hominem

119. Skepticism in philosophy encourages:

✅
A. Acceptance
B. Doubt and questioning
C. Religious practice
D. Fast decision-making

120. The idea that the mind and body are two separate substances is called:

✅
A. Monism
B. Dualism
C. Materialism
D. Empiricism

---

Fallacies and Applied Logic

121. Which fallacy relies on fear to persuade?

✅
A. Ad Populum
B. Appeal to Fear
C. Equivocation
D. Straw Man

122. The fallacy of false cause assumes:

A. There is no effect

✅
B. Two things are similar
C. Because one thing follows another, it caused it
D. A cause has no effect

123. What is the danger of fallacies in critical thinking?

✅
A. They make people laugh
B. They lead to flawed conclusions
C. They improve logic
D. They are harmless
124. What is the goal of identifying fallacies in arguments?
A. To win debates

✅
B. To confuse others
C. To ensure rational reasoning
D. To memorize patterns

125. The “Red Herring” fallacy is used to:

✅
A. Trick fish
B. Distract from the actual issue
C. Strengthen points
D. End discussions

126. The fallacy “Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc” suggests:

✅
A. Nothing causes anything
B. What comes before causes what comes after
C. All arguments are equal
D. Truth is relative

✅
127. A circular argument is one in which:
A. The conclusion proves itself
B. The argument has many loops
C. The speaker repeats the same phrase
D. The listener gets dizzy

128. False analogy compares:

A. Two identical items

✅
B. Related things
C. Unrelated things as if they are similar
D. Abstract ideas only

129. “You’re just saying that because you’re old” is an example of:

✅
A. Straw Man
B. Ad Hominem
C. False Dilemma
D. Appeal to Ignorance
 ✅
130. An argument that forces a person to choose between only two options is:
A. False Dilemma
B. Red Herring
C. Equivocation
D. Loaded Question

---

Chapter 6: Philosophy in Society

131. Philosophy promotes social progress by:

A. Encouraging violence

✅
B. Avoiding change
C. Questioning unjust systems
D. Creating rules

132. Why is logic useful in daily life?

A. For writing novels

✅
B. For cooking
C. For making sound decisions
D. For traveling

133. Philosophy of law explores:

✅
A. Fashion rules
B. Legal systems and justice
C. Economic trade
D. Spiritual practices

134. Philosophy of science studies:

✅
A. Myth and religion
B. Scientific methods and assumptions
C. Chemical experiments
D. Laws of gravity only

135. Which field does philosophy contribute to most in decision-making?

A. Painting
B. Fashion
C. Ethics✅
D. Singing

136. In democratic society, philosophy encourages:

A. Silence

✅
B. Dictatorship
C. Free inquiry
D. Bias

137. Which branch of philosophy supports justice and fairness?

A. Epistemology

✅
B. Logic
C. Political philosophy
D. Aesthetics

138. Ethics helps leaders by:

A. Teaching war strategies

✅
B. Encouraging illegal actions
C. Providing moral guidelines
D. Promoting conflict

139. Environmental ethics focuses on:

✅
A. Climate control
B. Moral duty to nature
C. Space science
D. Farming profits

140. Why is logic essential in the legal system?

A. It shortens cases

✅
B. It creates emotion
C. It ensures clear and fair argumentation
D. It avoids evidence

---

Mixed Concepts and Review

141. What does relativism teach?

✅
A. Truth is universal
B. Truth is relative to perspective
C. All things are false
D. Truth is random

✅
142. Plato’s famous work on justice is called:
A. The Republic
B. Meditations
C. Logic and Argument
D. The Ethics

143. Who argued that reality is made up of unchanging ideas or forms?

A. Aristotle
B. Kant

✅
C. Hume
D. Plato

144. A thought experiment is used to:

✅
A. Entertain people
B. Test ideas in the mind
C. Prove facts
D. Make jokes

145. A philosophical paradox:

A. Must be false
B. Must be true

✅
C. Is both valid and sound
D. Appears self-contradictory but may be true

146. Which method is central to critical thinking?

A. Memorization

✅
B. Obedience
C. Analysis
D. Intuition

147. Kant’s moral principle is called the:

A. Hypothetical imperative

✅
B. Ethical maxim
C. Categorical imperative
D. Logical rule

148. Which branch of philosophy explores human beauty?

A. Epistemology

✅
B. Ethics
C. Aesthetics
D. Logic

149. A philosophy that focuses on individual freedom is:

A. Utilitarianism

✅
B. Rationalism
C. Existentialism
D. Positivism

150. The term "axiom" refers to:

A. A hidden rule

✅
B. A controversial opinion
C. A self-evident truth
D. A fallacy

Chapter Review: General and Applied Philosophy

151. A philosophical belief that only physical matter exists is called:

✅
A. Idealism
B. Materialism
C. Dualism
D. Realism

152. Which of the following best defines ethics?

A. Study of arguments

✅
B. Study of the stars
C. Study of right and wrong
D. Study of the brain

153. Rationalism believes that knowledge comes from:

A. Senses

✅
B. Faith
C. Reason
D. Experience

154. Which fallacy assumes something is true just because it hasn’t been proven false?
A. Straw man

✅
B. False cause
C. Appeal to ignorance
D. Ad populum

155. What is a syllogism in logic?

✅
A. A type of paradox
B. A three-part argument
C. A conclusion without proof
D. A contradiction

156. Which method in philosophy focuses on testing ideas through logic and experience?

✅
A. Dogmatism
B. Methodical doubt
C. Superstition
D. Faith alone

157. What is the goal of philosophy?

A. To entertain

✅
B. To control people
C. To search for wisdom
D. To collect facts

158. The Socratic method mainly involves:

A. Lecturing

✅
B. Memorizing
C. Asking questions
D. Telling stories

159. Who is the founder of formal logic?

A. Kant
B. Socrates
C. Aristotle ✅
D. Plato

160. Empiricism believes that knowledge comes from:

A. Logic

✅
B. Reason
C. Experience
D. Revelation

---

Language, Reasoning, and Logical Thinking

161. An ambiguous word in an argument can cause which fallacy?

A. Appeal to fear

✅
B. Red herring
C. Equivocation
D. Bandwagon

✅
162. “You must be wrong because you’re not rich” is which fallacy?
A. Appeal to wealth
B. Straw man
C. Red herring
D. Appeal to pity

163. Logical consistency means:

A. Using short words

✅
B. Using long sentences
C. Avoiding contradiction
D. Changing opinions

164. Metaphysics studies:

A. Morality

✅
B. Argument structure
C. The nature of reality
D. Political systems
165. The love of wisdom refers to:
A. Biology

✅
B. Psychology
C. Philosophy
D. Sociology

166. Which of these is not a formal fallacy?

A. Affirming the consequent

✅
B. Denying the antecedent
C. False analogy
D. Invalid syllogism

167. A good argument must be:

A. Confusing

✅
B. Funny
C. Valid
D. Loud

168. “It worked for me, so it must be true for everyone” is an example of:

✅
A. False cause
B. Hasty generalization
C. Red herring
D. Straw man

✅
169. The term “epistemology” refers to:
A. Theory of knowledge
B. Study of ethics
C. Political reasoning
D. Language studies

170. Logic helps avoid:

✅
A. Conclusions
B. Fallacies
C. Words
D. Evidence
---

Societal Applications of Logic and Philosophy

171. One social benefit of logic is:

A. Avoiding critical thinking

✅
B. Promoting superstition
C. Improving decision-making
D. Weakening education

✅
172. Which fallacy is committed when someone distorts another’s position?
A. Straw man
B. Red herring
C. Appeal to pity
D. Begging the question

173. In a debate, focusing on the speaker’s appearance is:

A. Relevant

✅
B. A strong rebuttal
C. An ad hominem fallacy
D. Logical

174. Ethical relativism holds that:

A. Morals are universal

✅
B. No ethics exist
C. Morals vary by culture
D. Ethics is fiction

175. The use of reason to solve moral issues is part of:

A. Political science

✅
B. Aesthetics
C. Applied ethics
D. Mythology

176. Which of the following is a key part of analytical thinking?

A. Speed

✅
B. Emotion
C. Reason
D. Guesswork

177. A loaded question contains:

✅
A. An insult
B. A hidden assumption
C. Two answers
D. Circular logic

178. A critical thinker always:

A. Accepts tradition

✅
B. Avoids facts
C. Questions assumptions
D. Follows the crowd

179. Moral philosophy asks questions like:

A. What’s the capital of France?

✅
B. What is beauty?
C. Is stealing ever justifiable?
D. How to fix a car?

180. One danger of not using logic in argument is:

✅
A. Longer speeches
B. Incorrect conclusions
C. Confusion in grammar
D. Boring lectures

---

General Knowledge and Summary Concepts

181. Which of the following is not a branch of philosophy?

✅
A. Metaphysics
B. Zoology
C. Logic
D. Aesthetics
182. The statement “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal” is a:
A. Question

✅
B. Fallacy
C. Deductive argument
D. Hypothesis

183. Moral philosophy is also known as:

✅
A. Sociology
B. Ethics
C. Logic
D. Mythology

184. The goal of epistemology is to:

✅
A. Improve grammar
B. Understand the origin and limits of knowledge
C. Create laws
D. Increase profits

185. An example of practical application of logic is:

A. Cooking

✅
B. Singing
C. Solving problems rationally
D. Writing poetry

186. Which branch of philosophy is most related to political justice?

A. Metaphysics

✅
B. Aesthetics
C. Political philosophy
D. Symbolic logic

187. The principle of non-contradiction means:

A. A statement can be both true and false

✅
B. Opposites attract
C. A statement cannot be both true and false
D. Emotions are logical

188. In philosophical language, “argument” means:

A. A fight
B. A series of premises and a conclusion ✅
C. A disagreement
D. A conversation

189. Which fallacy appeals to emotion rather than logic?

✅
A. Straw man
B. Appeal to pity
C. False cause
D. Equivocation

190. Philosophy contributes to law by:

A. Promoting opinion

✅
B. Encouraging corruption
C. Clarifying ethical principles
D. Avoiding rules

191. Philosophical thinking is different from ordinary thinking because it is:

A. Short

✅
B. Emotional
C. Reflective and critical
D. Casual

✅
192. Which fallacy says “either you support me or you are against me”?
A. False dilemma
B. Red herring
C. Straw man
D. Slippery slope

193. "A is equal to B, B is equal to C, so A is equal to C." This shows:

A. Contradiction

✅
B. Illogic
C. Transitive reasoning
D. Confusion

194. One use of logic in science is to:

✅
A. Spread beliefs
B. Confirm results through reasoning
C. Memorize data
D. Use emotion

195. Which philosopher is known for the “I think, therefore I am” statement?

✅
A. Plato
B. Descartes
C. Aristotle
D. Kant

196. What makes a fallacy persuasive to many people?

✅
A. It is logically valid
B. It appeals to emotions
C. It is humorous
D. It is complex

197. Which branch of philosophy evaluates works of art and beauty?

A. Ethics

✅
B. Logic
C. Aesthetics
D. Politics

198. "Assuming what you’re trying to prove" is called:

✅
A. Straw man
B. Circular reasoning
C. Red herring
D. Induction

199. Moral objectivism holds that:

✅
A. Morals are based on personal feeling
B. There are universal moral truths
C. Morals depend on culture
D. Morals are impossible

200. Which of the following is a key function of logic?

A. To create music

✅
B. To guide emotional decisions
C. To organize thoughts clearly
D. To ignore structure