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Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the
United States and Around the World Second Edition
Debasis Bagchi Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Debasis Bagchi
ISBN(s): 9780124058705, 0124058701
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 7.70 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
Nutraceutical and
Functional Food
Regulations in the
United States and
Around the World
Second Edition
Food Science and Technology
International Series
Series Editor
Steve L. Taylor
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, USA

Advisory Board
Ken Buckle
The University of New South Wales, Australia
Mary Ellen Camire
University of Maine, USA
Roger Clemens
University of Southern California, USA
Hildegarde Heymann
University of California
Davis, USA
Robert Hutkins
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, USA
Ron S. Jackson
Quebec, Canada
Huub Lelieveld
Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Daryl B. Lund
University of Wisconsin, USA
Connie Weaver
Purdue University, USA
Ron Wrolstad
Oregon State University, USA

A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of this volume.
 Nutraceutical and
Functional Food
Regulations in the
United States and
Around the World
Second Edition

Edited by
Debasis Bagchi, PhD MACN CNS MAIChE
Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Houston College of Pharmacy
Houston, TX, USA

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Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India

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Printed and bound in United States of America
14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This Book is Dedicated to My Beloved Nephew, Neel Nanda
This page intentionally left blank
In Memoriam

Dr. Hirobumi Ohama, Ph.D., contributed an esteemed chapter in this book, and
unfortunately passed away before the publication of the second edition. During
the last two decades, Dr. Ohama San contributed immensely to the field of
Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in Japan and around the world.
He also contributed significantly in the fields of nutraceutical and functional food
research. Dr. Ohama San was an excellent person, a great friend, a wonderful
human being, and an outstanding scientist. On behalf of all of the contributors
of this book, I convey our sincere regards and respect to our beloved, late
Dr. Ohama San. May his soul rest in peace.

vii
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................. xxiii

Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................ xxvii
List of Contributors ..............................................................................................xxxi

PART I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Aligning
with the Norm or Pioneering Through a Storm ............3
1.1 Myths devolve into faith and dogma ............................................ 3
1.2 Value addition or illusion? ............................................................4
1.3 Landmines and weapons of brand destruction.............................. 7
1.4 Opportunity awaiting: pioneering upstream..................................8
1.5 Conclusion .....................................................................................9
References ...........................................................................................10

CHAPTER 2 Nutritional Supplements and Functional Foods:

Functional Significance and Global Regulations ......13
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................13
2.2 Health behaviors and food markets............................................. 16
2.2.1 Possibilities to promote food health-promoting
properties ........................................................................... 16
2.3 Research needs: safety and efficacy ........................................... 23
2.3.1 DSHEA .............................................................................. 24
2.3.2 Codex: harmonizing food and supplement rules
between all nations of the world ....................................... 26
2.3.3 International alliance of dietary food supplement
associations ........................................................................ 28
Acknowledgment.................................................................................29
References ...........................................................................................30

CHAPTER 3 Global Market Entry Regulations for

Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods,
Dietary/Food/Health Supplements ................................41
3.1 Introduction..................................................................................41
3.2 Market entry requirements ..........................................................42
3.2.1 Positive and negative ingredient lists................................ 42

ix
x Contents

3.2.2 Botanicals........................................................................... 44
3.2.3 Notification versus registration ......................................... 45
References ...........................................................................................49

PART II MANUFACTURING COMPLIANCE AND

ANALYTICAL VALIDATION
CHAPTER 4 Natural Health Products and Good
Manufacturing Practices ...............................................55
4.1 Overview......................................................................................55
4.1.1 Who does it apply to?........................................................ 55
4.1.2 GMPs: what are they? ....................................................... 55
4.1.3 Key elements of GMP ....................................................... 56
4.1.4 Places ................................................................................. 56
4.1.5 People................................................................................. 56
4.1.6 Processes ............................................................................ 56
4.1.7 Products.............................................................................. 57
4.1.8 Benefits of GMP/HACCP ................................................. 57
4.2 GMP procedures: considerations for manufacturers...................58
4.2.1 Overview of quality management system......................... 59
4.2.2 Overview of GMP/HACCP process flow ......................... 60
4.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................60
Further reading ....................................................................................61

CHAPTER 5 Current Good Manufacturing Practices

for Nutraceuticals ..........................................................63
5.1 Introduction..................................................................................63
5.2 GMPs ...........................................................................................64
5.2.1 Premises ........................................................................... 64
5.2.2 Equipment........................................................................ 66
5.2.3 Personnel.......................................................................... 67
5.2.4 Quality assurance............................................................. 68
5.2.5 Sanitation program .......................................................... 69
5.2.6 Operations ........................................................................ 69
5.2.7 Specifications................................................................... 69
5.2.8 Stability............................................................................ 70
5.2.9 Samples ............................................................................ 70
5.2.10 Records ............................................................................ 70
5.2.11 Recall ............................................................................... 71
5.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................71
References ...........................................................................................71
 Contents xi

PART III IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 6 Breaking Down the Barriers to Functional
Foods, Supplements and Claims ..................................75
6.1 Introduction..................................................................................75
6.2 Terminology.................................................................................76
6.3 The struggle: players and issues..................................................78
6.3.1 Ontogeny and current status of the regulations ................ 79
6.3.2 Health claims and NLEA and FDAMA............................ 80
6.3.3 Qualified health claims...................................................... 83
6.4 DSHEA: SFCs and a new safety standard ..................................86
6.4.1 A closer look at the definition .......................................... 86
6.4.2 The exclusionary clause and section 912.......................... 89
6.4.3 The standard for safety...................................................... 92
6.5 The immediate future and the path forward for FDA ................94
6.5.1 The immediate future ........................................................ 94
6.5.2 Four things the FDA must do to resolve the impasse ...... 95
6.6 Discussion .................................................................................. 100
6.7 Conclusion ................................................................................. 102
Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 103
References ......................................................................................... 103

CHAPTER 7 NSF International’s Role in the Dietary

Supplements and Nutraceuticals Industries ............ 105
7.1 A look at the market.................................................................. 105
7.2 Brief history of NSF International ............................................ 105
7.2.1 History in standards development and independent
third-party certification.................................................... 105
7.2.2 Organizational growth ..................................................... 106
7.2.3 NSF testing and certification........................................... 106
7.2.4 Why did NSF International start a certification
program for dietary supplements?................................... 106
7.3 What are good manufacturing practices?..................................107
7.3.1 GMP regulations.............................................................. 107
7.3.2 GMPs and compliance issues.......................................... 111
7.4 Developing master manufacturing records and batch records .....114
7.4.1 Importance of GMP registration and GMP registration
process.............................................................................. 115
7.5 Importance of independent, third-party certification ................116
7.5.1 Increase in dietary supplement product certification...... 116
7.6 Future outlook............................................................................ 116
References ......................................................................................... 117
xii Contents

PART IV REGULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD

CHAPTER 8 FDA Perspectives on Food Label Claims in
the United States .......................................................... 121
8.1 Introduction................................................................................121
8.2 Legal basis for U.S. regulation of food label claims................122
8.3 Nutrient content claims .............................................................124
8.4 Health claims .............................................................................127
8.4.1 Validity standard of health claims .................................. 127
8.4.2 General health claim regulation ...................................... 128
8.4.3 Authorized health claims................................................. 130
8.4.4 Qualified health claims.................................................... 133
8.5 Structure/function claims...........................................................135
References .........................................................................................139

CHAPTER 9 Nutrition and Health-Related Labeling

Claims for Functional Foods and Dietary
Supplements in the United States ............................. 141
9.1 Introduction................................................................................141
9.2 Nutrient content claims .............................................................141
9.3 Structure/function claims...........................................................144
9.4 Health claims .............................................................................145
9.5 Dietary guidance statements......................................................148
9.6 Factual statements......................................................................148
9.7 Nutritional claims display on packages ....................................149
References .........................................................................................150

CHAPTER 10 Assessment of Safety and Quality Assurance

of Herbal Dietary Supplements .................................. 151
10.1 Introduction..............................................................................151
10.2 Quality control of herbal dietary supplements .......................152
10.2.1 Species authentication and standardization.................152
10.2.2 Selection of chemical markers ....................................153
10.2.3 The fingerprinting technique .......................................153
10.3 Safety assurance of herbal dietary supplements .....................154
10.3.1 Contamination by microbes, heavy metals, and
pesticides......................................................................154
10.3.2 Adulteration .................................................................154
10.3.3 Toxicity bioassays of herbal dietary supplements ......155
10.3.4 Herb
drug and herb
herb interaction and
alteration of metabolizing enzymes ............................155
10.4 Regulatory activities concerning botanical/herbal dietary
supplements .............................................................................156
 Contents xiii

10.4.1 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration....................157

10.4.2 Regulation of Chinese herbs in China ........................158
10.5 Toxicological study of herbal dietary supplements by
the NTP and the NCTR........................................................... 158
10.5.1 Toxicological study by the NTP .................................158
10.5.2 Toxicological studies by the NCTR............................159
10.5.3 Case study: mechanism of liver tumor induction
by riddelliine................................................................160
10.5.4 Official actions by the FDA and NTP on herbal
dietary supplements .....................................................161
10.6 Difficulties in safety assurance of herbs and herbal
dietary supplements ................................................................. 162
10.6.1 Intrinsic problems: herbs and herbal products
contain multiple chemical constituents .......................162
10.6.2 Understanding the theory of traditional Chinese
medicine.......................................................................162
10.7 Alternative approaches for safety assurance of
herbal dietary supplements...................................................... 163
10.8 The role of the Chinese government in safety
assurance of Chinese herbal medicine ....................................163
10.9 Perspectives ............................................................................. 164
Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 164
References ......................................................................................... 164

CHAPTER 11 Understanding Medical Foods under

FDA Regulations ...........................................................169
11.1 History of medical foods......................................................... 169
11.2 FDA guidance.......................................................................... 175
11.2.1 IEMs.............................................................................176
11.3 Good manufacturing practices and import/export ..................177
11.4 FDA enforcement of medical foods........................................ 179
11.5 Looking forward ...................................................................... 180

CHAPTER 12 Current Canadian Regulatory Initiatives and

Policies for Natural Health Products
(Dietary Supplements) .................................................183
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 183
12.2 What is an NHP?..................................................................... 184
12.3 Current statistics on the NHPD regulatory products:
what do the numbers show?.................................................... 185
12.4 NHPs transitioning to food products: a regulatory
transition process ..................................................................... 187
12.5 A “new approach” to regulating NHPs...................................187
xiv Contents

12.5.1 Three-class system.......................................................188

12.5.2 Guidance document 2012............................................189
12.5.3 Site licenses .................................................................191
12.5.4 Quality .........................................................................192
12.5.5 Compliance transition..................................................193
12.6 Recent modifications by NHPD facilitating business
and regulatory processes .........................................................194
12.7 The larger picture: mutual recognition agreements................195
12.8 Post-market activities following product approval.................197
12.8.1 AR reporting ................................................................197
12.8.2 Post-market surveillance..............................................198
12.9 Conclusion ...............................................................................198
References .........................................................................................199

CHAPTER 13 European Regulations on Food Supplements,

Fortified Foods, Dietetic Foods,
and Health Claims ........................................................201
13.1 Introduction..............................................................................201
13.2 The General Food Law Regulation 178/2002 ........................201
13.3 The Food Supplements Directive 2002/46 .............................203
13.4 Regulation 1924/2006 on the addition of vitamins and
minerals and other substances to food (fortified foods).........206
13.5 Regulation 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims
made on foods .........................................................................208
13.6 Novel Foods Regulation 258/97 .............................................210
13.7 Foods for particular nutritional uses (dietetic foods) .............212
13.8 The future of botanicals ..........................................................214
References .........................................................................................217

CHAPTER 14 Botanical Nutraceuticals, (Food Supplements,

Fortified and Functional Foods) in the European
Union with Main Focus on Nutrition And Health
Claims Regulation ........................................................221
14.1 Introduction..............................................................................221
14.2 The nutraceutical concept in the US.......................................222
14.3 EU legislation on botanicals as medicines or foods...............223
14.4 Regulatory status and positioning of botanicals as food
supplements, fortified, and functional foods ..........................225
14.4.1 Food supplement directive ..........................................225
14.5 National control on botanicals in food supplements ..............226
14.6 Regulation on mutual recognition...........................................227
 Contents xv

14.7 Other regulations with an impact on functional foods ......... 228

14.7.1 Traditional herbal medicinal products ......................228
14.7.2 Botanicals for enrichment of foods and functional
foods...........................................................................229
14.7.3 EU legislation and functional foods..........................230
14.7.4 EU legislation on fortified food ................................231
14.8 EU legislation and parnuts .................................................... 233
14.9 EU legislation on novel foods............................................... 234
14.10 Quality aspects ...................................................................... 235
14.11 Safety of botanicals ............................................................... 236
14.12 Efficacy of botanicals............................................................ 237
14.12.1 NHCR ......................................................................237
14.12.2 Scientific substantiation of claims ..........................241
14.12.3 Qualified health claims............................................242
14.13 Consequences of the NHCR ................................................. 242
14.13.1 Article 13.1 general function health claims............242
14.13.2 Article 13.5 and Article 14 claims ..........................243
14.14 The article 13.1 list included in Commission
Regulation 432/2012 ............................................................. 244
14.14.1 Regulation (EU) 432/2012 ......................................244
14.14.2 Article 13.1 health claims put on hold....................244
14.14.3 Commission discussion paper on botanical
health claims put on hold ........................................245
14.14.4 Criteria of evaluation of health claims adopted
by EFSA under Article 13 (1) of NHCR ................245
14.14.5 Reasons for rejection of health claims by
EFSA under article 13 (1) of NHCR ......................246
14.15 Examples of negative and positive opinions on
botanical health claims evaluated by EFSA ......................... 246
14.16 Conclusions ........................................................................... 246
References ......................................................................................... 253

CHAPTER 15 History and Current Status of Functional

Food Regulations in Japan .......................................... 257
15.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 257
15.2 FoSHU ..................................................................................... 257
15.3 Food with nutrient function claim .......................................... 259
15.4 Revision of FoSHU categories................................................ 260
15.5 Function evaluation of FoSHU ............................................... 260
15.6 Safety evaluation of FoSHU ................................................... 261
15.7 The future of functional food regulations in Japan ................262
References ......................................................................................... 263
xvi Contents

CHAPTER 16 Health Foods and Foods with Health

Claims in Japan ............................................................ 265
16.1 Introduction............................................................................265
16.2 Historical development of FFs ..............................................266
16.2.1 CAA ...........................................................................268
16.3 HF ..........................................................................................268
16.3.1 HF and FOSHU markets ...........................................268
16.3.2 Implications of defining HF ......................................269
16.3.3 Necessity of regulation for HF..................................269
16.3.4 Labeling and laws......................................................270
16.4 Regulatory systems on HF ....................................................272
16.4.1 Food safety basic act .................................................272
16.4.2 Pharmaceutical affairs law ........................................272
16.4.3 Health promotion law ................................................275
16.4.4 Food sanitation law ...................................................276
16.4.5 Japan agricultural standards law ...............................277
16.4.6 Act against unjustifiable premiums and
misleading representations and other laws ...............278
16.5 FA ..........................................................................................278
16.6 FHC........................................................................................279
16.7 FSDU .....................................................................................280
16.8 FOSHU ..................................................................................281
16.8.1 Approval system for FOSHU ....................................281
16.8.2 Number of FOSHU....................................................282
16.8.3 Qualified FOSHU and standardized FOSHU ...........283
16.8.4 FOSHU and the Japanese traditional diets ...............286
16.8.5 FOSHU and botanicals ..............................................287
16.8.6 Disease risk reduction claims....................................287
16.9 FNFC .....................................................................................287
16.10 Safety .....................................................................................288
16.10.1 Risk analysis by the FSC ........................................288
16.10.2 General foods and safety concern ...........................289
16.10.3 GMP guideline for HF products..............................292
16.10.4 Guideline for self-investigation of the safety
of raw materials .......................................................292
16.11 Discussion..............................................................................293
Acknowledgments .............................................................................298
References .........................................................................................298

CHAPTER 17 Complementary Medicine Regulation

in Australia .................................................................... 301
17.1 Introduction..............................................................................301
17.2 What are CMs?........................................................................301
17.2.1 Designated active ingredients......................................301
 Contents xvii

17.3 How CMs are regulated in Australia ......................................302

17.3.1 Two-tiered regulatory system......................................302
17.3.2 Risk management ........................................................303
17.3.3 ARGCM structure and content....................................304
17.3.4 TGA post-market regulatory activity of CMs ............304
17.3.5 Adverse events reporting.............................................304
17.4 Advertising of CMs ................................................................. 304
17.5 Attitudes of consumers and healthcare
professionals to CMs ............................................................... 305
17.5.1 Recent controversies....................................................306
17.6 Commentary ............................................................................ 306
17.7 Way forward ............................................................................ 307
References ......................................................................................... 307

CHAPTER 18 Russian Regulations on Nutraceuticals

and Functional Foods...................................................309
18.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 309
18.2 Russian regulations on nutraceuticals .....................................311
18.3 Russian regulations on functional foods .................................316
18.4 Russian regulations on foods for special dietary uses............ 322
References ......................................................................................... 325

CHAPTER 19 Nutraceutical and Functional Food

Regulations in India .....................................................327
19.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 327
19.2 Positioning benefits ................................................................. 329
19.3 Indian market and health......................................................... 330
19.4 Regulation................................................................................ 330
19.4.1 Overview of regulations ..............................................332
19.4.2 History of food regulations in India............................333
19.5 Emerging opportunities ........................................................... 336
19.6 Regulation of claims pertaining to nutraceuticals ..................337
19.7 Licensing and registration requirements .................................337
19.7.1 Regulatory requirements for entry in India ................338
19.8 Recommendation and conclusion ........................................... 340
References ......................................................................................... 341

CHAPTER 20 Regulations on Nutraceuticals, Functional

Foods and Dietary Supplements in India ..................343
20.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 343
20.2 Food Safety and Standards Act............................................... 345
20.2.1 The Food Safety and Standards Regulations ............346
xviii Contents

20.2.2Licensing and registration .........................................347

20.2.3Product approval........................................................347
20.2.4Packaging and labeling regulations...........................347
20.2.5Food product standards and food additives ..............349
20.2.6Prohibition and restrictions on sales .........................350
20.2.7Regulations on contaminants, toxins,
and residues ...............................................................350
20.2.8 Regulations on laboratory and sampling
analysis.......................................................................350
20.2.9 Regulation on authorization of health claims ...........351
20.2.10 Food recall procedures ..............................................351
20.2.11 Food import and clearance regulations .....................353
20.2.12 Advisory on misbranding/misleading
claims/labeling claims ...............................................353
20.2.13 Regulation of energy drinks and caffeinated
beverages ...................................................................355
20.2.14 Offenses and penalties...............................................356
20.3 MLM/direct selling..................................................................357
20.4 AYUSH....................................................................................358
20.5 Probiotic regulatory overview.................................................359
20.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................359
References .........................................................................................360

CHAPTER 21 Historical Change of Raw Materials and

Claims of Health Food Regulations in China............363
21.1 Introduction..............................................................................363
21.2 Definition of Health Foods in China ......................................363
21.3 Evolution of allowable claims of health foods.......................365
21.3.1 New function claim .....................................................367
21.4 Raw Materials used in health foods........................................368
21.5 Nutrient supplements...............................................................372
21.6 Historical approval ..................................................................377
21.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................386
References .........................................................................................386

CHAPTER 22 Regulations on Health/Functional Foods

in Korea ......................................................................... 389
22.1 Introduction..............................................................................389
22.2 HFFA .......................................................................................389
22.3 Generic HFFs...........................................................................391
22.4 Product-specific HFFs .............................................................392
 Contents xix

22.4.1 Standardization ............................................................392

22.4.2 Safety evaluation .........................................................394
22.4.3 Efficacy evaluation ......................................................394
22.4.4 Specification ................................................................396
22.4.5 Claims approved for product-specific HFFs...............396
22.5 Advisory committees............................................................... 397
22.6 Future perspectives.................................................................. 397
References ......................................................................................... 400

CHAPTER 23 Phytomedicines, Functional Foods,

Nutraceuticals, and Their Regulation
in Africa .........................................................................401
23.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 401
23.2 African herbal medicine .......................................................... 404
23.2.1 African medicinal plants on the market......................405
23.2.2 Difficulties facing herbal medicine.............................409
23.3 Regulatory status of botanical drugs and functional foods
in Africa................................................................................... 411
23.4 Conclusion ............................................................................... 414
References ......................................................................................... 414

CHAPTER 24 Regulation of Functional Foods in Selected

Asian Countries in the Pacific Rim............................ 419
24.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 419
24.2 Taiwan ..................................................................................... 420
24.2.1 Preamble ......................................................................420
24.2.2 Selling health (functional) foods in Taiwan ...............422
24.2.3 Labeling .......................................................................423
24.3 Hong Kong .............................................................................. 424
24.3.1 Preamble ......................................................................424
24.3.2 Health foods regulations..............................................426
24.3.3 Food labeling regulations ............................................427
24.3.4 Nutrition labeling, nutrition claims, and health
claims ...........................................................................428
24.4 South Korea ............................................................................. 430
24.4.1 Preamble ......................................................................430
24.4.2 KFDA...........................................................................431
24.4.3 Food laws.....................................................................433
24.4.4 Business permit............................................................437
24.4.5 Quality and manufacturing process.............................438
24.4.6 Labeling requirements .................................................438
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 Dead. II in cxcliivii^'o, as during t'twcLMi the Diinuu'iis iiiul
been unceasing', and lew nted for. I was retnrniiijj; my U'iin), and a
few skins hard lidinji; liad manat^ctl I'eacli the Kahihari ; and rtall
danvake me, and idnots! Hodnots!' ('Ilot1 come out (]uickly. I at was
danger, and jumped my people, but they were [ saw there was
treadiery. Id shoot if the men did the front of the waggon, 3n were
driving away the ing the ir litis. I fired at it I knew nothing more. ;k
me a blow on the head, 1 I recovered my senses, I ground, with
little Korap e as a stone. I could not trango for me to be lying When
he saw me open B by exclaiming, ' Hodnots, n I'), and pointed out
over to get up, but found my ily the scene of tlie night struggled to
my feet, but and putting my hand to /.////i^*^^ ^ r.-^ i-*:-^ ■*• "-
i^a- *"'■*■' ■'■*^^''®^-"''-'
 176 JuUing C/ity.ui//s. for liitn. The ()vani]ms told mo that ii
tribe of tliose dwarfs, niUfd " Kara Kara," lived in a tract of country of
the Hiitiio name, lyin^ to the north, and that Korap aTid a ir\r\ of
about fifteen years of anf,. were the otdy ones left, out of a number
they had taken prisoners durin
 nic tlml ;i trilu* of tlioso ivcd in It triict ofcomitrv 0 north,
and tliiit Konii> 'ill's of fi^f were the only icy luul taken prisotuTs o\v.
I took pity on tlu' ut of his horrid shivery L'iited him worse than a
now be food for vultnrcs anco, wo came just before in which we
managed to nonj^di to lie down. The > ])iU'd up overhead, and fter
us as we crept inside, e. In this way we were of wihl beasts at night.
>whng round outside, and e track, as tliey had gone "or a way in :
but they r way through the prickly our first night in the bush we ate
raw, and that was le evening, when Korap and some cocoons, with
ve ate. We managed to d to make a small tire, in placed the sticks,
with bout a minute, and then ered it to me to eat. I he had the first
lot all to 1 one, and found it so good Iways ate them whenever ///
Desperate Straits, >7' •• Hut ,lid you not get any otlier mec 'r There
couhl „„t be much support in . "ch foo animals failed Korap nuule a
bow ,„,l some pois,),ied arrows, lioping to kill some stein. Wok The
poison he made out of s].iders, and gum which he collected from a
small root; but, when he came to shoot, the bow-string, which was
ma,le of .rass, broke, and Korap could not get any strong Enough to
bear the strain. So we were reduced to livin- on roots, with an
occasional samu ; and who her it w^s from eating so much of this
kind of food, or whether it was from catching cold at night, 1 don t
know, but 1 had a bad attack of dysentery, which made me
dreadfully weak. We managed, however, to crawl to the rive^, when
I was disappointed to find the fresh track of a trader's waggon going
south, and I knew that Cann had passed. I was too weak to follow
him np. ^"<1 t»^« '^"^^ ^^""^' ^° '^'' ^""^ \ trv and reach
Lihutitung, where there is water, and wiiere Mapaar, the chief of the
Bakalahari, lives. The rest you know; and I can only thank you and
little Korap yonder for saving my life between ^''" But you were
much too far south to reach Lihutitung. We are a long way from
there now." "Well for once it was lucky for me that I missed my way
and fell ill. Had I not, you would not have picked me up ; so that I
look upon my last attack of fever as a God-send. But now I am here,
the only V^f'WV' *-i->-^ws^ ^»ia-4»iVWli^"--''^-'--
^.j(*^i.3SWn>t;»-,T="« "■-* **^* -■-■.ar.fjs&.-yft'r.i-; 
 .78 Cnnd xvith Hop Bitters. thiuj? 1 can do is to jret Avell
and help you, unless 1 in the way." He at first seemed to gain
strenpftli very slowly, with a daily dose of Hop Bitters he picked up
rap and ga\o us the advantao-e of his ex])erience help with the
greatest cheerfulness. As lie gii strengtli he made himself very
useful, and was in i ways'than one a valuable acquisition to our party
powerfullv-huilt man, standing six feet one in stockings', broad-
shouldered, and with muscular iind hands, he remiiuled nu^ of the
picture of the Vi Blacksmith, as he rolled up his sleeves before se to
work. He was never idle, and was never so h as when doing
something. He could cook well roughly understood the natives, and
had a smatt of t'he Honenlot tongue, as well as of Dutch English;
was fond of natural history, and h taste for entomology; and when
he found tlw were travelling for pleasure and for the purpo exploring
the Kalahari, and making collections fauna and flora, and especially
with the obje finding out if the country was fit for cattle-ranchi a
large scale, and, if so, to acquire a tract of for the purpose, he threw
hl.nself heartily int project. His enthusiasm was particularly ar when
I explained that we also hoped to asc the truth about the reputed
pigmies of Lake N one of whom we had apparently so unexpe found
in the person of his little " slave." " S did I say? Yes, slave! A human
being, \ for a handkerchief and a handful of beac worth a shilling !
But that slave was happy, W( well cared for, and had greater liberty
than thoi of "free and independent" dwellers in Eui j*-iri" *-'!•*»*
.v*v>i-l=4j^"i> 'W«'"*W*.J(**i»%ft**«^-*««»«>'«»*^ »?
 h Hop Bitkrs. ■ell and lu-lp you, unless I am :ain stren in
the empty water-barrels, but found that it invariably turned sour if
kept over-night, and then its flavour was to us abominable. The
natives, N 2 ,i •^'^sKifii'rrm-T.'fti?^'^'^-^ ■. *Mty^w*^!!>ir-
=""*^*^'''*^ ,,^,-irSJi,f^-^ '•'-■■'■•■ ■■>^=««-*"^^-'"* :,'arr-
s=S7'-""''»*>«"*"^'-'
 I So Desert Floroers. however, drank it ; and we made up
our minds the next time we came into a plentiful growth of sama, to
store at least a barrelful of it for their use. This was sooner than we
expected, for next day we A OllOCP OF KALAHARI PLORA. .. -V got
into a dense growth of ripe sama. This was quit a disappointment,
for the water from the ripe plant i not nearlv so nice as that from the
green ; besides, th cattle cannot eat it so easily, the rind being quite
hare -.•--3 ...ris.^^sSJ^'S^n'^*-^^******" ■ 1
 iiers. ladc up our minds tlic iful growth of saina, to "or their
use. pectcd, for uext day we Poisoned Spring-hok. iSi UlABI FLORA
ipe sama. This was quite iter from the ripe plant is om the green ;
besides, the , the rind being quite hard, ™a fiUod with rtavk-l.rown
soo,ls. Wl.eu in this st:,t,the sama wiU lie to,- a j-.u- without
.loeuvn.g, provded there is no rain. , Heve and there n,y attention
was attracted b hun,lped, of n,aKnifieent hly-shal.ed flower.,
l.erfectlv v^dte -rowing, in thick dnster, of Hfty or s.xty on a 1
rten.,e::ch forn,in. a nu,st l.eantitul boncpu-t ; thered a nnnd,er of
the finest W"-"-- ;""" ; "endins M.a „aa caused'the attack of coma
which so -ariy proved fatal to me. The leaf, I now saw, was -actly
bke the ki-ki leaf which the natives eat, and ni mistake for wldch I
had evidently eaten some of tins potsonous nlant. The Bushmen
called it i.i
 I 82 Takiiiii Stock. it. They picked thrir way carefully through
it for a time, l)ut i)resently tlowu went the two Bastards who were
riding on a little way ahead. Tiieir horses had slipped over the hard,
round gourds ; so, as it Avas getting dark, 1 determined to go no
further that night, but to reconnoitre in the morning, ami see which
was the best way out of the sama patch, or whether we could safely
steer straight for Lihutitiuig. 80 Tiext morning Klas and Kert went out
on horseback, and did not return till evening, having ridden fourteen
hours. They reported that, finding no sama three hours ahead of us,
they had ridden on till they came to a waggon-spoor leading to
Mapaar's town, which th(5y could just see from the top of a high
koppjc. We did not start till nearly noon the next day, so as to give
the animals a good rest and a good feed ; and to keep them going
the rest of the journey to Mapaar's town, which we calculated it
would take us three days to reach, w^e filled the buck-waggon up
with sama. I also took the opportunity of the long halt to overhaul
the contents of our waggon, Our patient was by this time getting
quite strong again; he had picked up wonderfully quick; so I made
him foreman of the waggon, nuich to Kert's disgust; but the old
guide bad no knowledge of the country we were passing through,
and had lost all control of the two Bastards, owing partly to his
dependence on them, and still more to his familiarity with them. He
persisted, however, in giving them orders, which they as persistently
despised; and his authority had dwindled down to being boss of the
Bushmen. I therefore handed everything over to Fritz, who started
by taking stock of our possessions, the result being the following
inventory : — ■^^^;- -*»;>fvt»t '. '^%-iiJi-^''
 ock. refiilly through it for a t the two Bastards who ead.
Tlit'ir horses had gourds ; so, as it Avas ro no further tliat night,
ning, and see which was a patch, or whether we r Lihutitiing. So
next t out on horseback, and having ridden fourteen finding no sania
three ridden on till they came 0 Mapaar's town, which 3 top of a higli
koppjc. loon the next day, so as st and a good feed ; and f the
journey to Mapaar's would take us three days aiggon up with sama.
I ihe long iialt to overhaul Our patient was by this ^in ; he had
picked up ide him foreman of the gust; but the old guide ountry we
were passing trol of the two Bastards, 36 on them, and still more He
persisted, however, ch they as persistently had dwindled down to 1
therefore handed everystarted by taking stock mlt being the
following Our Inventory. 183 2 wai^'-jons. •2 scrcw-jiick. 50 oxcri. 2
cowv. •2 v'alvcs. 4 liorsosi. 4 (l(i;;s. 1*2 ox-y«ikfS. •2 tivk v\\\\w^40
strups f"i' '^^f""40 vokf stay stmi)-*. :}7 ritl.'s 1 shot-gnn.
ir),00(>l.niss .ivvtvidi^fs for Ain.ricun k"'"*- . . .... I -200 ditto f.)v
Martini s. Curtis iintl HarvfV iiowilcr. 1 shnt-guu ciusc with all tools.
•2r)0 cartritliji's for shot-gun. 2 bags shut. 2 tiohl-ghisses. 1 2 awls.
6 Liinvas-needU'S. 24 pocket-knivi's. 12 largi' hutchcr tlitto. 12
mouth-organs. 1 concertina. 12 brass timhT-boKcs. 40 lbs assortetl
beads. 12 sheets. 15 blankets. 2 rubber rugs. 2 ditto coats. 4 cups
and saucers, enanielh'd iron. 4 plates, ditto. 6 knives and forks. 18
spoons. 1 screw-hammer. 2 large tin pails. 2 small ditto. 1 pick. 1
shovel. 1 saucepan. 1 pot. 1 kettle. 1 frying-pan. 1 broiler. 1 axi". 1
liirgf dish. 1 Huiall ditto. 2 saddles. 2 liridlcs. 2 riding-whips. 2 sad
Ih- bags. 2 wells for ritli". 6 oz. (juininc. 8 oz. laudanum. 10 oz.
sdlplmric acid. 2 liDXt's Epsoia salts. 1 bottle I'astor oil. 1 glass
droppt'V. llalf-hottlc swui'toil. Half-b(»ttl
 iS4 Milk V. Santa. 4 till!-' oiitiiii'al. 1 till JH'lllll'l'. I tin salt. I
Imj; ditto. 10 ll)s. (Irii'il piMclics. 0 l)otll('s \ iiK'i^ar. 1 Ixittlt! liiiiiitly.
1 liottli' j;in,L;;,'i-liiaiuly. •SO 11 >s. .«\ij,'iir. Half-pound tea. ■J small
l)a^s,,fj)cciinensof rock. 1 largi' sail, tont top. 2 whips. 5 l.a^'s. ]()
hi id skins. 1 hundlo, sainpli' of difft'ivnt l^rassi's. 1 haski.'t. •J
huttles Wovci'stor sauce. () sciit cushions. I 1 )!!{,' cniiity caitridf^cs.
1 wati'i'proof lug-cdvcr on a strap. ■J hainiiiucks. 1 auj,'cr. 1 liaiiinu'r.
1 sorcw-driver. 2 dozen assorted holts. 1 lmi;ket waggon },'rease. i
camera and lenses. 2 sqiiiire hoxes dry plates. 1 tripod. (■) towels.
\'.\ yds. Turkey red. 2 do/cn cotton handkerchiefs. 2 lelii^ths rope. 4
Icatiier ha^s. t< planks for seats and heds. 4 ]iMir vclt scoous. •J
watcr-ha<. shoulder-straps="" forcartridgi="" i="" hat="" liarrel=""
of="" water.="" ipiarter="" ditto.="" larj="" chain="" for=""
hrake="" to="" wagyon.="" t="" raw-hide="" straps.="" valises.=""
toilet-bag.="" heavy="" overcoats.="" light="" gimlet.="" thread=""
and="" needles.="" ink.="" lead="" pencils.="" hag="" cut=""
tohaceo.="" ihs.="" plug="" cavendish="" .="" dozen="" boxes=""
matches.="" pipes.="" rolls="" lioer="" tobacco.="" bag="" gun-
caps.="" silk="" handkerchiefs.="" case="" hop="" r.itt="" all=""
the="" live-stock="" what="" gtive="" us="" greatest="" comfort=""
was="" two="" cows.="" if="" had="" journey="" perform=""
again="" would="" take="" six="" cows="" at="" least="" strain=""
sjima="" through="" them="" before="" drinking="" it.=""
country="" gradually="" became="" more="" level.="" its=""
gentle="" undulations="" only="" broken="" here="" there=""
by="" a="" distant="" icoppje="" covered="" with="" ripe=""
grass="" resembled="" gently-swelling="" bosom="" golden=""
ocean="" similitude="" being="" heightened="" c="" ears=""
grasses="" bowing="" breeze="" flashed="" from="" their=""
under-side="" ti="" silvery="" like="">e inoon-lit ''.«»i»,>j(??6*r-
ii4**w'^-'Ti-i5«Lf I sJrr»jr.-**:'c^-*iiat«sS.^^'»»»***^^**^ »-
F«fa^-^qw»«-K*^ftg-'t:fe.a S:£^*3^E*e*'^a*^*iSV';(i«4iii.rt*
 mil. (5 towi'l-i. ."? yils. Turkf-y rrhed out, and was soon at
close .p.arters wtth some unsee.i foe for the night was ch.tidy and
we could distingu .h ,u.thin-. Guided, however, l)y the noise, Lubt
Fritz, and 1, closely followed by little Korap, sem-d our guns and
were making for the scene o combat, when we heard some one
shouting " Ktn nach hetkong hoolab," which was transhded into "
Don t shoot we are friends," by old Kert, who m reply asked how
many they were and what they wante.1. Ihey saul they were four
Bechuattas, hunters and traders, with two trek-oxen, and that they
had seen our fire and would like to come and camp near us. As the
brie parley proceeded, Kert and one or two of the 1 est vho had
hitherto kept at a safe distance behind us, came forward, so I told
Kert to offer the new arrivals rricoml, and calling " Bull " off , we all
fell back as the latter advanced. The first distinct objects to emerge
from the gloom were the heads of two oxen, with horns big enough
for four and then their bod^s. laden with pots and kettles, skins and
bags an odd assortment of produce, raw and manufactured Nex
came two stalwart Kaffirs, as black as ebony, the firs^ sign of whose
presence was the gleam of their white, ivory-like teeth, and the
sparkle of their dark eyes as the firelight fell upon them. The third
man o the party was dressed like the others, in rough corduroy
garments ; but behind them came a copper-coloured «p» s ■ly*'?
^'^^^^*'^' "^
 1 86 -^/ fantastic i^-iggcrindividual most fanta.stically
arrayed. Over liis shoulders hung a large skin, which scarcely
concealed the remnants of an old shirt, once probably white, but
now alm(»st the same colour as himself; on his head ^vas an old
felt, conical hat, on the apex of which was stuck a ])unch of ostrich
feathers, while from one side of it was suspended a woollen hanging
bird'slu'st. His arms and ankles were decorated with rows of bangles
of iron and copi)er wire, to the jangling of which was added at every
step the rattle of strings of dried cocoons suspended from the knees.
On his neck were rows of many-coloured beads, with here and there
clusters of lions' claws, hyenas' toe-nads, wolves' vertel)ra% and
prominent among all a b\inch of three-cornered bones, ormimented
with hieroglypliics, with a rude bone cross as a central peudant.
Each man carried a knobkerry in one hand and an assegai in the
other; but they soon assured \\% of their friendly intentions by
shaking hands all round with every member of our party, omitting
only us three " white men," and then delil)erately s(piattingon their
hams, according to the custom of their country, as a sign that they
wanted something to eat and to be friends. The only symptom of
hostility was displayed on their side by one of two curs following at
their heels, whose ear was torn and bleeding, and on our side by "
Bull," who evidently was the author of the damage, and who eyed
his quondam adversary a , if he would like to finish him off then and
there. Calling " Bull " to order, I had some food given to our visitors,
and then commenced a long pow-wow between them and Kert. It
was at least half an hour before Kert could tell me anything about
them, for they ate and talked continuously, asking and answer-
^■taaitwi^twKiiisik^*' >£^«*fls!V-^^-'-tS?:«ft^^
 sirrayeil. Over liis iiich scarcely concealed lice pr()hal»ly
wliite, but liimself; on bis head the apex of which was itliers, while
from one oollen hanginsj^ bird'sre decorated with rows vire, to the
jangling of the rattle of strings of the knees. On his neck beails, with
here and ws, hyenas' toe-nails, •lit among all a bnnch imented with
hieroglyis a central poudant. 'i*ry in one hand and an soon assured
us of their C hands all round with omitting only us three rately
scpiatting on their n of their couutry, as a thing to eat and to be f
hostility was displayed curs following at their d bleeding, and on our
was the author of the londam adversary as if then and there.
Calliome food given to our d a long pow-wow be8 at least half an
hour ything about them, for isly, asking and answerT/ii
Rauldbeableto^ttrom them ai^thing we wanted, for they had coffee
and Uacco^owder and lead, and other merdun. -, which they
w..ldbe....u,st<>^^^ morning. " Above all, s.ud Jvut, ^'-^ ,. to tell
lis where to get game and sama, and N>heit the little people are to
be found." „ - Ask him who the old rag-and-bone nun is ^^Mividual
thus i-verently alluded to turned out to be a «o.»,. Mn other word^
a w.h^h-^^o. " He will tell us whether our expeditum wd be m
cessful," explained Kert, "whether the l.ons ^ U cessim, F attributed
the attack our cattle — ni tact, lo power of foretelling anything and
everytlung ^ Lulu suggested that we had better haul up the fetar
.,.d Srpes or the Union Jack, and "annex' the
::^.^rt:ensticklnn.upasa.ca.^-^^^ side our camp every night; but, t
^f^^^^^"^^ spectful, Kert and Dirk made amends by the awe
with
 iSS Soi'inu^ Of //"//'■//■(/(' simiiin, for thoy i-!mu> imd
seriously iulviscd mo to p» the first tliiiij,' in the inoniiiiLr mikI
C(»nsult tliis miracli'-worker !il)oiit my futinv inovi'iiUMits. Forcsi-
eiiifj: tliat 1 mif^lit bo iililc to turn such an interview to advaiita^^e,
thouf*' -.JlpKHif, i-A» 
 ch- doc tor. 1 8c I'd the yoiiiiid, for tliey 9 to go tho Hrst
tiling in s iniriicli'-woj-ker iilxmt, 'si'iititr tliat 1 might ho w to
iulviiiitiige, tlioiiglj i-t jiTid Dirk iiitcndi'd, 1 pent tlio luxt liidi'-lioiir t 1
intoiidod to play at 11 tlu> iiu-aiiNvhilo 1 could Iking of tlu'
wonderful iii'hKjiti, as tlii'se inii tongue — and even after .'d to bo
asleep. I could I'ocounting the instances • own notice, where the d
wonderful cures, surBitters, und where their ,'vil alike, had come
true. CHArTKR XII. th.. tul.l..s on tl... ..,„uun.r-No..plu.sn,.' th.
...,',.■; t-lh-.nK l-. ^vat..r--A .l..M.vt..a Bali.k.um,.- A linn «pnnKS
,nto ourrum,.llowth.. na,iv..sn>ake L.ther-Nativ.- .vaU.v-Wan.rB-At
I.hutitung-A i-r-sfnt from Mapaai— < •">• hrsl ball.. Earfa- in the
n).>nnng I ^vas awakened from a confused dream, in which Kerr
Frikoll, Dr. Lynn and a bhK-k conjurer played tho principal parts and
found Kert at my side entreating me to be the first to interview tho
witch-doctor. On our way towards the clunii. of bushes where the
xonnja and his companions were ah-eady on tho move, skinning two
ackals, which they had trapped during the night m their steel traps,
and cooking them for their morning s meal, Kert confided to me that
although ho knew the .vhite man did not believe in witchcraft, he
and Dirk were firm believers in it. It was oou.erlch^h [onv belief),
and he begged me to say nothing, but to leave l.i,„todoall the
talking. To this I wdbngly con sented, and Kert took his seat quite
happdy-and I am bound to add quite ^^-^^^^^^^^'^ the great
fortune-teller, with a half-fnondly, half-.ubmislve air. We found Klas
and Dirk ali-eady there, squatted on their hams, and forming with
the others a lllf-circle round the great man. There was dead silence
for a few minutes after our arrival, bioken
 ic)0 i^ur Fortunes aic tohL I only by lli* of till' witi'li-.loctor,
as ho sorted , oast thom on tho ^n-oiind. As tln'y ^v»'iit down his
J^-Al=to»*.*^**%f»S*3S,««=tJ^
 (vr told. ones iind otluM* c'liarm!< sorti'd i>\it tlioso iiKist
Kcrt must liiivc told liim '11(1 uiiou liiiii t'(tr luh ici'. iiicss-like nir, as
tlii'Ui,'li tcil by iv soU'ct party of him ilivulgo tlio dreatl lie rosy ■svciit
down his oyct the whites was visible, his lieail, picked up tlie >.
earth again, this time gibberish as he arranged len, suddenly looking
up, ^h ! The corners of his )s stood apart till nothing te teeth and
led gums ; I'ali/iG the idea of a man Then, suddenly reloxKert, who
transhited the Afrikan"«• ' *'^'^'! nicking one up between my right
forehnger and ; S pretended to pass it mto my left ham, while really
palming it, a U Dr. Lynn, in the nght ; now placing my left hand over
my mouth, I made violent pretence to swallow the bone. During the
spasniodic efforts to get outside the bone. I sidled up to Kert who
was standing close by with eyes and nvouth and coat-pockets wide
open, and, dropping the bone into one of the latter, showed him my
hands, and aske
 192 The Witch-doctor Bcxvitched. succession, I n^xt took
out a small pocket-knife, an stooping down passed it several times
over the side ( my leg at the knee-joint, each time raising it towarc
my niouth, increasing the rapidity of my raovemen till at last,
suddeidy bending both knees, I half squatte on the ground, and at
the same instant raising bot hands to the mouth, pretended to
swallow the knif which all the time was safely held in the bend of tl
knee. As I slowly rose, Lulu, according to a pr concerted
arrangement, came up behind me, wipn his hands on a towel, which
he dropped over the kni as I released it from my knee. The mouths
of all tl onlookers were wide agape, and as I, imitating th£ example,
went round with my mouth open to she that the knife was not there.
Lulu picked up the tow and with it the knife, innocently asking what
was t matter. At this interruption I solemnly warned h' away, telling
him to keep silence and wait Uke t rest'; so he made his way behind
the soenya a secreted the knife in a cow's horn that lay beside hi At
the same moment I walked across to the head mr who sat farthest
from the witch-doctor, and with copying-ink pencil marked sundry
hieroglyphics his face, assuring him, through Kert, that so long he
kept those marks there he would find plenty jackals, but no feathers,
and meet plenty of tribes trade with. "You have," I continued, "
brought such and si things to sell," and, calling to mind sundry
scraps information I had picked up from Kert and Dir conversation
the previous night, I described nea everything he had with him,—
how many skins j what kinds, how many traps, how much powder 5
tobacco, &c., &c.,— down to the shape of a pecul -
^^^i&.'iv^iti^es**^^^ ■■^-"'^-/.;=^«fti^vi^,^M&iK=?
^^^^ai!fe-^-^iJ^^
 tor BcxvitcJied. a small pocket-knife, and reral times over
the side of ,cli time raising it towards rapidity of my movements
;both knees, I half squatted same instant raising both ided to
swallow the knife, ly held in the bend of the Lulu, according to a
preime up behind me, wiping I he dropped over the knife lee. The
mouths of all the ?, and as I, imitating their ray mouth open to show
e, Lulu picked up the towel jently asking what was the ion I solemnly
warned him I silence and wait Uke the ay behind the menya and r's
horn that lay beside him. liked across to the head man, e witch-
doctor, and with a d sundry hieroglyphics on ough Kert, that so long
as fe he would find plenty of nd meet plenty of tribes to ed, "
brought such and such v to mind sundry scraps of up from Kert and
Dirk's s night, I described nearly him, — how many skins and aps,
how much powder and to the shape of a peculiar The Soenya turns
pale. '9;> piece of lead the chief of the party earned with him, and
by which they all set great store as a charm. In return I asked him
to describe the contents of my waggon. Whether the xovmja
attributed my powers to the possession of his old bones or not, I
don't know, but he was evidently uneasy about them, for, as soon as
I had finished, he beggedKertto ask me to restore them to him. . J,
"First let the fioeinia give me back my knife, I said, and, looking him
straight in the face, held out my hand for it. With a sickly smile he
protested that ho had it not. It was with his bones : for had not the
Avhito man swallowed it too ? " Let the soeni/a search himself first,
before he says he has it not. He says what he does not know," 1
replied, and, every eye being turned upon him, he began slowly to
look for the knife. When he found it in the horn, where Lulu hud
placed it, his countenance assumed an expression of the greatest
wonder, and I'm positive his black face turned pale. Never did I see
a nigger look so nonplussed. He seemed quite afraid to hand it to
me ; but I had not quite done with him yet, so, as I reached over for
the knife, I dropped a half-crown into a fold of his skin blanket, and,
stepping a few paues back, produced another coin, on which I made
Kert scratch a cross with the point of my restored penknife: then,
making the usual " pass " from one hand to the other, held up my
fist and told Kert to blow upon it. Of course, when I opened my
hand the half-crown was gone. The >^oan!/a was inclined to be
indignant when I told him to search himself a second time ; but, as
he moved, the other half-crown rolled from his blanket to the
trround. 1 smoothed him over by extolling his Wsii!S»5-;*«.?»!?
i'«t«6«f*»t;.KJ- i'»rt-«'.>*iSr
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