electronics

Communication
Microstrip to Slot-Line-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna with
Radiation Pattern Diversity for X-Band Application
Jiwan Ghimire , Daud Khan and Dong-You Choi *

Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chosun University,

Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (D.K.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper proposes a planar wideband microstrip feedline to a slot-line-based patch
antenna for high-frequency pattern diversity applications. The antenna consists of two adjacent
rectangular patches separated by the ground slots, with a directive patch slot along the edge of the
substrate. A compact common feedline-to-slot configuration is used to miniaturize the antenna. The
antenna is designed in stages, starting with an in-phase feedline, followed by a slot line structure,
with two radiating patches on top and a director on the side. This creates radiation diversity with
directive radiation patterns. The antenna was fabricated and analyzed inside a far-field anechoic
chamber. The experimental results validate the return loss, gain, and radiation performance. The
measured results of the antenna within a frequency range of 8.5 to 11 GHz show good agreement
with the simulation. The antenna has a maximum gain of 9.2 dBi and has the potential to be beneficial
for beam steering and X-band applications due to its low profile, broad bandwidth, high gain, and
good directivity.

Keywords: wide-band antenna; X-band; microstrip patch; slot antenna; beam steering

1. Introduction
An antenna with reconfigurable frequency and polarization is becoming more and
Citation: Ghimire, J.; Khan, D.; Choi,
more essential with the modernization of intelligent devices sensors for use in mobile
D.-Y. Microstrip to Slot-Line-Fed
devices [1], cancer detection [2], wireless devices [3,4], and prospective possibilities for bidi-
Microstrip Patch Antenna with
rectional communication that can facilitate the integration of several radio networks into
Radiation Pattern Diversity for
X-Band Application. Electronics 2023,
specific applications [5–7]. As a result, the design of reconfigurable antennas has gradually
12, 3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/
received increasing attention and effort, notably in microstrip technology. The frequency,
electronics12173672 radiation pattern, polarization, or combinations of these are basic antenna characteristics
that can be reconfigured [8–13]. To reduce the interference and power consumption, recon-
Academic Editor: Massimo Donelli
figurable antennas can minimize the signal distortion brought on by multipath fading and
Received: 19 July 2023 various interferences in wireless communication systems [14,15]. In a noisy environment, a
Revised: 19 August 2023 null beam of radiation can be targeted at unwanted users to reduce interference, improve
Accepted: 29 August 2023 security, and minimize noise sources. Pattern-reconfigurable antennas can also adjust the
Published: 31 August 2023 primary beam of the radiation pattern toward the targeted users, which helps to better
conserve energy by more efficiently delivering the signal. Traditionally, phased array
antennas have been used to perform pattern reconfigurability [16,17]. However, their large
size and costly design process have limited their use. Recently, there has been growing
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. interest in pattern-reconfigurable antennas with simple and economical design processes
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
for applications in wireless, military, radar, and satellite communications [18,19]. Various
This article is an open access article
techniques have been proposed to achieve reconfigurability [20]. Switches like radio-
distributed under the terms and
frequency micro-electromechanical systems (RF-MEMS), Varactor Diodes, and p-i-n diodes
conditions of the Creative Commons
are excellent reconfiguration means of switching technology offering quick switching and
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
reconfigurability in terms of the frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern, polarization, and
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
front-to-back ratio [21–23]. Liquid material-based frequency and pattern reconfigurable
4.0/).

Electronics 2023, 12, 3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173672 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 2 of 8

antennas were proposed in [24,25]. However, their complex structures, parasitic effects on
the antenna performance, significant diode demands, switch and biasing circuitry require-
ments, interference, and lumped elements all led to an increase in the weight, power, and
cost. Additionally, developing a frequency-tunable radiation-reconfigurable antenna with
the use of passive elements in a limited size is still a challenging task [26,27].
In this paper, we propose a frequency-tunable pattern-reconfigurable antenna. A
compact common feed-to-slot line configuration is used. The two radiating patches are
printed on top of the Fr4 substrate (εr = 4.4), with directors on the sides, and a slot in the
ground plane. As the frequency changes, a relative phase difference occurs in the two-
radiating patches of the antenna along the length and width of the patch, which changes
the direction of the electromagnetic radiation. This results in pattern reconfigurability.
Passive elements that require high power requirements need to be minimized as much as
possible, as they can degrade the antenna radiation and efficiency. Therefore, we present
a frequency-tunable high-gain radiation pattern-reconfiguration antenna that does not
require these power-consuming devices. The antennas are fabricated and analyzed inside a
far-field anechoic chamber. The analysis of the antenna is conducted via a simulation using
the Ansoft High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), a commercial electromagnetic
simulator. The antenna, which is 18 mm × 28 mm × 0.8 mm in size, was designed on an
Fr4 substrate with a 50 Ω microstrip feedline-to-slot-line and slot-line-to-radiating patch
power transition. The slot line and radiating patch are separated from the ground plane by
the height of the substrate.

2. Antenna Design
Figure 1 shows the geometry of the antenna, along with its dimensions and parameters,
which are listed in Table 1. The antenna consists of a microstrip feedline of width Fw and
length FL, which connects to a radial stub of radius FR . The etched slot of width Sw is of
length SL + Fw , and it is etched on the ground plane perpendicularly to the feeding section,
where its end is terminated by the circular ground slot of radius GR . The two patches of
length and width PL × PW are placed above the ground plane side by side, separated by
the distance of slot width. The director of length DL and width DW is placed in front of the
two rectangular patches so that the radiation becomes more directive at a higher frequency
in the X-band. The simulated return loss of the antenna with and without the patches and
director is shown in Figure 2a. From the figure, we can see that the patches not only assist
in electromagnetic wave radiation but also contribute to the impedance matching of the
antenna system. The first and second resonance frequencies of the fabricated antenna can
be estimated by using the following equations, as given in [28].
c
fn = √ , (1)
Ln ε r

where c is the velocity of light, and Ln is the effective length of the rectangular radiating
√
patch, given that for n = 1, 2, L1 = PL + LPF + FW /2, and L2 = (PW 2 + PL 2 ) + SW, and ε r is
the relative permittivity. The design parameters of the proposed antenna are based on the
guided wavelength, λg. By varying this base parameter, we can change the dimensions
of the antenna and tune its impedance bandwidth. As shown in Figure 2b, when the
guided wavelength parameter is varied from 18 mm to 27 mm, the impedance bandwidth
of the antenna changes within an ultra-wideband region covering different narrowband
regions. This tunning flexibility allows us to adapt the required bandwidth of the antenna
by tuning the parameters. Using this flexibility, the antenna is tuned to the bandwidth near
the X-band region by setting the guided wavelength (λg) parametric value to 20 mm.
 Electronics 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 8
Electronics 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 8
Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 3 of 8

Figure 1. Geometry of the proposed fabricated antenna.

Table 1. Geometrical parameters of the proposed antenna.

Figure1.1.Geometry
Figure Geometryof of
thethe proposed
proposed fabricated
fabricated antenna.
antenna.
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
Table1.L1.SGeometrical
Table Geometrical parameters
parameters
S FofWproposed
L + λg/4of+the the+ proposed
/2 2.5 antenna.
SW × antenna. FW 1.54
Ws
Parameter
Parameter Value
Value
28
(mm)
(mm)
FParameter
Parameter
R λg/8Value
Value (mm)
− SW (mm)
WG 24.5 GR λg/8 + SW/2
LLS S SLS+ + λg/4
L λg/4 + F+WF/2W/2
+ S+WS×W2.5
× 2.5 FW FW 1.54 1.54
FLWs LS/2 +28SW/2 FR SW FR λg/8 −0.8
SWλg/8 − SW
Ws 28
PLWG SL/2 + λg/4+ F24.5W/4 + SW ×0.75 G R DW λg/8 + SF /2
WW
W
PWFL
G
SL/2 + LFSW/2
24.5
/4++SSWW/2× 0.75 SW DL GR 0.8 8λg/8 + SW/2
SFL L L λg/2S/2
L + S+W/2
S+WS/2
W ×0.75
λg SW 20 0.8
P SL /2 + λg/4+ FW /4 DW FW
PW SL /2 + FW /4 + SW × 0.75 DL 8
LP
PFS
L
L
SL/2 λg/4
+ λg/4+
λg/2+S FW
+WSW
/4
FW+ SW ×0.75
− /2 λg
DW
20
FW
PLWPF SLλg/4
/2 + F+WS/4 + SW × 0.75
W − FW
DL 8
SL λg/2 + SW/2 λg 20
0
LPF λg/4 + S0 W − FW

` `
-5
-5

0 -10 0
|S11| (dB)

|S11| (dB)

-10 `
` -15 -5
-5
-20
-15 -10
λg = 18 mm
|S11| (dB)

|S11| (dB)

-10 -25 λg = 20 mm
With Patch -15
-20 λg = 21 mm
Without Patch λg = 24 mm
-30
-20 λg = 27 mm
-15
-25 -35 λg = 18 mm
8 9 10 11 -25
6 7 λg
8 = 20 mm9 10 11 12
With Patch λg = 21 mm
-20 WithoutFrequency
Patch (GHz) λg =Frequency
24 mm (GHz)
-30
λg = 27 mm
(a) (b)
-25 -35
8 9 Figure 2.
2. Simulated
Figure10 return
11
Simulated return loss: (a)
loss: (a)the
theantenna
antenna
6 with and
7 without
with and radiating
without8 radiating
9 patches;
10
patches; (b)(b)
at at
11 different
different 12
parametric
Frequency values of guided wavelength parameter
(GHz)values of guided wavelength parameter λg.
parametric λg. Frequency (GHz)

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Simulated return loss: (a) the antenna with and without radiating patches; (b) at differen
parametric values of guided wavelength parameter λg.
Electronics 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW

3. Simulated and Measured Results

Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 4 of 8
The simulation and measured results are shown in Figure 3. The figure sho
impedance bandwidth, where |S11| < −10 dB, varies from 8.5 to 11 GHz. The res
frequencies are Measured
3. Simulated and at aroundResults
8.9 and 10.5 GHz. The slot length, followed by the patch
contributes to theand
The simulation lower-frequency
measured resultsresonance,
are shown inwhereas
Figure 3. the
The diagonal length
figure shows the of th
impedance bandwidth, where |S11| < − 10 dB, varies from 8.5 to 11 GHz.
contributes to the upper-frequency resonance. The simulated and measured retuThe resonance
frequencies are at around 8.9 and 10.5 GHz. The slot length, followed by the patch length,
vary significantly, which can be attributed to the connection losses, faulty solderi
contributes to the lower-frequency resonance, whereas the diagonal length of the patch
fabrication
contributes toflaws.
the upper-frequency resonance. The simulated and measured return loss
vary significantly, which can be attributed to the connection losses, faulty soldering, and
fabrication flaws.

`
-5

-10
|S11| (dB)

-15

-20

Simulated
-25 Measured

-30
8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Figure 3.3.Simulated
Figure andand
Simulated measured S-parameters
measured of the proposed
S-parameters of theantenna.
proposed antenna.
The measured 3D radiation pattern at 8.8, 9.6, and 10.6 GHz frequencies are shown in
FigureThe4 formeasured
both the patch3D antennas,
radiationwith pattern at 8.8,a9.6,
and without and The
director. 10.6far-field
GHz frequencies
radiation are
in Figure
patterns are4directive
for bothand thechange
patchthe antennas,
direction with and without
of radiation a director.
with the change The far-field ra
in frequencies.
The insertion
patterns are of a directorand
directive slotchange
at the patch antenna tends
the direction to make the
of radiation radiation
with pattern in frequ
the change
more directive at higher frequencies towards the azimuthal plane, which can be seen in
The insertion of a director slot at the patch antenna tends to make the radiation
the radiation plot of Figure 4f. In contrast, the radiation at the elevation plane is more
more
directivedirective
for a patchatantenna
higherwithout
frequencies towards
a director at a lower the azimuthal
frequency, plane,
as shown which
in Figure 4a.can be
the
Aroundradiation plot
the central of Figure
frequency of the4f. In contrast,
proposed antenna theat 9.6radiation at the of
GHz, the direction elevation
radiation plane
directive for a patch antenna without a director at a lower frequency, as shown in
is in between the elevation and the azimuth plane. The measurements of the antennas
wereAround
4a. performed in an
the anechoic
central chamber, as
frequency ofshown in Figure 5a.
the proposed Figure 5batshows
antenna 9.6 GHz,the total
the direc
realized gain plot of antennas with and without a director, as well as the fabricated antenna
radiation is in between the elevation and the azimuth plane. The measurement
at the side of the graph. The realized gain of both the antennas is within 2 to 9.2 dBi in
antennas
the X-bandwere region.performed in an anechoic
The gain variation chamber,
of the antenna with as shownisinnearly
a director Figure 5a. Figure 5b
identical
the total
to that of therealized
antenna gain
withoutplot of antennas
a director, except atwith and without
the upper frequency a in director,
the X-band.as well
At this frequency, the director directs the radiation towards
fabricated antenna at the side of the graph. The realized gain of both the the azimuthal plane, which
antennas is
increases the directivity and gain of the antenna. Furthermore, the antenna without a
2 to 9.2 dBi in the X-band region. The gain variation of the antenna with a director i
director radiates in all directions, both in the elevation and azimuth planes, which is likely
identical
to decreaseto thethat
peakofgain.
the The
antenna
surfacewithout a director,at except
current distribution at the
8.8 and 10.6 GHz upper frequency in
frequencies
band. At this
is depicted frequency,
in Figure the director
6. The surface directs the radiation
current concentration towards
is high at the radiating the azimutha
patch
along the
which horizontal
increases theedge at 8.8 GHz
directivity and(Figure
gain6a,b),
of thewhereas
antenna. on the vertical edgethe
Furthermore, of the
antenna w
patch and director, the current density seems to be more at the antenna
a director radiates in all directions, both in the elevation and azimuth planes, w operating frequency
of 10.6 GHz (Figure 6c,d). The surface current at the horizontal edge of the patch leads to
likely to decrease the peak gain. The surface current distribution at 8.8 and 10
the direction of radiation at the elevation plane, which can be seen in the radiation pattern
frequencies
of Figure 4a,b,is depicted
while in Figure
the surface 6. The surface
current concentration at thecurrent concentration
vertical edge of the patch is high
radiating patch along the horizontal edge at 8.8 GHz (Figure 6a,b), whereas on the
edge of the patch and director, the current density seems to be more at the a
operating frequency of 10.6 GHz (Figure 6c,d). The surface current at the horizont
of the patch leads to the direction of radiation at the elevation plane, which can be
 Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 5 of 8
Electronics 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 8

tends to radiate in the direction of the azimuthal plane (Figure 4e,f). The in-phase current
in-phase current between the director and the radiating patches likely tends to the
between the director and the radiating patches likely tends to the radiation pattern being
radiation pattern being more directive at the azimuthal plane.
more directive at the azimuthal plane.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
Figure 4. Measured
Figure far-field
4. Measured 3D radiation
far-field pattern
3D radiation for antennas
pattern without
for antennas a director
without (a,c,e)(a,c,e)
a director and with a
and with a
director (b,d,f)
director at frequencies
(b,d,f) 8.8, 9.6,
at frequencies 8.8,and
9.6, 10.6
and GHz respectively.
10.6 GHz The color
respectively. bar represents
The color bar representsthe total
the total
gain of the antenna in the dBi scale.
gain of the antenna in the dBi scale.
Electronics 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 8
Electronics 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 8

Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 6 of 8

8
8

7
7

Realized gain (dBi)

Realized gain (dBi)
6
6

5
5

4
4
With director
With director
3 Without director
3 Without director

2
2
8 9 10 11
8 9 10 11
Frequency
Frequency(GHz)
(GHz)
(a) (a) (b) (b)
Figure 5. Measurement
Figure
Figure5. Measurement
5. Measurement
setup and the
setup
setup
thegain
and and
gain
the of the
ofgain
proposed
of the
the proposed
antennas:
proposed antennas:
antennas: (a)
(a) (a)
radiation pattern
radiation
radiation pattern measure-pattern
measurement
measurement in the anechoic chamber;
in the anechoic
ment in the anechoic
(b)
chamber; chamber;
measured
(b) realized
(b) measured measuredrealized gain.
realized gain.
gain.

(a) (a) (b) (b)

(c) (c) (d) (d)

Figure 6. The simulated
Figure surface current distribution of the proposed antennas at 8.8 GHz (a,b)(a,b)
andand
Figure6.6.The
Thesimulated surface
simulated surface current
current distribution
distribution of the
of the proposed
proposed antennas
antennas at 8.8 at
GHz8.8(a,b)
GHz and
10.610.6
GHz (c,d) for both antennae with and without a director, respectively.
GHz (c,d) for both antennae with and without a director, respectively.
10.6 GHz (c,d) for both antennae with and without a director, respectively.

4. Conclusions
4. 4.Conclusions
Conclusions
A wideband
A wideband microstrip
microstrip feedlinetotothe
feedline theslot
slot line
line and
and the slot
thethe line
lineto
slotslot totwotwoadjacent
adjacent
A wideband microstrip feedline to the slot line and line to two adjacent
radiating
radiating patch-based
patch-based antennas
antennas intended
intended to cover
to most
cover of the
most X-band
of the signals
X-band was proposed
signals was
radiating
in this paper. The antenna’s frequency covers 8.5 to 11 GHz and has a maximum gain of was
patch-based antennas intended to cover most of the X-band signals
proposed
proposedin this paper.
in this TheThe
paper. antenna’s
antenna’s frequency
frequency covers 8.5 8.5
covers to 11
toGHz
11 GHzandand hashasa maximum
a maximum
9.2 dBi. The feedline-to-slot-line and slot-line-to-radiating patch power transitions take
gain of
gain 9.2 dBi.
of 9.2 The
dBi.the feedline-to-slot-line
The feedline-to-slot-line and andslot-line-to-radiating patch power transitions
place, where directive patch slot along theslot-line-to-radiating
edge of the substrate helps patchtopowerradiatetransitions
the
taketake
place,
antenna where
place,at wherethethe
directive
the azimuth plane patch
directive slotslot
patch
at the higher alongalongthethe
frequency edge of the
edge
end, substrate
of the
whereas thesubstrate
antenna helps to radiate
helps
radiationtoisradiate
thethe
antenna
directive
antenna at the
at the azimuth
at elevation
the azimuth plane
plane at the
at the
plane lower higher
at the frequency
frequency
higher end of the
frequency end,
Xend,whereas
band. thethe
This allows
whereas antenna
the
antenna
radiation is
designed directive
antennas at the
to elevation
radiate into plane
the at
desired the lower
directions,frequency
so that a end
null
radiation is directive at the elevation plane at the lower frequency end of the X band. of
beam the ofX band.
radiation ThisThis
allows thethe
allows designed
designed antennas
antennasto radiate
to radiate intointo
thethedesired
desireddirections,
directions,so that
so thata null beam
a null beamof of
radiation can be targeted at unwanted users to reduce interference, improve
radiation can be targeted at unwanted users to reduce interference, improve security, and security, and
minimize
minimize noise sources.
noise sources.Additionally,
Additionally, thethe
useuse of power-hungry
of power-hungry switching
switching devices, such
devices, such
as diodes and resistors, in an antenna can significantly reduce its
as diodes and resistors, in an antenna can significantly reduce its power efficiency. power efficiency. TheThe
Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 7 of 8

can be targeted at unwanted users to reduce interference, improve security, and minimize
noise sources. Additionally, the use of power-hungry switching devices, such as diodes and
resistors, in an antenna can significantly reduce its power efficiency. The fabricated antenna
was analyzed inside a far-field anechoic chamber. The experimental results validated the
return loss, gain, and radiation performance. However, one limitation of this antenna
design is that the antenna radiation is confined between the elevation and azimuthal planes.
The measured results of the antenna show good agreement with the simulation, which
has the advantages of a low profile, broad bandwidth, high gain, beam steering, and good
directivity. Additionally, the antenna’s bandwidth can be changed by tuning its parameter,
which gives it the flexibility to operate at different narrowband frequency applications.
These advantages make the antenna a good potential candidate for the X-band (8–12 GHz)
applications, as well as other smart radar-based systems, wireless computer networks,
medical imaging, and industrial applications.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.G.; methodology and simulation, J.G.; writing—original

draft preparation, J.G.; writing—review and editing, D.K. and J.G.; supervision, D.-Y.C.; funding
acquisition, D.-Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This study was supported by research fund from Chosun University, 2023.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. Zhang, X.; Tian, M.; Zhan, A.; Liu, Z.; Liu, H. A frequency reconfigurable antenna for multiband mobile handset applications. Int.
J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng. 2017, 27, e21143. [CrossRef]
2. Saleeb, D.A.; Helmy, R.M.; Areed, N.F.F.; Marey, M.; Abdulkawi, W.M.; Elkorany, A.S. A Technique for the Early Detection of
Brain Cancer Using Circularly Polarized Reconfigurable Antenna Array. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 133786–133794. [CrossRef]
3. Hussain, N.; Ghaffar, A.; Naqvi, S.I.; Iftikhar, A.; Anagnostou, D.E.; Tran, H.H. A Conformal Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna
with Multiband and Wideband Characteristics. Sensors 2022, 22, 2601. [CrossRef]
4. Islam, H.; Das, S.; Ali, T.; Bose, T.; Prakash, O.; Kumar, P. A Frequency Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna with Bandstop Filter
Decoupling Network for Cognitive Communication. Sensors 2022, 22, 6937. [CrossRef]
5. Ghimire, J.; Choi, D.Y. Design of a Compact Ultrawideband U-Shaped Slot Etched on a Circular Patch Antenna with Notch Band
Characteristics for Ultrawideband Applications. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2019, 2019, 8090936. [CrossRef]
6. Awan, W.A.; Hussain, N.; Naqvi, S.A.; Iqbal, A.; Striker, R.; Mitra, D.; Braaten, B.D. A miniaturized wideband and multi-band
on-demand reconfigurable antenna for compact and portable devices. AEU-Int. J. Electron. C 2020, 122, 153266. [CrossRef]
7. Kingsly, S.; Thangarasu, D.; Kanagasabai, M.; Alsath, M.G.N.; Thipparaju, R.R.; Palaniswamy, S.K.; Sambandam, P. Multiband
Reconfigurable Filtering Monopole Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2018, 17,
1416–1420. [CrossRef]
8. Jin, N.; Yang, F.; Rahmat-Samii, Y. A Novel Patch Antenna with Switchable Slot (PASS): Dual-Frequency Operation with Reversed
Circular Polarizations. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2006, 54, 1031–1034. [CrossRef]
9. Row, J.-S.; Tsai, J.-F. Frequency-Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antennas with Circular Polarization. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag.
Lett. 2014, 13, 1112–1115. [CrossRef]
10. Huff, G.H.; Feng, J.; Zhang, S.; Bernhard, J.T. A novel radiation pattern and frequency reconfigurable single turn square spiral
microstrip antenna. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 2003, 13, 57–59. [CrossRef]
11. Row, J.-S.; Shih, C.-J. Polarization-Diversity Ring Slot Antenna with Frequency Agility. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2012, 60,
3953–3957. [CrossRef]
12. Cao, W.; Zhang, B.; Liu, A.; Yu, T.; Guo, D.; Pan, K. A Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna with Radiation Pattern Selectivity and
Polarization Diversity. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2012, 11, 453–456. [CrossRef]
13. Yang, X.-S.; Wang, B.-Z.; Wu, W.; Xiao, S. Yagi Patch Antenna with Dual-Band and Pattern Reconfigurable Characteristics. IEEE
Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2007, 6, 168–171. [CrossRef]
14. Ramírez Arroyave, G.A.; Barlabé, A.; Pradell, L.; Araque Quijano, J.L.; Cetiner, B.A.; Jofre-Roca, L. Design of Minimum Nonlinear
Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems. Sensors 2021, 21, 2557. [CrossRef]
15. Kadir, E.A.; Irie, H.; Rahim, S.K.A.; Arta, Y.; Rosa, S.L. Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication Based on
Arduino Microcontroller. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM), Penang, Malaysia,
17–19 December 2018.
16. Bai, Y.-Y.; Xiao, S.; Tang, M.-C.; Ding, Z.-F.; Wang, B.-Z. Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array with Pattern Reconfigurable Elements.
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2011, 59, 4071–4076. [CrossRef]
Electronics 2023, 12, 3672 8 of 8

17. Wang, Z.; Fan, X.; Cui, H.; Xiao, S. Design and Analysis of Thinned Array Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna to Enlarge the Scanning
Range. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2016, 2016, 7487020. [CrossRef]
18. Ashvanth, B.; Partibane, B.; Alsath, M.G.N.; Kalidoss, R. Gain enhanced multipattern reconfigurable antenna for vehicular
communications. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng. 2020, 30, e22192. [CrossRef]
19. Ghaffar, A.; Li, X.J.; Awan, W.A.; Naqvi, A.H.; Hussain, N.; Alibakhshikenari, M.; Limiti, E. A Flexible and Pattern Reconfigurable
Antenna with Small Dimensions and Simple Layout for Wireless Communication Systems Operating over 1.65–2.51 GHz.
Electronics 2021, 10, 601. [CrossRef]
20. Ojaroudi Parchin, N.; Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, H.; Al-Yasir, Y.; Abd-Alhameed, R.; Abdulkhaleq, A.; Noras, J. Recent Developments
of Reconfigurable Antennas for Current and Future Wireless Communication Systems. Electronics 2019, 8, 128. [CrossRef]
21. Grau, A.; Romeu, J.; Ming-Jer, L.; Blanch, S.; Jofre, L.; De Flaviis, F. A Dual-Linearly-Polarized MEMS-Reconfigurable Antenna for
Narrowband MIMO Communication Systems. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2010, 58, 4–17. [CrossRef]
22. Tawk, Y.; Costantine, J.; Christodoulou, C.G. A Varactor-Based Reconfigurable Filtenna. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2012,
11, 716–719. [CrossRef]
23. Nikolaou, S.; Bairavasubramanian, R.; Lugo, C.; Carrasquillo, I.; Thompson, D.C.; Ponchak, G.E.; Papapolymerou, J.; Tentzeris,
M.M. Pattern and Frequency Reconfigurable Annular Slot Antenna Using PIN Diodes. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2006, 54,
439–448. [CrossRef]
24. Zhao, Y.; Huang, C.; Qing, A.-Y.; Luo, X. A Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Array Based on Liquid Crystal
Technology. IEEE Photonics J. 2017, 9, 4600307. [CrossRef]
25. Li, L.; Yan, X.; Zhang, H.C.; Wang, Q. Polarization- and Frequency-Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Using Gravity-Controlled
Liquid Metal. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 2022, 69, 1029–1033. [CrossRef]
26. Tu, Y.; Al-Yasir, Y.I.A.; Ojaroudi Parchin, N.; Abdulkhaleq, A.M.; Abd-Alhameed, R.A. A Survey on Reconfigurable Microstrip
Filter–Antenna Integration: Recent Developments and Challenges. Electronics 2020, 9, 1249. [CrossRef]
27. Mohamadzade, B.; Simorangkir, R.B.V.B.; Maric, S.; Lalbakhsh, A.; Esselle, K.P.; Hashmi, R.M. Recent Developments and State of
the Art in Flexible and Conformal Reconfigurable Antennas. Electronics 2020, 9, 1375. [CrossRef]
28. Balanis, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.