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CHAPTER Max. Time: 1:50 Hours

9
Max. Questions: 50

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 Revision Notes derivatives of any order, and which satisfies the differential
equation identically. A solution which contains as many arbitrary
 Fundamentals
constants as the order of the differential equation is called a
 An equation involving derivative (derivatives) of the
general solution. A particular solution of a differential equation
dependent variable with respect to independent variable
is a solution obtained from the general solution by assigning
(variables) is called a differential equation, e.g.,
specific values to the arbitrary constants.
dx d2y  Methods of solving first order, first degree differential
(i) x + y = 0, (ii)+ y3 = 0
2
dy dx 2 equations
Scan to know
 The order of the highest order derivative of dependent (i) Variables Separable Method: “When more about
variable with respect to the independent variable involved in the equation may be expressed as this topic
the differential equation is called the order of the differential dy
equation, e.g., = h ( y ) g ( x ), then we can write it as
dx
dx d 2 y dx dy
 y  c, 2  yk = g ( x ) dx. Variable
dy dx dy h( y) Separable
Scan to know
involve derivatives whose highest orders more about Integrating, we get the solution as Method
are 1 and 2 respectively. this topic dy
 When a differential equation is a �
∫h( y) ∫
= � g ( x ) dx + C
polynomial equation in derivatives, the
highest power (positive integral index), of Example 1: Solve the following differential equation:
the highest order derivative is known as the Overview of dy
differential
= x3 cosec y, given that y(0) = 0.
degree of the differential equation, e.g., dx
equations
2 x4 x3
 dy  dy (1) cos y  1  (2) sin y  1 
(i)   + + y = c , the highest order derivative is 4 3
 dx  dx
x4 x3
dy (3) sin y  1  (4) cos y  1 
and its positive integral power is 2. 4 3
dx
∴ Its degree is two. Sol. Option (1) is correct.
Explanation:
d3y d2y dx
(ii) + + + 4 = 0 . Here, the highest order dy
dx 3
dx 2 dy  x3cosec y ; y  0   0
dx
d3y dy
derivative is
dx3
. Its positive integral power is 1.
 cosec y 
 x3dx
∴ Its degree is one. Scan to know
 sin ydy  x dx
3
 Formation of Differential Equations more about
this topic
 For any given differential equation, the solution is of the form
x4
f (x, y, c1, c2, …….,cn) = 0 where x and y are the variables and c1,  cos y   c ∵ y  0, when x  0 
4
c2 ……. cn are the arbitrary constants.
To obtain the differential equation from this equation we follow 1  c 4
Homogeneous
the following steps:- x4 Differential
cos y  1  Equations
(i) Differentiate the given function with respect to the 4
independent variable present in the equation.
 Homogeneous Differential Equations
(ii) Keep differentiating times in such a way that (n+1)
 Homogenous functions are defined as functions in which
equations are obtained.
the total power of all the terms of the function is constant. For
(iii) Using the (n+1) equations obtained, eliminate the example, f (x, y) = (x2 + y2 – xy) is a homogeneous function of
constants (c1, c2 … …. cn). degree 2.
 Solution of a Differential Equation The general form of the homogeneous differential equation
 A solution of a differential equation is a relation between is f (x, y).dy + g(x, y).dx = 0, where f (x, y) and h(x, y) is a
the variables (independent and dependent), which is free of homogenous function.
 Oswaal CUET (UG) Chapterwise Question Bank MATHEMATICS/APP. MATH.

We can solve a homogeneous differential equation of the form dx

dx/dy = f (x, y) where, f (x, y) is a homogeneous function, by (2) When the equation is of the form + Px = Q , where P
dy
simply replacing x/y to v or putting y = vx. Then after solving and Q are the functions of y.
the differential equation, we put back the value of v to get the ∴ Solution is
final solution.
I.F.  e 
Pdy
Example 2: Find the general solution of the differential
(
equation: x3 + y 3 dy = x 2 ydx) xe 
Pdy
 Q  e
Pdy

x3 x2
 dy  C.

(1)  log x  c (2)  log y  c Example 3: The particular solution of the differential equation
3 y3 3 y3
dy 2 
 y cot x  , given that y = 0 when x  , is
x3 x3 dx 1  sin x 4
(3)  log y  c (4)  log y  c
y 3
3 y3   π x π π  
(1) cos x  2  x + tan  −  −  + 2 tan  
Sol. Option (4) is correct.    4 2  2 8  
Explanation: Given differential equation is

x 3

 y 3 dy  x 2 ydx
   x   
(2) cosec x  2  x  tan       2 tan  
   4 2   2 8 
dx x3  y 3
 ...(i)    x   
dy x2 y (3) cosec x  2  x  tan       2 tan  
Put x  vy    4 2  2 8 
dx dv  
⇒ v y  x   
dy dy (4) cosec x  2  x  tan       2 tan  
   4 2   2 8 
From eq. (i), we have
Sol. Option (4) is correct.
dv (vy )3 + y 3
v+ y = Explanation: The differential equation of a linear differential
dy (vy )2 y equation.
dv v3 y 3 + y 3 I.F. = e∫ cot xdx = elog sin x = sin x
v+ y =
dy v2 y3 The general solution is given by
sin x
v+ y
dv v3 + 1
dy
= 2
v
 1  sin x dx
y sin x  2

sin x  1  1
dv v3 + 1
dy
= 2 −v
y
 y sin x  2
 1  sin x dx
v
 1 
y
dv 1
=   1  sin x dx
 y sin x  2 1 
dy v 2
 
dy  
v 2 dv =

1
y  y sin x  2 1  dx
  
(Using variable separation method)  1  cos  2  x  
  
Integrating both sides, we get
 
dy
v dv   y  
2
Scan to know

1
more about  y sin x  2 1  dx
this topic  2 x 
v3  2 cos 
 4 2 
 log y  c   
3
 1   x 
x
Putting v = , we get
y  
 y sin x  2 1  sec 2    dx
2  4 2 
Linear
Differential    x 
x3 Equations  y sin x 
  tan     C
 2  x  c
= log y + c  4 2 
3 y3 
π
(iii) Linear Differential Equation: Given that y = 0, when x =
dy 4
(1) The linear differential equation is of the form,  Py  Q,
where P and Q are the functions of x. dx    
0  2   tan   C  C     2 tan 
This is a first order, first degree differential equation. 4 8 2 8
To solve the equation, we find the integrating factor Hence, the particular solution is
I.F. = e∫ Pdx
Then, the solution is    x  
y  cosec x  2  x  tan       2 tan  
ye 
Pdx  Pdx dx  C.
      
4 2 2 8
 Qe