APS ACADEMY

Practice Sheet on Euclid’s Division Lemma

1. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q+1 or, 6q+3 or, 6q+5,
where q is some integer.

2. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive
integer is either of the form 3m or 3m +1 for some integer m.

3. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer
is of the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.

4. Show that any positive integer is of the form 3m or (3m + 1) or (3m + 2)

for some integer m.

5. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form (4m + 1) or (4m + 3) for
some integer m.

6. Show that one and only one out of n, (n  1) and (n  2) is divisible by 3,

where n is any positive integer.

7. If n is an odd integer then show that n2  1 is divisible by 8.

8. For any positive integer n, prove that n3  n is divisible by 6.

9. Prove that if x and y are both odd positive integers then x 2  y2 is even but
not divisible by 4.

10. If a and b are two odd positive integers such that a > b, then prove that
one of the two numbers (a+b)/2 and (a-b)/2 is odd and the other is even.

11. Prove that product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2.

12. Prove that the product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible
by 6.

13. Prove that square of any positive integer of the form 5q + 1 is of the same
form.

14. Prove that the square of any positive integer is of the form 3m or 3m + 1
but not of the form 3m + 2.

15. Prove that the square of any positive integer is of the form 4q or 4q + 1
for some integer q.

16. Show that the square of odd integer is of the form 8q + 1, for some integer
q.
17. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of the form 6m + 2
or 6m + 5 for any integer m.

18. Show that the cube of a positive integer of the form 6q + r, q is an integer
and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is also of the form 6m + r.

19. Show that one and only one out of n, n + 4, n + 8, n + 12 and n + 16 is

divisible by 5, where n is any positive integer.

20. Prove that n2 + n is divisible by 2 for any positive integer n.

21. Prove that n2 – n is divisible by 2 for any positive integer n.

22. Show that one and only one out of n, (n  2) and (n  4) is divisible by 3,
where n is any positive integer.

23. If n is an odd positive integer, prove that n2–1 is always divisible by 8.

24. If x is a natural number which when divided by 5, leaves remainder 3,

then prove that 1 is the remainder when x2–5x+2 is divided by 5.

25. Show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 4m, 4m+1 or
4m+3, where m is any integer.
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Division of Polynomials

Find the quotient and remainder when:

1. 2x3–5x2–8x+15 is divided by x–3

2. 2x3+3x2+4x+3 is divided by x+1
3. 3x3+16x2+21x+20 is divided by x+4
4. x3–4x2+6x–2 is divided by x2–2
5. 2x2+3x–1 is divided by x+1
6. 4x3+18x2+15x+28 is divided by x+4
7. x4–3x2+4x+5 is divided by x2–x+1
8. x4–17x2+34x–12 is divided by x–2
9. 3x2+x–1 is divided by x+1
10. x4–17x2+34x–12 is divided by x2–3x–10
11. –6x3+x2+20x+8 is divided by –3x2+5x+2
12. x4–17x2+34x–12 is divided by x–2
13. x3–6x2+11x–6 is divided by x+2
14. x4–4x3+3x2+2x–1 is divided by x2–2x+1
15. 3x4–4x3–3x–1 is divided by x–1
16. 3x4–4x3–3x–1 is divided by x–2
17. 3x3+16x2+21x+20 is divided by x+4
18. 2x4+3x3–2x2–9x–12 is divided by x2–3

Answers

1. Quotient = 2x2 + x–5 and remainder = 0

2. Quotient = 2x2 + x+3 and remainder = 0
3. Quotient = 3x2+4x+5 and remainder = 0
4. Quotient = x–4 and remainder = 8x–10
5. Quotient = 2x+1 and remainder = –2
6. Quotient = 4x2+2x+7 and remainder = 0
7. Quotient = x2+x–3 and remainder = 8
8. Quotient = x3+2x2–13+8 and remainder = 4
9. Quotient = 3x–2 and remainder = 1
10. Quotient = x2+3x+2 and remainder = 0
11. Quotient = x2+2x+1 and remainder = x+2
12. Quotient = x3+2x2–13x+8 and remainder = 4
13. Quotient = x2–8x+27 and remainder = –60
14. Quotient = x2–2x–2 and remainder = 1
15. Quotient = 3x3–x2–x–4 and remainder = –5
16. Quotient = 3x3+2x2+4x+5 and remainder = 9
17. Quotient = 3x2+4x+5 and remainder = 0
18. Quotient = 2x2+3x+4 and remainder = 0
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Section Formula

1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining
points A(4,–3) and B(9,7) in the ratio 3:2.

2. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment joining the
points A(–5,4) and B(7,–8).

3. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining
the points A(–5,6) and B(4,–3).

4. If A and B are the points (2,–1) and (–3,–2) respectively, then find the
coordinates of P such that 7AP = 5AB.

5. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (6,4) and (–1,–
7) is divided by y-axis.

6. Find the coordinates of the points, which divide the line segment joining
the points (–6,0) and (0,6) in four equal parts.

7. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining
the points A(6,–2) and B(–8,10).

8. Show that P(3,m–5) is the point of trisection of the line segment A(4,–2)
and B(1,4). Hence, find the value of m.

9. Prove that the points A(2,–1), B(3,0), C(3,4) and D(2,3) are the vertices of
a parallelogram.

10. What is the ratio in which point (–4,6) divides the line segment joining
the points A(–6,10) and B(3,–8)?

11. If AB is a diameter of the circle whose center is (2,–3) and B is (1,4), then
find the coordinates of A.

12. Point P divides the line segment joining the points A(2,1) and B(5,–8)
such that AP:PB = 1:3. If P lies on the line 2x–y+k = 0, find the value of k.

13. Coordinates of P and Q are (4,–3) and (–1,7) respectively. Find the
abscissa of a point R on the line PQ such that PR:PQ = 3:5.

14. Find the ratio in which the line joining (–3,10) and (6,–8) is divided by the
point (–1,6).

15. If A(1,2), B(0,0) and C(a,b) are collinear, prove that 2a = b.

16. A line intersects y-axis and x-axis at P and Q respectively. If (2,–5) is the
midpoint of PQ, find the coordinates of P and Q.

17. If A(–1,3), B(1,–1) and C(5,1) are vertices of ∆ABC, find the length of the
median through vertex A.

18. Find the ratio in which line segment joining P(3,–6) and Q(5,3) is divided
by the x-axis.

19. If (1,2); (4,y); (x,6) and (3,5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in
order, find x and y.

20. Find the ratio in which (–3,k) divides the line segment joining the points
(–5,–4) and (–2,3). Also, find the value of k.

21. If two adjacent vertices of a parallelogram are (3,2) and (–1,0) and the
diagonals intersect at (2,–5), find the coordinates of the other two
vertices.

22. If C(–1,2) divides internally the line segment joining A(2,5) and B(x,y) in
the ratio 3:4, find x2+y2.

23. Prove that A(4,5), B(7,6), C(4,3) and D(1,2) form a parallelogram.

24. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining
(4,–1) and (–2,–3).

25. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(1,–5) and B(–4,5) is
divided by x-axis. Also, find the coordinates of the point of division.

26. If A and B are (–2,–2) and (2,–4), respectively, find the coordinates of
point P lying on AB such that AP:AB = 3:7.

27. The line joining the points (2, 1) and (5, –8) is trisected by the points P
and Q. If the point P lies on the line 2x – y + k = 0, find the value of k.

28. In what ratio does the y-axis divide the line segment joining point P (–4,
5) and Q (3, – 7)? Also, find the coordinates of the point of intersection.
 ANSWERS

1. (7,3)
2. (1,–2)
3. (–2,3) and (1,0)
4. ( −11 12
7
,−
7 )
5. 6:1
6. ( 2)
−9 3
(
,− , (−3 ,3 ) ,
2 )
−3 9
,
2 2

7. ( )( )
4
3
,2 ,
−10
3
,6
8. m = 5
9. Hint: try proving that both diagonals have same midpoint
10. 2:7
11. (3,–10)
12. k = –8
13. Abscissa of R = 1
14. 2:7
15. Hint: since they are collinear, use section formula
16. (0,–10) and (4,0)
17. 5 units
18. 2:1
19. x = 6 and y = 3
2
20. ratio is 2:1 and k =
3
21. (1,–12) and (5,–10)
22. 29
23. Hint: prove that the diagonals have same midpoint.

( )(
5
24. 2 ,− , 0 ,−
3
7
3 )
(
25. ratio is 1:1 and point of division P is
−3
2),0

26.( −2 20
7
,−
7)
27. k = –13

(
28. required ratio = 4:3 and coordinates are 0 ,− ) 13
7
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Substitution and Elimination method

Solve these systems of equations:

1. –x+2y–3 = 0 and 3x+4y–11 = 0

2. x+2y–7= 0 and 2x–5y+13 = 0
3. 2x+3y–11 = 0 and 3x+2y–9 = 0
4. x+y = a+b and ax–by = a2–b2
5. 2x+y = 23 and 3x–2y = 24
7
x =10
6. + y=0.8 and y
2 x+
2
7. 7(y+3)–2(x+2) = 14 and 4(y–2)+3(x–3) = 2
4 3
8. +5 y=7 and +4 y=5
x x
9. 2x+y = 35 and 3x+2y = 65
1 1 1 1 13
10. + =2 and + =
2x 3 y 3x 2 y 6
2 3 4 9
11. + =2 and − =−1
√x √ y √x √ y
10 2 15 5
12. + =4 and − =−2
x+ y x− y x+ y x− y
5 1 6 3
13. + =2 and − =1
x−1 y−2 x−1 y −2
3 a 2b a 3b
14. − +5=0 and + =2
x y x y
1 1 3 1 1 −1
15. + = and − =
3 x + y 3 x− y 4 2(3 x+ y) 2 ( 3 x− y ) 8
44 30 55 40
16. + =10 and + =13
x+ y x− y x+ y x− y
 57 6 38 21
17. + =5 and + =9
x+ y x− y x+ y x− y
7 x−2 y 8 x+7 y
18. =5 and =¿ 15
xy xy
19. 0.4x–1.5y = 6.5 and 0.3x+0.2y = 0.9
20. 6x+3y = 7xy and 3x+9y = 11xy
1 12 1 7 4
21. + = and + =2
2(2 x +3 y ) 7(3 x−2 y ) 2 2 x +3 y 3 x−2 y
22. (a–b)x2 + (a+b)y = a2–2ab–b2 and (a+b)(x+y) = a2+b2
23. ax+by = a–b and bx–ay = a+b
ax by
24. − =a+b and ax–by = 2ab
b a
25. √ 2 x −√3 y =0and √ 5 x+ √ 2 y=0
26. 42x+37y = 195 and 37x+42x = 200
27. 152x–378y = –74 and –378x+152y = –604
xy 6 xy
28. = and =6
x+ y 5 y−x
7 x−2 y 8 x+7 y
29. =5 and =15
xy xy
30. 217x+131y = 913 and 131x+217y = 827
31. px+qy = p–q and qx–py = p+q
x y x y
32. + =a+b and 2 + 2 =2
a b a b
33. 2ax+3by = a+2b and 3ax+2by = 2a+b

1 2 3 4 5 6
x=1,y=2 x=1,y=3 x=1, y=3 x=a ,y=b x=10,y=3 x=0.4, y=0.6
7 8 9 10 11 12
x=5,y=1 x=1/3, y=–1 x=5,y=25 x=0.5,y=1/3 x=4,y=9 x=3, y=2
13 14 15 16 17 18
x=4,y=5 x = –a, y = b x=1,y=1 x=8,y=3 x=11,y=8 x=1,y=1
19 20 21 22 23 24
x=5,y=–3 x=1, y=3/2 x=2,y=1 x=a+b, y=– x=1, y=–1 x = b, y = –a
2ab/(a+b)
25 26 27 28 29 30
x=0, y=0 x=2,y=3 x=2,y=1 x=2,y=3 x=1, y=1 x=3,y=2
31 32 33
x=1,y=–1 x=a2,y=b2 x = (4a-b)/5a;
y = (4b–a)/5b
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Electricity

Relationship between potential and work done; current and charge

1. Calculate number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.

2. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a
6V battery?
3. A battery of 10V carries 20000C of charge through a system of resistors.
The work done in 10 seconds is?
4. A current of 1A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb. Find the number
of electrons passing through a cross-section of the filament in 16 seconds.
5. When a particle of charge 10 μC is brought from infinity to a point in the
electric field, 10mJ work is done by external forces. What is the potential
at that point?
6. The filament of an electric lamp, which draws a current of 0.25A, is used
for four hours. Calculate the amount of charge flowing through the circuit.

Resistivity and Resistance of a wire

7. Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or thin wire of the
same material, when connected to the same source?
8. Why are the coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy
rather than a pure metal?
9. Which metal is the best conductor?
10. Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating
element does?
11. A copper wire has diameter 0.5mm and resistivity of 1.6×10−8 Ωm. What
will be the length of this wire to make its resistance 10 Ω ? How much does
 the resistance change if the diameter is doubled (without changing its
length)?
12. Why are the conductors of electric heating devices, such as bread-toasters
and electric irons, made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
13. Why are copper and aluminium wires usually employed for electricity
transmission?
14. A wire is cut into two equal parts. How will its resistivity change?
15. A cylindrical conductor of length l and uniform area of cross-section A has
resistance R. What is the area of cross-section of another conductor of
length 2l and resistance R of the same material?
16. A given length of a wire is doubled on itself and this process is repeated
once again. By what factor does the resistance change?
17. Why are alloys commonly used in electric heating devices?
18. Should the resistance of an Ammeter be low or high? Give reason.
19. Two wires of equal length made of materials of resistivity ratio 1:2 and
area of cross-section 3:2 have the potential drop across them in the ratio
X:Y when connected in series. What is the ratio X:Y?
20. A cylindrical conductor of length ‘l’ and uniform area of cross-section ‘A’
has resistance ‘R’. What is the area of cross-section of another conductor
of same material and same resistance but length ‘2l’?
21. A wire of length ‘l’ and radius of cross-section r has a resistance of R. Find
the length of another wire of resistance R of same material and having
radius of cross-section 2r.
22. Should the resistance of a voltmeter be low or high? Give reason.
23. A wire has resistance of 5Ω . Calculate the resistance of a wire of same
material, whose length is three times and area of cross-section is four
times the first wire.
24. Why does an Ammeter get damaged when connected in parallel?
25. What happens if a voltmeter is connected in series?
26. A nichrome wire has resistance 10Ω . Find the resistance of another
nichrome wire, whose length is three times and area of cross-section is
four times the first wire.
27. The electrical resistivity of three materials A, B, C are given below:
‘A’ = 2.3×10 3 Ω m ‘B’ = 2.63×10−8 Ω m ‘C’ = 1.0×10 15 Ω m
Which material will you use for making (i) electric wires, (ii) handles for
soldering iron and (iii) solar cells? Give reason to support your answer.
28. Two wires are made up of two different materials, whose specific
resistances are in the ratio 3:2, length 4:3 and area 5:4. What is the ratio
of their resistances?

Ohm’s Law

29. V-I graph for two wires A and B is shown in the figure. If both the wires
are made of same material and are of equal thickness, which of the two is
of more length?
30. What is the effective resistance between A and B?

31. Two resistances R1 and R2 are connected in series and then in parallel.
Identify the graph A and B, which show the resultant resistance of series
and parallel combination.

32. B1, B2, B3 are three identical bulbs connected as shown in the figure. When
all the three bulbs glow, a current of 3 A is recorded by the ammeter A.
(i) What happens to the glow of the other two bulbs when bulb B1 gets
fused?
(ii) What happens to the reading of A1, A2, A3 and A when bulb B2 gets
fused?

33. Find the net current flowing through the following circuit.
34. In the figure given below, find the current flowing in the circuit and
potential difference across 10Ω resistor.

35. In the figure given below, find the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.

36. In the figure below, find the total current in the circuit and current
flowing through 20Ω resistor.

37. Three 2Ω resistors are joined to form a triangle. What is the resistance
across any two vertices?
38. Find the equivalent resistance between X and Y.
39. Find equivalent resistance of the circuit given below.

40. With the help of suitable circuit diagram prove that the reciprocal of the
equivalent resistance of a group of resistances joined in parallel is equal
to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.

41. Find current flowing through 1Ω resistor in the figure given below.

42. A student has two resistors- 2Ω and 3Ω . She has to put one of them in
place of R2 as shown in the circuit. The current that she needs in the entire
circuit is exactly 9A. Show by calculation which of the two resistors she
should choose.
43. Find the value of i2 in the circuit given below.

44. A wire of resistance R is cut into ten parts and each part is joined in
parallel. What is the new resistance?
45. A 24V potential difference is applied across a parallel combination of four
6Ω resistors. What is the current in each resistor?
46. Three resistances of 2Ω , 3 Ω ,5 Ω are in parallel to 10V battery of
negligible internal resistance. What is the potential drop across 3Ω
resistor?
47. What is the equivalent resistance between A and C?

48. In the circuit shown below the ammeter A reads 4 ampere and the
voltmeter V reads 20 volts. What is the value of the resistance R?

(a) slightly more than 5Ω (b) slightly less than 5Ω

(c) exactly 5Ω

49. What is the equivalent resistance across side AB?

50. What is the equivalent resistance across points a and b.

51. Find the current flowing through 4Ω resistor.

52. Find VA – VB in the figure given below:

53. If the ammeter in the given circuit reads 2A, what is the value of
resistance R?
 54. Find the potential drop across 3Ω resistor.

Heat and Power related problems

55. A TV set of 80W runs for 5 hours. How many units of electrical energy are
consumed?

56. How many joules of energy are there in 1unit of electricity?

57. An electric heater of resistance 500Ω is connected to a mains supply for

30 min. If 15A current flows through the filament of the heater, then
calculate the heat energy produced in the heater.

58. In an electrical circuit three bulbs A, B, C of rating 40W, 60W, 100W

respectively are connected in parallel to an electric source. Arrange the
bulbs in order of their brightness.

59. Two conducting wire of same material with equal lengths and equal
diameters are first connected in series and then parallel in a circuit across
the same potential difference. The ratio of heat produced in series and
parallel combinations is?

60. An electric heater is rated at 2kW. Electrical energy costs Rs. 4 per unit.
What is the cost of using the heater for 3 hours?

61. The resistance of a resistor is reduced to half of its initial value. In doing
so, if other parameters of the circuit remain unchanged, the heating
effects on the resistor will become?
62. With which wire is electric fuse connected?

63. An electric bulb is rated 220V and 100W. What will be the power
consumed when it is operated at 110V?

64. Out of 60W and 40W lamps, which one has a higher resistance when in
use?

65. Which uses more energy: a 250W TV set in 1 hour or a 1200W toaster in
10 minutes?

66. Two bulbs are rated (60W, 220V) and (60W, 110V) respectively. Calculate
the ratio of their resistance.

67. Two lamps, one rated 100W at 220V, and the other 60W at 220V are
connected in parallel to electric mains supply. What current is drawn
from the line if the supply voltage is 220V?

68. A wire of resistance 25Ω is made of an alloy and is connected across a car
battery of 12V. How much heat energy is produced in 30 minutes?

69. An electric bulb is rated 60W at 220V. If it is operated at 110V, what is the
power consumed by it?

70. A 1500W electric geyser is used everyday for 2 hours. Calculate the
electrical energy consumed per day.

71. In an electrical circuit two resistors of 2Ω and 4Ω respectively are

connected in series to a 6V battery. What is the heat dissipated by the 4Ω
resistor in 5second?

72. Unit of electric power may also be expressed as:

(a) volt-ampere (b) kilowatt-hour
(c) watt-second (d)joule-second

73. Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge
in one hour through a potential difference of 50V.

74. Why do we get electric shock in damp conditions?

75. How many 40W at 220V rating lamps can be safely connected to a 220V,
5A line?

76. An electric fuse is rated at 2A. What does this statement mean?

77. An electric iron of 1kW is operated at 220V. Find which of the following
rated fuse should be used: 1A, 3A, 5A.
78. An electric oven rated at 500W is connected to a 220V line and used for 2
hours daily. Calculate the cost of electric energy per month at the rate of
Rs. 5/kWh.

79. A, B, C, D are four lamps connected with a battery of 60V. Which of these
lamps glows the brightest? Find the total resistance of the circuit?

ANSWERS

1. 6.25×10 18 electrons
2. 6J energy
3. 200,000J
4. 1020 electrons
5. Using V = W/q  potential difference = 1000V
6. 3600C
7. Thick wire
8. Coils of electric toaster and iron are made of an alloy (rather than pure
metal) because of the following reasons:
i. Resistivity of an alloy is higher than that of a pure metal
ii. It has high melting point and does not oxidize
9. Silver
10. The cord of an electric heater is made up of metallic wire such as copper
or aluminium, which has low resistance while the heating element is
made up of an alloy which has more resistance than its constituent
metals.
Also, heat produced = i2Rt, i.e., heat ∝ Resistance
Thus, for the same current, more heat is produced in the heating element
and it glows.
11. Resistance becomes one-fourth
12. It has more resistivity, and thus more heat is generated.
13. Because they are good conductors of electricity.
14. Resistivity remains unchanged.
15. 2A
16. Resistance becomes 1/16th of itself
17. Alloys are used for two main reasons:
i. Resistivity of alloys is higher than metals, thus more heat is
generated.
ii. It neither gets oxidized nor burns easily at high temperature
18. Ammeter should have low resistance so that it does not disturb the
magnitude of the current of the circuit when connected in series in a
circuit.
19. 1:3
20. 2A
21. 4l
22. Resistance of voltmeter should be high, because it is connected in parallel.
So, the amount of current it takes would be negligible.
23. 3.75Ω
24. This is because an Ammeter has very low resistance, which means that a
large amount of current will flow through it.
25. Very little current will pass through the circuit because the voltmeter has
high resistance.
26. 7.5Ω
27. (i) ‘B’ will be used for electric wires because it has lowest resistivity,
therefore current can flow easily.
(ii) ‘C’ will be an insulator, so it can be used for handles of soldering iron.
Since its resistivity is very high, therefore current cannot pass through it.
(iii) ‘A’ will be used in solar cells because it is a semiconductor, which can
convert solar energy into electric energy.
28. 8:5
29. Drop a vertical line cutting both the graphs.

For the same current, wire A has higher voltage. So, wire A has higher
resistance (by Ohm’s Law).
Therefore, wire A is longer.
30. 4Ω
31. A is in series, B is in parallel
32. (i) glow of the other two bulbs will remain the same because they are
connected in parallel, and the potential difference across them will
remain the same.
 (ii) A1 shows 1 ampere reading, A2 shows zero and A3 show 1 ampere
reading. ‘A’ will show 2A reading.
33. 0.5A
34. current = 0.4A and potential difference across 10Ω resistor = 4V
35. ammeter  0.5A and voltmeter  1V
36. current in the circuit = 1.2A and current through 20Ω resistor = 0.6A
4
37. Ω
3
38. 5Ω
39. 8Ω
40. Hint: use i = i1 + i2 + i3
41. 1A
42. 2Ω
43. 0.4A
44. 0.01R
45. 4A
46. 10V
47. 2Ω
48. (a) slightly more than 5Ω (some of the current will also flow through the
voltmeter, which means that current (i) just smaller than 4A is flowing
through R. Therefore, R > 5Ω )
49. 32Ω
4
50. R
3
51. 0.25A
52. 10V
53. R = 1Ω
54. 1V
55. 0.4kWh
56. 1kWh = 1000W*3600s = 3,600,000 Joules
57. Heat produced = 20.25×10 7 J
58. C > B > A
59. 1:4
60. Rs. 24
61. 2 times
62. live wire
63. Resistance of the bulb remains constant in both cases.
So, P = V2/R  100 = 48400/R
 R = 484Ω
Now, find P using V = 110V and R = 484Ω
 P = 1102/484 = 25W
64. 40W lamp
65. TV uses more energy
66. 4:1
P P 100 60
67. In parallel: i = i1 + i2 = 1 + 2 = + = 0.73A
V V 220 220
68. 10.37×10 3 J
69. 15W
70. 3kWh
 71. 20J
72. (a) since P = Vi
73. 4800kJ (H = Vit = 50×96000J)
74. Water provides conducting path for a current to flow through the human
body in damp conditions like bathroom. We get electric shock if we are
bare footed. Wet body has low resistance, high current can easily pass
through, leading to electric shock.
P
75. A 40W at 220V rating lamp requires current i = = 0.18A
V
Now, total current flowing in the line is 5A, which will be divided into
these lamps.
5
 no. of lamps that it can support = = 27.8
0.18
i.e., a total of 27 lamps can be connected on this line.
76. It means the maximum current will flow through it is only 2A. Fuse wire
will melt if the current flowing through it exceeds 2A value.
77. 5A fuse
78. Rs. 150
79. Bulb C glows the brightest
Total current = 3+3+4+5 = 15A
60
 Resistance in the circuit = = 4Ω
15

APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Quadratic Equations

I. Solve for x:

1. 2x2–7x+3 = 0
2. 2x2+x–4 = 0
3. 4x2+4√ 3x+3 = 0
4. 2x2+x+4 = 0
1
5. x – x = 3
1 1 11
6. x+ 4 − x−7 = 30
7. √ 3x2+10x+7√ 3= 0
x+3 3 x−7
8. x+ 2 = 2 x−3 , x ≠ –2, 3/2
x−1 x−3 10
9. x−2 + x−4 =¿ 3 , x ≠ 2, 4
10. 12abx2 – (9a2–8b2)x – 6ab = 0
11. 9x2–9(a+b)x+(2a2+5ab+2b2) = 0
12. p2x2 + (p2–q2)x – q2 = 0
1 3 5 −1
13. x+1 + 5 x +1 = x+ 4 ; x ≠ –1, 5 ,−4
14. x2/3 + x1/3 – 2 = 0
1 1 1 1
15. 2 a+b+2 x = 2 a + b + 2 x
16. 4x2 – 2(a2+b2)x + a2b2 = 0
17. 4x2 – 4a2x + (a4–b4) = 0

( ) ( )
x−1 x+ 3
18. 2 x+ 3 −7 x−1 =5 ; x ≠ –3, 1
2x 1 3 x+ 9
19. x−3 + 2 x+ 3 + ( x −3)(2 x +3) =0
20. x2+2√ 2x–6= 0
21. 3√ 7x2 + 4x – √ 7 = 0
22. x2 –(√ 3+1 ¿ x + √3=0
2 5
23. − +2=0
x x
2

24. 2x2 + ax – a2 = 0
25. 4x2 + 4bx – (a2–b2) = 0
26. x2–2ax –(4b2–a2) = 0
x x−1 17
27. x−1 + x = 4
x−1 2 x+ 1
28. 2 x +1 + x−1 =2

( ) ( )
3 x−1 2 x +3
29. 3 2 x+3 −2 3 x−1 =5

30. 3( 5 x−3 )−4 ( 7 x+1 )=11

7 x +1 5 x−3

31. 3x+2 + 3–x = 10

32. 4x+1 + 41–x = 10
33. 22x – 3.2x+2 + 32 = 0

( ) ( )
2
x x
34. x+ 1 −5 x +1 +6=0
35. 5x+1 + 52–x = 126
1 1 1 1
36. a+b+ x = a + b + x
37. 3a2x2 + 8abx + 4b2 = 0
38. x2 –2ax – (4b2–a2) = 0
 x−1 x−3 10
39. x−2 + x−4 = 3
40. x2 + 6x – (a2+2a–8) = 0

II. Nature of Roots:

41. For what value of k does the equation x2 + k(2x+k–1) + 2 = 0

have equal roots?
42. Find the value of k such that kx(x–2)+6 = 0 has two equal roots.
43. If the roots of the quadratic equation (a–b)x 2 + (b–c)x + (c–a) =
0 are equal, prove that 2a = b+c.
44. Find the value of p such that the equation (2p+1)x2 – (7p+2)x +
(7p–3) = 0 has equal roots.
45. Show that the equation x2 + px – 3 = 0 has real and distinct
roots for all real values of p.
46. Find p such that 2x2+px+3 = 0 has two real equal roots.
47. Find k such that (k+4)x2 + (k+1)x + 1 = 0
48. Find p such that the following quadratic equation has equal
roots: 4x2 – (p–2)x+1 = 0
49. For what value of k will these equations have equal roots:
(i) 3x2 + kx + 2 = 0
(ii) kx2 – 4x + 1 = 0
(iii) (k–12)x2 + 2(k–12)x + 2 = 0
50. Find z such that (z–2)x2 – (5+z)x + 16 = 0 has equal roots.
51. If the quadratic equation px2 – 2√ 5px + 15 = 0 has two equal
roots, then find the value of p.
52. Find p such that px(x–3)+9 = 0 has two equal roots.
53. Find m such that mx(x–7)+49 = 0 has two equal roots.
54. Find k such that x2–4kx +k= 0 has two equal roots.
55. Find k such that the equation x2+k(2x+k–1)+2 = 0 has equal
roots.
56. If –5 is a root of 2x2+px–15 = 0 and the quadratic equation
p(x2+x)+k = 0 has equal roots, find the value of k.
57. Find k such that kx(3x–4)+4 = 0 has equal roots.
58. Find m such that roots of mx(6x+10)+25 = 0 are equal.
59. Find k such that (k+4)x2+(k+1)x+1 = 0 has equal roots.
60. Find k such that kx2 +1–2(k–1)x+x2 = 0 has equal roots.
61. If roots of (a–b)x2 + (b–c)x + (c–a) are equal, prove that 2a =
b+c.
62. Show that the equation 2(a2+b2)x2+2(a+b)x+1 = 0 has no real
roots when a≠b.
63. Find values of k for which the equations have real roots:
(i) kx2–6x–2 = 0
(ii) 3x2+2x+k = 0
64. Determine value of p for which equations x2+2px+64 = 0 and
x2–8x+2p = 0 have real roots.

ANSWERS

1. x = 3; x = ½
2. x = √ and x = √
33−1 − 33−1
4 4
−√ 3
3. x =
2
4. no roots
3+ √ 13 3−√ 13
5. x = and x =
2 2
6. x = 2 and x = 1
−7
7. x = –√ 3 and x =
√3
8. x = 5; x = –1
9. x = 5; x = 5/2
3a −2 b
10. x = 4 b and x = 3 a
 2 a+b 2b +a
11. x = 3
and x = 3
2
q
12. x = 2 and x = –1
p
−11
13. x = 1 and x = 17
14. x = 1 and x = –8
−b
15. x = –a and x = 2
2 2
a b
16. x ¿ and x ¿
2 2
2 2 2 2
a +b a −b
17. x = and x =
2 2
−23
18. x = –1 and x = 5
19. x = –1
20. x = √ 2 and x = –3√ 2
21. x = √ and x =
− 7 1
3 √7
22. x = √ 3 and x = 1
1
23. x = 2 and x = 2
a
24. x = –a and x = 2
−a+b a−b
25. x = 2
and x = 2
26. x = a–2b and x = a+2b
4 −1
27. x = 3 and x = 3
28. x = –2
29. x = –7 and x = 0
30. x = 1 and x = 0
31. x = 0 and x = –2
1 −1
32. x = 2 and x = 2
33. x = 2 and x = 3
−3
34. x = 2 and x = –2
35. x = 2 and x = –1
36. x = –a and x = –b
−2 b −2 b
37. x = 3 a and x = a
38. x = a+2b and x = a–2b
5
39. x = 5 and x = 2
40. x = a–2 and x = –(4+a)
 41. k = 2
42. k = 6
43. Proof (put D = 0)
−4
44. p = 4 and p = 7
45. Proof (clearly D > 0 in this question)
46. 2√ 6 and –2√ 6
47. k = 5 and k = –3
48. p = –2 and p = 6
49. (i) k = 2√ 6 and –2√ 6 (ii) k = 4 (iii) k = 14
50. z = 3 or z = 51
51. p = 3
52. p = 4
53. m = 4
1
54. k = 4
55. k = 2
7
56. k = 4
57. k = 3
58. m = 6
59. k = 5 and k = –3
60. k = 3
61. Proof (put D = 0)
62. Proof (find D and D < 0)
−9 1
63. (i) k ≥ 2 (ii) k ≤ 3
64. p = 8

APS ACADEMY
Practice Problems on Light

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

1. An object is at a distance of 0.5m in front of a plane mirror.

What is the distance between the object and the image?
2. A man has height 2.5m. He observes image of 1m height erect,
then what is the nature of the mirror?
3. State any four characteristics of the image of an object formed
by a plane mirror.
4. What is the magnification of the images formed by plane
mirrors and why?
5. What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if
the magnification produced by the mirror is +3?
6. An object is kept at a distance of 4 m in front of a spherical
mirror, which forms its erect image at a distance of 1.0 m from
the mirror. What is the magnification? Is the mirror concave or
convex?
7. What kinds of mirrors are used in big shopping stores to watch
activities of customers?
8. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a convex
mirror of focal length 15 cm. Write four characteristics of the
image formed by the mirror.
9. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a concave
mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm. List four characteristics of
the image formed by the mirror.
10. Name the type of mirrors used in the design of solar furnaces.
Explain how high temperature is achieved by this device.
11. “The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is –3”. List
four informations you obtain from this statement about the
mirror/image.
12. List four specific characteristics of the images of the objects
formed by convex mirrors.
−1
13. The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is 5
State the (i) type of spherical mirror and (ii) the position of the
object with respect to the pole of the mirror.
14. State the types of mirrors used for (i) headlights and (ii) rear
view mirrors, in motorcycles. Give reason to justify your answer
in each case.

15. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from

a mirror is formed on a screen placed in front of the mirror at a
distance of 60 cm from its pole. What is the nature of the
mirror? Find its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2.4
cm, find the height of its image. State whether the image
formed is erect or inverted.
16. AB and CD, two spherical mirrors, from parts of a hollow
spherical ball with its centre at O as shown in the diagram. If arc
1
AB = 2 arc CD, what is the ratio of their focal lengths?

17. List two possible ways in which a concave mirror can produce
a magnified image of an object placed in front of it.
18. What is the minimum number of rays required for locating the
image formed by a concave mirror for an object?
19. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30 cm from
a mirror is formed on a screen placed in front of the mirror at a
distance of 60 cm from its pole. What is the nature of the mirror?
Find its focal length. If the height of the flame is 2.4 cm, find the
height of its image. State whether the image formed is erect or
inverted.
20. An object 4 cm in height, is placed at 15 cm in front of a
concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. At what distance from the
mirror should a screen be placed to obtain a sharp image of the
object. Calculate the height of the image.
21. The image formed by a spherical mirror is real, inverted and its
magnification is –2. If the image is at a distance of 30 cm from
the mirror, where is the object placed? Find the focal length of
the mirror. List two characteristics of the image formed if the
object is moved 10 cm towards the mirror.
22. If the image formed by a mirror for all positions of the object
placed in front of it is always erect and diminished, what type of
mirror is it?
23. A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a
concave mirror of 12 cm focal length. What should be the range
of distance of the candle flame from the mirror? State the nature
and size of the image he is likely to observe.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT

24. What is meant by power of a lens?

25. How should a ray of light be incident on a rectangular glass slab
so that it comes out from the opposite side of the slab without
being displaced?
26. A girl was playing with a thin beam of light from her laser torch
by directing it from different directions on a convex lens held
vertically. She was surprised to see that in a particular direction
the beam of light continues to move along the same direction
after passing through the lens. State the reason for this
observation.
27. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of
this statement in relation to speed of light?
28. The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are
3/2 and 4/3 respectively. If speed of light in glass is 2×10 8m/s,
find the speed of light in water.
29. The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 1.5 and
1.33 respectively. In which medium does light travel faster?
Calculate the ratio of speeds of light in the two media.
30. Explain with the help of a diagram, why a pencil partly
immersed in water appears to be bent at the water surface.
31. Draw a diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass
slab and mark angle of refraction and the lateral shift suffered
by a ray of light while passing through the slab.
32. The image of an object formed by a lens is of magnification –1.
If the distance between the object and its image is 60 cm, what
is the focal length of the lens? If the object is moved 20 cm
towards the lens, where would the image be formed?
33. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 40 cm from
a spherical lens is formed on a screen placed on the other side
of the lens at a distance of 40 cm from the lens. Identify the type
of lens and write its focal length. What will be the nature of the
image formed if the candle flame is shifted 25 cm towards the
lens?
34. An object of height 6 cm is placed perpendicular to the
principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 5 cm. Use lens
formula to determine the position, size and nature of the image
if the distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm.
35. What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate
it with the help of a diagram. List any two factors on which the
lateral displacement in a particular substance depends.
36.
37. At what distance should an object be placed from a convex lens
of focal length 18 cm to obtain an image at 24 cm from it on the
other side. What will be the magnification produced in this
case?
38. The image of an object placed at 60 cm in front of a lens is
obtained on a screen at a distance of 120 cm from it. Find the
focal length of the lens. What would be the height of the image if
the object is 5 cm high?
39. For which position of the object does a convex lens form a
virtual and erect image?
40. At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm a 6
cm tall object be placed so as to obtain its image at 15 cm from
the lens? Also calculate the size of the image formed.
41. Define optical center of a spherical lens.
42. One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is covered with a
black paper. Can such a lens produce an image of a complete
object placed at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Draw a ray
diagram to justify your answer.
43. What is meant by the power of a lens? What is its S.I. unit?
Name the type of lens whose power is positive.
44. The image of an object formed by a lens is real, inverted and of
the same size as the object. If the image is at a distance of 40 cm
from the lens, what is the nature and power of the lens?
45. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal
length 10 cm are placed in close contact with each other.
Calculate the lens power of this combination.
46. Describe and illustrate with a diagram, how we should arrange
two converging lenses so that a parallel beam of light entering
one lens emerges as a parallel beam after passing through the
second lens.

ANSWERS

1. 1m
2. Convex mirror (diminished, erect image is formed)
3. Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are:
(i) image distance is same as that of object distance
(ii) image formed is virtual and erect
(iii) image formed is of the same size as that of the object
(iv) image formed is laterally inverted (left appears right and
 right appears left)
4. 1
5. Since, the sign of given magnification of the image is positive
and greater than one so the image formed is virtual, erect and
enlarged.
−v 1
6. Magnification = u = 4 (since m < 1 and positive, it is a convex
mirror).
7. Convex mirrors are used in big shopping stores to watch
activities of customers.
8. Four characteristics of the image formed by given convex
mirror of focal length 15 cm are:
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Diminished
(iv) Image is always formed behind the mirror between pole
and focus.
9. Radius of curvature (R) = 30 cm, object distance is 12 cm in
front of the mirror, thus we can say that object is placed
between focus and pole.
Four characteristics of the image formed by the given concave
mirror are:
(i) Virtual
(ii) Erect
(iii) Enlarged
(iv) Image is formed behind the mirror
10. Concave mirrors are used in the designing of solar furnaces.
When a solar furnace is placed at the focus of a large concave
mirror, it focuses a parallel beam of light on the furnace.
Therefore, a high temperature is attained at the point after some
time.
11. Negative sign of magnification indicates that the image is real
and inverted. Since the image is real and inverted, the mirror is
concave and magnification of –3 indicates that the image is
magnified.
12. Characteristics of image formed by convex mirrors:
• Diminished
• Virtual and erect
• the image formed is closer to the mirror than the object
• Image is formed behind the mirror.
13. (i) Concave mirror (ii) Object is placed beyond C.
14. (i) Concave mirrors are used in headlights of cars to get
 powerful beams of light.
(ii) Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors of vehicle to
get a wider field of view and erect image of traffic behind.
15. Given:
Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image size (h’) = ?
Image distance, v = – 60 cm,
Object size (h) = 2.4 cm,
Focal length, f = ?
Using mirror formula: f = –20cm
−v −−60
Since m = u = −30 =−2
h’ = mh = –2×2.4 = –4.8cm
As the image formed is real, therefore the mirror is concave.
The height of the image is 4.8 cm. The image formed is enlarged
and inverted.
16. Ratio of focal lengths = 1:1
17. A concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object
when object is placed:
(1) In between its pole and its focus
(2) In between its focus and its centre of curvature.
18. At least two rays are required for locating the image formed by
a concave mirror for an object.
19. Given:
Object distance, u = – 30 cm, image size (h’) = ?
Image distance, v = – 60 cm,
Object size, h = 2.4 cm,
Focal length, f = ?
Using mirror formula: f = –20cm
−v −−60
Magnification (m) = u = 30 =−2
Since h’ = mh
 h’ = –2×2.4 = –4.8cm
The image is enlarged and inverted.
20. Given: object distance, u = –15 cm,
Object height, h = 4 cm, focal length, f = –10 cm;
Image distance, v = ?
Using mirror formula, v = –30cm
In order to obtain a sharp image of the object on the screen,
screen should be placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of the
mirror.
−v −−30
Magnification (m) = u = −15 =−2
 '
h
 =−2
4
h’ = –8cm
21. Since the image formed is real and inverted, the mirror is
concave.
−v
Magnification (m) = u =−2
 v = 2u
Since v = –30cm
 u = –15cm
Using mirror formula: f = –10cm
If the object is shifted 10cm towards the mirror, then the
object is between principal focus and the optical centre and
the image formed will be virtual and erect.
22. Convex mirror
23. To obtain an erect image, the object is placed in between pole
and the focus of the concave mirror. So range of distance of the
candle flame from the mirror is in between 12 cm.
Nature of the image = Virtual and erect.
Size of the image = Enlarged
24. Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays
achieved by a lens.
1
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length: P = f
25. A ray of light should be incident perpendicular to the surface
of the rectangular glass slab so that it comes out from the
opposite side of the slab without being displaced.
26. The girl playing with a thin beam of light from her laser torch
must incident the laser beam of light through optical centre of
the convex lens. A ray of light though the optical centre of a
lens passes without suffering any deviation.
27. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. This means the ratio
of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in diamond is
2.42.
28. 2.25 ×108 m/s
29. Since velocity of light in medium is inversely proportional to
its refractive index, the light will travel faster in optically rarer
medium i.e., water.
So, the ratio of vg and vw is 1.33:1.5.
30. Light rays coming from the immersed end C of the pencil bend
away from the normal at the interface on reaching there as the
rays are travelling from optically denser to a rarer medium. As
shown in the diagram, when viewed from above, they appear
 to come from the point C’, slightly raised. This way, all the rays
from the immersed portion of the pencil bend and as a result it
appears to be raised. Hence the pencil appears to be bend at
the interface.

31. This diagram illustrates lateral shift:

32. Magnification of –1 indicates that the image is real and

inverted and is of the same size as of the object. The object
must be at 2f and image also at 2f on the other side.
 4f = 60 cm  f = 15 cm.
If object is moved 20 cm towards the lens, then the object will
be between focus and optical centre of the lens and image
formed will be virtual and erect and on the same side of the
lens.
1 1 1
33. Using lens formula: f =¿ v − u
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
=¿ − = + = =
f 40 −40 40 40 40 20
 f = 20cm
This lens is convex lens
Nature of the image will be virtual and erect if the candle flame
 is shifted 25 cm towards the lens.
1 1 1
34. Using lens formula: f =¿ v − u
1 1 1
=¿ −
−5 v −10
 v = –3.33cm
v
Magnification (m) = u =0.33
Since m is positive, therefore, image is virtual and erect. Also,
since m < 1, image is diminished.
Height of image = height of object ×magnification
 Height of image = 6 × 0.33 = 2cm
35. When a ray of light is incident obliquely on a parallel sided
glass slab, the emergent ray shifts laterally. The perpendicular
distance between the direction of the incident ray and
emergent ray is called lateral shift. The factors on which the
lateral displacement depends are:
(i) thickness of the refracting material.
(ii) the refractive index of the material.
36. Focal length of convex lens, f = +18 cm
Image distance from the lens, v = +24 cm
1 1 1
By using lens formula, f =¿ v − u
1 1 1
=¿ −
18 24 u
 u = –72cm
v 24 1
Magnification (m) = u = −72 =−3
[Link] the image can be obtained on a screen so image is real
and real image is formed by convex lens so the lens in convex
lens.
Given: u = –60 cm, v = +120 cm
Using lens formula, f = 40cm
Now height of object = 5cm
v 120
m = u = −60 =−2
height of image = height of object × magnification
 height of image = 5 × (–2)
 height of image = –10cm

38. When an object is placed between F1 and optical centre, O of a

convex lens, it forms a virtual and erect image.
39. Focal length of concave lens, f = –20 cm
Given: Height of object, h = 6 cm Image distance, v = –15 cm
 1 1 1
From lens formula, f =¿ v − u
 u = –60cm
v 1
m= u = 4
1
 height of image = 6 × 4 =1.5 cm
40. Optical centre is the central part of the lens through which a
ray of light passes without suffering any deviation. It is usually
represented by the letter O.
41. Yes, the lens will produce an image of complete object.

1 1 1
Using lens formula: f =¿ v − u
v = –60cm
v −60
Magnification (m) = u = −15 =4
42. Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays
achieved by a lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal
1
length: P = f
SI unit of power is Dioptre.
Convex lens has positive power.
43. Given: magnification (m) = –1
v
 –1 = u
 v = –u
1 1 1
Using lens formula: f =¿ v − u
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
 f =¿ 40 − −40 = 40 + 40 = 40 = 20
 f = 20cm
100
When f is in cm: P = f =5 D(positive power means that it is a
convex lens)
44. Power of two lenses: P1 = 4D and P2 = –10D
  Power of the combination = –6D
45. Suppose we have two converging lens of focal lengths f1 and f2.
We will keep the two converging lens at a distance of f1 + f2 so
that a parallel beam of light entering one lens emerges as a
parallel beam after passing through the second lens.

Here the focus of the two lenses should coincide.

 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Balancing Chemical Reactions

1. CO + H2  CH3OH
2. KMnO4  K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
3. KClO3  KCl + O2
4. Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
5. Fe + H2O  Fe3O4 + H2
6. P + O2  P2O5
7. Cu + AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
8. Al + CuCl2  AlCl3 + Cu
9. KBr + Cl2  KCl + Br2
10. CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
11. Pb(NO3)2  PbO + NO2 + O2
12. CuSO4 + KI  Cu2I2 + I2 + K2SO4
13. FeCl2 + Cl2  FeCl3
14. Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
15. Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + NO

ANSWERS

1. CO + 2H2  CH3OH
2. 2KMnO4  K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
3. 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
4. 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
5. 3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2
6. 4P + 5O2  2P2O5
7. Cu + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
8. 2Al + CuCl2  2AlCl3 + Cu
9. 2KBr + Cl2  2KCl + Br2
10. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
11. 2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
12. 2CuSO4 + 4KI  Cu2I2 + I2 + 2K2SO4
13. 2FeCl2 + Cl2  2FeCl3
14. Cu + 4HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
15. 3Cu + 8HNO3  3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Proving Irrationality

Prove that the following numbers are irrational:

(i) √2
(ii) √3
(iii) √5
(iv) 2√ 7
(v) 3√ 5
(vi) √ p (if p is a prime number)
(vii) 2+√ 3
(viii) 3–√ 5
(ix) 4–3√ 7
(x) 5–√ 2
1
(xi)
√2
2
(xii)
√3
(xiii) √ 3− √ 5
(xiv) √ 2−√ 3
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Sum and Product of Roots for Cubic and Biquadratic

2
1. One zero of the polynomial 3x3+16x2+15x–18 is . Find the other roots.
3
2. Find a cubic polynomial with the sum of its zeros, sum of the products of
its zeros taken two at a time and the product of its zeros as 2, –7 and –14
respectively.
3. If the zeros of x3–3x2+x+1 are (a–b),a,(a+b), find a and b.
1
4. Find a cubic polynomial whose roots are 3, and –1.
2
5. Find the third root of the polynomial 2x –4x–x2+2, if two of its roots are
3

√ 2 and –√ 2.
6. If 4 is a root of the cubic polynomial x 3–3x2–10x+24, find its other two
roots.
7. Find other roots of 2x4–9x3+5x2+3x–1 if two of its roots are 2+√ 3 and 2–
√3 .
8. Find the zeros of x3–7x+6.
9. On dividing the polynomial 2x3+4x2+5x+7 by a polynomial g(x), the
quotient and remainder were 2x and 7–5x respectively. Find g(x).
10. Obtain other roots of the polynomial 2x4–x3–11x2+5x+5 if two of its roots
are √ 5and –√ 5.
11. Obtain other roots of the polynomial x4+x3–16x2–4x+48, if two of its roots
are 2 and –4.
12. Find other roots of the polynomial x 4–3x3+6x–4, if two of its roots are √ 2
and –√ 2.
13. If 1 and –2 are two roots of the polynomial x 3–4x2–7x+10, find its third
root.
14. If x3+x2–ax+b is divisible by x2–x, find a and b.
15. If (a–b), a, (a+b) are the roots of 2x3–6x2+5x–7, find a.
16. If two roots of the polynomial ax3+bx2+cx+d are 0, find the third root.

ANSWERS

1. –3, –3
2. x3–2x2–7x+14
3. 1, √ 2, –√ 2
4. 2x3–5x2–4x+3
1
5.
2
6. 2, –3
−1
7. 1,
2
8. 1, 2, –3
9. x2+2x+5
 −1
10. 1,
2
11. –2,3
12. 1, 2
13. 5
14. a = 2, b = 0
15. a = 1
−b
16.
a
 APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Basic Proportionality Theorem

1. In ∆ABC, X is middle point of AC. If XY||AB, then prove that Y is middle

point of BC.
2. In ∆ABC, D and E are point on side AB and AC respectively, such that DE ||
BC. If AE = 2 cm, AD = 3 cm and BD = 4.5 cm, then find CE.
3. If DE||BC in the figure below, find x.

4. In the figure below, DE||BC, AC = 14cm and AD:DB = 3:4. Find EC.

5. In figure given below, ∠D = ∠ E and AD:DB = AE:EC. Prove that ∆BAC is

isosceles.

6. In the figure below, DE||BC and AD:DB = 3:5. If AC = 4.8cm, find AE.

7. In the figure below, DE||BC, AD = 4x–3, AE = 8x–7, BD = 3x–1, CE = 5x–3.

Find the value of x.
8. In the figure below, AB = 5.6cm, AD = 1.4cm, AC = 7.2cm and AE = 1.8cm,
prove that DE || BC.

9. In the given figure, LM || CB and LN || CD. Prove that AM:AB = AN:AD.

10. In the figure below, AB||DE and BD||EF. Prove that DC2 = CF×AC.

11. In the given figure, MN||QR. Find the value of x.

12. In the given figure, if ∠ ACB = ∠ CDA , AC = 6cm, AD = 3cm, find AB.

13. In ∆DEF, if RS || EF, DR = 4x–3, DS = 8x–7, ER = 3x–1 and FS = 5x-3, find x.

ANSWERS
1. Proof
2. CE = 3cm
3. x = 3
4. 8cm
5. Proof
6. 1.8cm
7. x = 1
8. Proof
9. Proof
10. Proof
11. x = 5
12. 12cm
13. x = 1

APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on Distance Formula

1. Find the distance between the points (m, –n) and (–m, n).
2. Find the distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin.
3. AOBC is a rectangle whose three vertices are A(0, –3), O(0, 0) and B(4, 0).
Find the length of the diagonal of this rectangle.
4. Find the perimeter of a triangle with vertices (0, 4), (0, 0) and (3, 0).
5. If the distance between the points (4, k) and (1, 0) is 5, then what can be
the possible values of k?
6. What is the distance of the point (–3, 4) from the x-axis?
7. If the distances of P(x, y) from A(5, 1) and B(–1, 5) are equal, then prove
that 3x = 2y.
8. The x-coordinate of a point P is twice its y-coordinate. If P is equidistant
from Q(2, –5) and R(–3, 6), find the coordinates of P.
9. Prove that the points (3, 0), (6, 4) and (–1, 3) are the vertices of a right
angled isosceles triangle.
10. Prove that the points (2, –2), (–2, 1) and (5, 2) are the vertices of a right-
angled triangle. Also find the area of this triangle.
11. If A(5, 2), B(2, –2) and C(–2, t) are the vertices of a right angled triangle
with ∠B = 90˚, then find the value of t.
12. The points A(4, 7), B(p, 3) and C(7, 3) are the vertices of a right triangle,
right-angled at B. Find the value of p.
13. Show that the points (a, a), (–a, –a) and (−√ 3a, √ 3a) are the vertices of an
equilateral triangle.
14. If a point A(0, 2) is equidistant from the points B(3, p), and C(p, 5), then
find the value of p.
15. Find the value(s) of x for which the distance between the points P(x, 4)
and Q(9, 10) is 10units.
16. Find the value of y for which the distance between the points A(3, –1) and
B(11, y) is 10units.
17. Find a relation between x and y such that the point P(x, y) is equidistant
from the points A(1, 4) and B(–1, 2).
18. Find the point on y-axis which is equidistant from the points (5, –2) and
(–3, 2).
19. If the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(a+b, b–a) and B(a–b,
a+b). Prove that bx = ay.
20. Points A(–1, y) and B(5, 7) lie on a circle with centre O(2, –3y). Find the
values of y. Hence find the radius of the circle.
21. If two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (3, 0) and (6, 0), find the third
vertex.
22. Show that the points A(3, 5), B(6, 0), C (1, –3) and D(–2, 2) are the
vertices of a square ABCD.
23. Find the point on y-axis which is equidistant from the points (−5, −2) and
(3, 2).
24. Find those points on x-axis, each of which is at a distance of 5 units from
the point A(5, –3).
25. Find those points on the y-axis, each of which is at a distance of 13 units
from the point A(–5, 7).
26. Find the coordinates of the point equidistant from three given points A(5,
1), B(−3, − 7) and C(7 , −1).
27. Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6, −6), ( 3, −7) and (
3, 3).
28. Show that the points (1, 1), (1, 5), (7, 9) and (9, 5) taken in that order are
the vertices of a rectangle. Also, find the area of the rectangle.
29. Show that the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(7, 3) are the vertices of
a rhombus. Find its area.
30. Show that the points A(3, 0), B(4, 5), C(–1, 4) and D(–2, –1) are the
vertices of a rhombus. Find its area.

ANSWERS

1. 2√ m2+ n2
2. √ x 2+ y2
3. 5 units
4. 12 units
5. k = 4; k = –4
6. 4 units
7. Proof
8. P is (16,8)
9. Proof
10. Area = 12.5 sq. units
11. t = 1
12. p = 4 (p=7 will be rejected)
13. All sides have length 2√ 2 unit
14. p = 1
15. x = 1, x = 17
16. y = 5, y = –7
17. x+y = 3
18. (0,–2)
19. Proof
20. y = –1, y = 7 and radius = √ 793 units

(
21. ,
2 2 )(
9 3 √3 9 3 √ 3
, ,−
2 2 )
22. Proof
23. (0,–2)
24. (1,0), (9,0)
25. (0,19), (0,–5)
26. (2,–4)
27. (3,–2)
28. Area = 40 sq. units
29. Area = 3 sq. units
30. Area = 24 sq. units

APS ACADEMY
Practice Sheet on