Calculation

Read the heights of these mountains.

Which heights round to 9000m to the nearest 1000?
Which height rounds to 8500m to the nearest 100?
What other rounding can you do?
Approximately how many metres higher is Makalu than Broad Peak?

Mountain Height (m)

Mount Everest 8848
K2 8611
Makalu 8485
Broad Peak 8051
Nanda Devi 7816

Knowing the place value of individual digits can help you to round and decompose numbers. The height of
the mountain called Makalu is 8485m. 8485 is represented as 8 thousand, 4 hundreds, 8 tens and 5 ones.
We can decompose 8485 to show the value of each digit. 8485 = 8000 + 400 + 80 + 5
We can also regroup 8485 in different ways:
8485 = 8000 + 485
8485 = 8000 + 400 + 85
8485 = 7000 + 1400 + 85
Regrouping numbers is an important skill when calculating.
Activity 1
1. Decompose theses numbers to show the value of each digit.
a. 7457
b. 8504
c. 11085
d. 15142

2. Copy and complete this table.

Round to the Round to the Round to the Round to the

nearest 10 nearest 100 nearest 1000 nearest 10000
7457
8504
11085
15142

3. Use regrouping to work out the missing number.

a. 7457 = 7000 + 300 + _________
b. 7457 = 7400 + ________ + 17
c. 7457 = 6000 + ________ + 57
d. 7457 = 6000 + ________ + 7

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 Addition and subtraction

Addition and subtraction are the two primary arithmetic operations where we learn to add and subtract two
or more numbers or any mathematical values. The other two basic math operations are multiplication and
division. The symbol to represent addition is ‘+’ (plus sign) and subtraction is ‘-’ (minus sign).

Both addition and subtraction are inverse operations of each other. For example, if 9 + 1 = 10, then 10 – 1
= 9. That shows if 1 is added to 9 then the result is 10, whereas if 1 is subtracted from 10, then the result is
9.

What is Addition?

Addition means summing up two or more numbers or values to get another number. For example, if we add
2 and 3, we get 5 as the result.

2+3=5

Now, let us understand the sum of 2 and 3 practically. Suppose, we have 2 apples in a basket and 3 more
apples are added in the same basket, so how many apples are there altogether?

2→1+1

3→1+1+1

2+3=1+1+1+1+1

Now if we count each apple, then it is equal to 5.

The property of addition is to increase the value by adding another value to it.

What is Subtraction?

Subtraction means reducing a value from another value to get the required value.

For example, subtracting 3 from 5 gives 2 as the answer.

5–3=2

Now, if we imagine, there are 5 apples in a basket and we take out 3 apples from the basket, then how
many apples are left?

The answer is 2 apples.

5–3=1+1+1+1+1–1–1–1=2

Rules

The rules to add and subtract numbers are given below:

 Addition of two positive numbers is always positive
 Addition of two negative numbers is always negative
 Subtraction of two positive numbers can be either positive or negative
 Subtraction of two negative numbers can be either positive or negative

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Activity 2

a. Ritu has 7 balloons and her friend Seema has 5 balloons. How many more balloons does Ritu have
than her friend?
b. 114 birds were sitting on a tree. 21 more birds flew up to the tree. How many birds were there
altogether on the tree?

Addition and Subtraction on Number line

 The addition of numbers on the number line can be done by moving the number of steps as the
number to be added towards the right of 0.
 The addition of 1 and 5 is represented using the number line as;

Thus, 1 + 5 = 6

In case of subtraction, we need to move towards the left of 0.

For example, subtraction of 4 from 3 can be represented as shown in the below figure.

Therefore, 3 – 4 = -1

Activity 3
1. Solve the following problems on addition:
a. 5 + 7
b. 17 + 0
c. 0 + 23
d. 11 + 23
e. 8 + 9

2. Find the missing value

a. ________ + 56 = 71
b. 23 + ________ = 34
c. 67 + 23 = ________

3. Write the numbers in columns and then add:

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 a. 2453 and 7345
b. 356, 23 and 896
c. 867, 487 and 6723

4. Word problems
a. In a village, there are 5673 men, 2346 and 678 children. Find the total number of people in a
village.
b. In a fruit shop, a boy bought 56 apples, 34 bananas, 23 oranges. Find the total number of fruits
that a boy has purchased.
c. A bag contains 56 red balls, 49 green balls and 72 blue balls. Find the total number of balls that
a bag contains?
d. Ramesh has earned Rs. 25000 in a month. His extra income is Rs. 5200. Find out the total
earnings of Ramesh in a month.
e. In the final examination, the number of boys and girls appeared are 98 and 85, respectively.
Find the total number of students appearing in the annual examination.

5. Find the solution for the following:

a. 564 – 86 + 234 = ______________
b. 78 + 67 – 52 = _____________
c. -72 – 23= _____________

6. Solve the following problems:

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 7. Four-digit addition:

8. Solve the following:

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 9. Subtract the following:

10. Subtract the following:

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 11. Solve the following word problems:
a. There are 45 houses in a street. 21 houses have been painted white. How many houses have not
been painted?
b. A basket holds 55 oranges. The shopkeeper has 65 oranges. How many oranges cannot be put in
the basket?
c. Out of 8797 children of town, 6989 go to school. How many children do not go to school?
d. Ron has 1846 marbles in his collection; he gave 547 marbles to his sister. How many marbles
are left with him then?
e. I had $5000 with me. Out of it $3585 was spent. Now how much money do I have?
f. Shelly bought a bed sheet for $1699. She gave the shopkeeper $2000. What amount will be
returned by the shopkeeper?
g. There were 473 students in class V of a school. Out of them 461 passed and were promoted to
the next class. How many students did not get promoted?
h. Shelly went to buy 568 cookies. She got only 233 cookies in the bakery. How many more
cookies she has to buy?
i. Mike has to learn 353 words meaning. He finished learning 120 words. How many more words
he has to learn?
j. There were 746 books in the library. Out of which 242 books are lost. How many books are left
in the library?
k. Adriana has 346 apples in the garden. She gave a few apples to her friend. 135 apples were left
with her. How many apples did she give to her friend?
l. Jane took 356 minutes to complete homework in English and Mathematics. She took 204
minutes to complete English. How much time she took to complete Mathematics?
Multiplication and Division
What is Multiplication?
Multiplication is the repeated addition of a number. If we multiply m by n, that means m is repeatedly
added to itself for n times. The symbol for multiplication is ‘×’.
For instance, 8 multiplied by 4 is equal to 32. How? Adding 8, 4 times to itself, we get;
8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 32
Therefore, we can write,
8 x 4 = 32

Word problem example:

The monthly salary of a man is Rs. 2,500. What is his annual income by salary?
Number of months in a year= 12
Salary of 1 month= Rs 2,500
Annual salary= salary of 12 months= 2,500 × 12= Rs. 30,000
Therefore, annual income = Rs 30,000

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What is Division?
The division is a method of dividing or distributing a number into equal parts, For example, if 16 is divided
by 4, then 16 is divided into 4 equal parts. Therefore, the resultant value is 4.
16 ÷ 4 = 4
Parts of division
Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient
15 ÷ 3 = 5
In the above example, there are three parts for division.
 15 is dividend
 3 is divisor
 5 is quotient (R.H.S)
Word problem examples:

1. If 9975 kg of wheat is packed in 95 bags, how much wheat will each bag contain?

Solution:

Since 95 bags contain wheat 9975 kg

Therefore, 1 bag contains wheat (9975 ÷ 95) kg

= 105 kg

Each bag contains wheat = 105 kg

In a problem sum involving division, we have to be careful about using the remainder.

2. How many hours are there in 1200 minutes?

Solution:

We know that there are 60 minutes in 1 hour.Divide the number of minutes by the number of
minutes in 1 hour. We get, divide 1200 by 601200 ÷ 60 = 20

So there are 20 hours in 1200 minutes.

Answer: 20 hours.
Activity 4
1. Find the product of:
a. 22 x 11 = ?
b. 3 x 91 = ?
c. 444 x 3 = ?
d. 1000 x 8 = ?

2. Find the division of:

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 a. 34 ÷ 2 = ?
b. 555 ÷ 5 = ?
c. 81 ÷ 3 = ?
d. 812 ÷ 4 = ?

3.

4.

5. Solve the following word problems:

a. There are 90 pencils in 1 box. How many pencils are there in 3 boxes?

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 b. Raju has 1615 candies stored in a box. If there are 85 such boxes, then how many candies
are there in each box?
c. If the cost of one vehicle is Rs. 35,780, then what will be the cost of 100 vehicles?
d. Find the number of apples that can be packed in 175 boxes, if a box contains 276 apples.
e. Find the yearly production of toys, if a factory manufactures 5,376 toys in a month.
f. Find the amount of money a group of women possess, if they have 715 notes with Rs. 500
denominations.
g. The weight of a luggage bag is 55 kg. Then find the weight of 1000 such luggage bags.
h. Find the quotient and remainder if 4050 is divided by 3.
i. Find the missing number: ____ ÷ 10 = 13.
j. Determine the cost of each cycle, if the cost of 15 cycles is worth Rs. 24,405.
k. The result obtained through the multiplication of two numbers is 4131. If one number is 27,
then find the other number.
l. The yearly income of Leena is Rs. 98,364. Determine her monthly income if she receives an
equal amount every month.
m. A bus has a seating capacity of 58 people. How many people will travel in 14 such buses, if
each bus has the same seating capacity?
n. Find the missing number: 81 ÷ ____ = 9.
o. If a number is divided by 97, we get the quotient 286 and the remainder 14. Determine the
unknown number.
p. There are 4 rows of seats in a class. Each row has 12 benches. How many students can sit in
the class?
q. A bottle factory produces 684 bottles a day. How many bottles will the factory produce in
46 days?
r. A carton holds 20 packets of biscuits. Each packet has 12 biscuits. How many biscuits can
be packed in 45 cartons?
s. There are 140 peanuts in a bowl. A worker has to put them equally in 4 packets. How many
peanuts will be there in one packet?
t. A school has 2412 students in total. They put only 36 students in one class. How many
classes are there in total?
u. Rs. 5,500 are distributed equally among 25 men. How much money will each person get?
v. A group of 48 students are going on a field trip. If each bus can hold 12 students, how many
buses are needed?
w. A farmer has 60 apples and wants to pack them into bags of 6 apples each. How many bags
will he need?
x. A library has 240 books to shelve. If each shelf can hold 30 books, how many shelves will
be needed?
y. A store sells pencils in packs of 8. If you buy 4 packs and want to share them equally with 6
friends, how many pencils will each friend get?
z. A school is buying new chairs for the cafeteria. There are 18 students in each class, and
there are 5 classes. If each chair costs $10, how much will the school spend on chairs?

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