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Load Balancing using Load Sharing
Technique in Distribution System
Tamil Mani S, Rohith S, Saranraj S, Vigneswaran T
J Joys Nancy Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Krishna College of Technology
Sri Krishna College of Technology Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 16tuee240@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]
Abstract—The unbalance of load in distribution network is the Whenever there is a imbalance in phase due to law of circuits
most common problem that occurs in three phase networks. current will get increased in the neutral wire of a three phase
This unbalance of load mostly occurs during the peak time. At system. The presence of current in the neutral wire is very
some point this unbalance may also cause phase failure. In order dangerous and it may lead to fire. It will a ls o affect
to prevent the phase failure and to protect the load connected
t h e e f f i c i e n c y of the system and may damage the
to the phase, the load connected across the three phases will be
shared equally solved. This is possible with the help of three
equipment that are used in the network. Due to the variation
phase load balancing technique. Three phase load balancing can of load, the occurrence of overloading in distribution system
be achieved with the help of our proposed method. In this can be possible.
method the power along each phase will be detected with the LOAD BALANCING
help of current transformer and the load value which is Electrical fault in the distribution system will also produce
connected across each phase will be founded by calculating the overloading in some areas and can produce under loading in
power consumption across each load and it will lead to switching some areas. Hence for controlling these unbalanced condition,
of loads to the least loaded phase
load and power must be controlled in real time. This method
Keywords: Phase Detection, Current Sensing, Electric Load of controlling load in real time is called as the load balancing
Balancing. method. It can be also described as method for the protection
of power system from overloaded and under loaded
I. INTRODUCTION condition. For the process of load balancing generally we
shift load from heavily loaded feeders to the lightly loaded
The electrical distribution network has been changed feeders with the help of some ideas like minimum power
quantitatively and qualitatively due to the development of loss in the system. The stability and reliability of the
technology. As the dependence on electric power is distribution system can be improved by the load balancing
increasing many new technologies has been developed in process.
electrical field. Single phase systems are most widely used
for domestic loads for example in house and in small scale BALANCED LOADS
industries. A single-phase generator consists of a single coil In general, the three phases in the distribution network shares
which rotates in the magnetic field. Single phase systems the load among themselves. For a balanced power system
are used only for light load. Single phase system consists of voltage phasor component must have same magnitude but
a phase wire and a neutral wire. Three phase generator are 120 degrees differ from each other.
consists of three phase wire and a neutral wire. The three
phase wires are with the color of red, yellow and blue. They UNBALANCED LOADS
A power system is said to be an unbalanced one when the
have fixed coil which are separated by 120- d e g r e e phase amplitude of three phase voltage and current are different and
difference. The voltages from these phases will also differ the angle between the phases are shifted by 120 degree. It
with the degree [Link] loads will be in a balanced state in is also known as asymmetrical condition. There will be
three phase distribution networks at the time of installation. presence of neutral current in unbalanced load.
But due to the changes in load demand and the increasing
of load demand it will result to unbalanced effect of load.
Three phase systems generally have power fluctuation
because of unbalanced load. The t h r e e phase
distribution systems experiences unbalanced load because of
the following reasons.
1. When switching of phases occur manually.
2. Unequal sharing of single phase load in three phase
system. Fig 1.1
3. Unbalanced three phase load .
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The above-mentioned diagram Fig 1.1 represents the example for There are five units in our system. They are transformer unit,
an unbalanced condition. rectifier unit, inverter unit, optocoupler unit, load unit. The
first system is the transformer unit which consists of step-
down transformer. As we control it, we use a stepdown
transformer for decreasing the ratings of the current. The next
II. EXISTING METHODOLOGIES unit is the rectifier unit. Rectifier is a device which is used for
converting alternating current into direct current. The rectifier
As the distribution networks are facing too many challenges we use here is ten ampere rectifiers. The stepped down ac
for balancing the load, here we present some of the methods current is now given to the rectifier and we get the output as
that are actually formulated. pulsated dc current and then this is given to a 13-volt filter
1. Dynamic water filling method. capacitor and we receive dc current as the output. The next
2. Fuzzy logic method with newton raphson optimization. unit is the inverter unit. In the inverter unit we use MOSFET.
3. Network reconfiguration method. It is a voltage-controlled device. The terminals of MOSFET
are gate, drain and source. Generally, for the working of
DYNAMIC WATER FILLING METHOD MOSFET a triggering voltage of certain limit is applied to the
gate of a MOSFET (voltage level of 12V to 20V). Thus, for
This method is proposed for maintaining load balancing in IoT the need of triggering voltage we use the optocoupler unit. It
environment. This method follows two approaches, one is acts as the driver circuit. The optocoupler that we have used
offline and the other is the online approach. While performing here is TLP 250. Generally, we use Arduino for the
this method the operator should predict the load information programming purpose. In which we code the load sharing and
by his own. This is one of the drawback of this method. phase selection program. In general, we can use 5 volts power
supply from the Arduino. The 5volts power supply from the
FUZZY LOGIC METHOD WITH NEWTON RAPHSON Arduino is given to the input pin number two of the driver
OPTIMIZATION circuit. The ground is given to the pin number three. The
optocoupler circuit boost the 5 volts supply into 12 volts
In this method of load balancing a fuzzy controller is plotted supply. These 12 volts is given to the gate of mosfet which can
which proposes the information of the load range in the act as the triggering voltage. The ground is given to the source
distribution system and we must mention the input and output of mosfet and the1 rectified dc voltage is given to the drain of
variables to the controller. the mosfet. Thus, the mosfet which is acting as the inverter
circuit is triggered and it converts the single-phase dc supply
NETWORK RECONFIGURATION METHOD to three phase dc supply.
Loads are connected across the phases of the supply. We can
This method is one of the most used method for load assume that there are three loads and they are connected to the
balancing. In this method sectionalized switches are used for the three phases. Let R-phase carries a heavy load, while Y-
the feeders. Reconsideration in the network systems are done phase and B-phase carries a equal amount of load. We can
based on the different approaches. identify the amount of current in the line which is required for
PROPOSED METHOD the working of load with the current sensor or current
transformer. Then the load that is carried by the R-phase is
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR LOAD BALANCING shared with the remaining two phases. This helps in achieving
equal load balancing around all the three phases. The proposed
method is capable of producing load balancing within the
voltage range of 50 volts.
Initially the power along each phase will be detected with the
help of current transformer and the load value which is
connected across each phase will be founded by calculating
the power consumption across each load. With the help of load
value in each phases load balancing will be done by using
certain method. Difference of Load values across each phase
will be founded and those values will be compared to a
threshold value which will be a predetermined one. The value
which is greater than the threshold value will be founded, and
the load values will be compared and the larger one will be the
largest load and the smaller one will be least load. Between
these two phases the load will be switched with the help of
relays. Switching on and off of the relays will be controlled by
Fig 1.2 the Arduino, and this will be a continuous process. Once the
The above-mentioned Fig 1.2 is the block diagram for difference value reduces below the threshold value the load
balancing of load in the three phase distribution networks. The shifting process will be stopped and the load value will be e
working of our proposed system is to be given as follows.
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Simulation model can be used for a load that is used in high
range. The same process which was done in the proposed
hardware is followed in the simulation process also. The
single-phase ac supply is rectified and then given to the
inverter circuit. As the Mosfet used in the inverter circuit and
it needs a triggering voltage. This voltage is produced with the
help of the driver circuit. The driver circuit is a optocoupler
circuit. Then with help of the produced three phase supply the
loads are connected across the supply. Then the sharing of
loads is carried out. In the process of load sharing the phase
which has maximum load is shared with the phase that has
Fig
F ig 1.3 minimum load. The below mentioned are the waveforms of
SIMULATION
S ON FOR LOAD
IMULATIO OAD BALANCIN
LO BALAN
ANCIN simulation inputs and results.
G
SIMULATION
SIMU
MULA
MU ATTIION FOR
R LO
LOAD
L AD
DBBALANCING
ALAN
A CIN
NG
Fig 1.5
The above Fig 1.5 shows the input signal ie single phase
pp y
supply.
Fig 1.3
Fig 1.6
This above Fig 1.6 shows the signal that is rectified.
III. SIMULATION FOR LOAD BALANCING
Fig 1.7
This above Fig 1.7 represents the unbalanced condition which
requires the load balancing process.
Fig 1.4
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unbalanced loads. 16th European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications.
Fig 1.8
The above Fig 1.8 represents the balanced condition of
the load, is the result after the load balancing process.
IV. CONCLUSION
Three phase distribution system always faces unbalancing in
the load because of overloading of one phase compared to the
other phases. To solve this problem equal sharing of load on
each phase of the distribution system is followed. Current flow
in the neutral wire, energy losses can be reduced by equal
sharing of load. The proposed technique which consists of
microcontroller and relay based hardware is used for
balancing the loads in the three phase distribution network.
The proposed hardware results show that it is a effective
method for providing stability in all the three phases and
maintain perfect voltage regulation and reduce three phase
unbalancing.
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[5] S. Patel; Power load balancing using fuzzy logic, 2010. [6]
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