Sewage and Drainage Quantity
Sewage and
Module Quantity estimation for sanitary sewage;
Drainage
2
Quantity Quantity estimation for storm sewage
Assignment - CA-1/ PPT From Unit1 and 2
Quantity of Sanitary Sewage and Storm Water:
The determination of sanitary sewage is necessary because of the following factors which depend
on this:
1. To design the sewerage schemes as well as to dispose a treated sewage efficiently.
2. The size, shape and depth of sewers depend on quantity of sewage.
3. The size of pumping unit depends on the quantity of sewage.
Estimate of Sanitary Sewage:
Sanitary sewage is mostly the spent water of the community into sewer system with some groundwater
and a fraction of the storm runoff from the area, draining into it. Before designing the sewerage
system, it is essential to know the quantity of sewage that will flow through the sewer.
The sewage may be classified under two heads:
1. The sanitary sewage, and
2. Storm water
Sanitary sewage is also called as the Dry Weather Flow (D.W.F), which includes the domestic sewage
obtained from residential and residential and industrials etc., and the industrial sewage or trade waste
coming from manufacturing units and other concerns.
Quantity of Sewage:
It is usual to assume that the rate of sewage flow, including a moderate allowance for infiltration
equals to average rate of water consumption which is 135 litre/ head /day according to Indian
Standards. It varies widely depending on size of the town etc. this quantity is known as Dry Weather
Flow (D.W.F). It is the quantity of water that flows through sewer in dry weather when no storm water
is in the sewer.
Rate of flow varies throughout 24 hours and is usually the greatest in the fore-noon and very small
from midnight to early morning. For determining the size of sewer, the maximum flow should be
taken as three times the D.W.F.
Design Discharge of Sanitary Sewage
The total quantity of sewage generated per day is estimated as product of forecasted population at the
end of design period considering per capita sewage generation and appropriate peak factor. The per
capita sewage generation can be considered as 75 to 80% of the per capita water supplied per day. The
increase in population also result in increase in per capita water demand and hence, per capita
production of sewage. This increase in water demand occurs due to increase in living standards,
betterment in economic condition, changes in habit of people, and enhanced demand for public
utilities.
Factors affecting the quantity of sewage flow: -
The quantity of sanitary sewage is mainly affected by the following factors:
1. Population
2. Type of area
3. Rate of water supply
4. Infiltration and exfiltration
In addition to above, it may also be affected by habits of people, number of industries and water
pressure etc.
The quantity of sanitary sewage also depends on the type of area as residential, industrial or
commercial. The quantity of sewage developed from residential areas depend on the rate of water
supply to that area, which is expressed a litres/ capita/ day and this quantity is obtained by multiplying
the population with this factor.
The quantity of sewage produced by various industries depends on their various industrial processes,
which is different for each industry.
Similarly, the quantity of sewage obtained from commercial and public places can be determined by
studying the development of other such places.
Rate of water
Truly speaking the quantity of used water discharged into a sewer system should be a little less than
the amount of water originally supplied to the community. This is because of the fact that all the water
supplied does not reach sewers owing to such losses as leakage in pipes or such deductions as lawn
sprinkling, manufacturing processes etc.
However, these losses may be largely be made up by such additions as surface drainage, groundwater
infiltration, water supply from private wells etc. On an average, therefore, the quantity of sewage
maybe considered to be nearly equal to the quantity of water supplied. Ground water infiltration and
exfiltration.
The quantity of sanitary sewage is also affected by groundwater infiltration through joints. The
quantity will depend on, the nature of soil, materials of sewers, type of joints in sewer line,
workmanship in laying sewers and position of underground water table.
Infiltration causes increase to the ―legitimate‖ flows in urban sewerage systems. Infiltration
represents a slow response process resulting in increased flows mainly due to seasonally-elevated
groundwater entering the drainage system, and primarily occurring through defects in the pipe
network.
Exfiltration represents losses from the sewer pipe, resulting in reduced conveyance flow rate is due to
leaks from defects in the sewer pipe walls as well as overflow discharge into manholes, chambers and
connecting surface water pipes. The physical defects are due to a combination of factors including
poor construction and pipe joint fittings, root penetration, illicit connections, biochemical corrosion,
soil conditions and traffic loadings as well as aggressive groundwater.
It is clear that Infiltration and Exfiltration involve flows passing through physical defects in the sewer
fabric and they will often occur concurrently during fluctuations in groundwater levels, and
particularly in association with wet weather events; both of which can generate locally high hydraulic
gradients. Exfiltration losses are much less obvious and modest than infiltration gains, and are
therefore much more difficult to identify and quantify. However, being dispersed in terms of their
spatial distribution in the sewer pipe, exfiltration losses can have potentially significant risks for
groundwater quality.
Quantity of storm water:
When rain falls over the ground surface, a part of it percolates into the ground, a part is evaporated in
the atmosphere and the remaining part overflows as storm water. This quantity of storm water is very
large as compared with sanitary sewage.
Factors affecting storm water:
The following are factors which affect the quantity of storm water:
1. Rainfall intensity and duration.
2. Area of the catchment.
3. Slope and shape of the catchment area.
4. Nature of the soil and the degree of porosity.
5. Initial state of the catchment.
If rainfall intensity and duration is more, large will be the quantity of storm water available. If the
rainfall takes place very slowly even though it continues for the whole day, the quantity of storm water
available will be less.
Harder surface yield more runoff than soft, rough surfaces. Greater the catchment area greater will be
the amount of storm water. Fan shaped and steep areas contribute more quantity of storm water. In
addition to the above it also depends on the temperature, humidity, wind etc.
Estimate of quantity of storm water: -
Generally, there are two methods by which the quantity of storm water is calculated:
1. Rational method
2. Empirical formulae method
In both the above methods, the quantity of storm water is a function of the area, the intensity of
rainfall and the co-efficient of runoff.
Rational method:
Runoff from an area can be determined by the Rational Method. The method gives a reasonable
estimate up to a maximum area of 50 ha (0.5 Km2).
The minimum duration to be used for computation of rainfall intensity is 10 minutes. If the time of
concentration computed for the drainage area is less than 10 minutes, then 10 minutes should be
adopted for rainfall intensity computations.
This method is mostly used in determining the quantity of storm water. The storm water quantity is
determined by the rational formula.
