College of Health Science

School of Pharmacy

Biostatistics Group Assignment

By
1. Ezra Aklil UGR/2506/13
2. Khalid Bekri UGR/5384/13
3. Niweds Yeshaw UGR/3741/13

Submitted to Mr. Shimelash Bitew

Jun 2022
 1. The following data is birth weight in kg for 34 newborns.
2.0, 2.1, 3.9, 2.3,2.5,4.0,3.5,2.5,3.0, 4.5, 2.5,3.1,3.4,2.5,3.7,3.5,2.4,
2.0 ,2.2,2.4,2.5,2.7,2.8,3.9, 2.9,2.7, 2.1,3.1,3.3,3.4,2.5,2.6 ,2.9,3.7
Answer the following questions based on the data given above.
A. Calculate the mean and median
Xn
Mean(x̅) = ∑ 𝑛 = (2.0 + 2.1+ 3.9+ 2.3+2.5+4.0+3.5+2.5+3.0+
4.5+2.5+3.1+3.4+2.5+3.7+3.5+2.4+2.0 +2.2+2.4+2.5+2.7+2.8+3.9+ 2.9+2.7+
2.1+3.1+3.3+3.4+2.5+2.6 +2.9+3.7) /34 = 99.1 / 34 ≈ 2.92
Median = mean of (n/2) th observation and [(n/2) +1]th observation, since 34 is even.

= 34⁄2 th observation + ( 34⁄2 + 1) th observation

2.7+2.8
= 17𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 18𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁄2 = 2 = 2.75

B. Identify the mode

Let’s construct a frequency table to easily identify the mode
Newb 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 4 4.5
orn in
kg
f 2 2 1 1 2 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

The data is clearly unimodal with 2.5 as its mode.

C. Calculate the mean, media and standard deviation for the above data.
Mean and median as calculated above are 2.92 and 2.75 respectively.
The standard deviation is calculated as below.

∑𝑓𝑛 (𝑥𝑛 −𝑥̅ )2

SD=√ 𝑛−1

1.69+1.34+0.52+0.38+0.54+1.06+0.10+0.10+0.01+0+0.01+0.06+0.14+0.46+0.67+1.22+1.92+1.16+2.5
= 34−1

= √13.88⁄33≈ √0.42 = 0.65

D. Calculate the range interquartile, standard deviation and coefficient of variation

The standard deviation as calculated above is 0.65.

 𝑠 0.65
The coefficient of variation = 𝑥̅ × 100% = × 100% = 22.2%
2.92
The interquartile range= Q3 – Q1
𝑘𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑛
( ) +( +1)𝑡ℎ
4 4
𝑄𝑘 = since it is even.
2
34 34
( 4 )𝑡ℎ + ( 4 + 1)𝑡ℎ 8.5𝑡ℎ + 9.5𝑡ℎ
𝑄1 = =
2 2
8𝑡ℎ + 0.5(9𝑡ℎ − 8𝑡ℎ) + 9𝑡ℎ + 0.5(10𝑡ℎ − 9𝑡ℎ)
=
2
2.4 + 0.5(0.1) + 2.5 + 0.5(0) 2.45 + 2.5 4.95
= = = = 2.475
2 2 2
3×34 𝑡ℎ 3×34 𝑡ℎ
( ) +( +1)
4 4
Q3 = 2
25𝑡ℎ + 0.5(26 − 25)𝑡ℎ + 26𝑡ℎ + 0.5(27 − 26)𝑡ℎ
=
2
3.4 + 0.5(0) + 3.4 + 0.5(0.1)
=
2
3.4 + 3.45
= = 3.425
2
The interquartile range will be𝑄3 − 𝑄1 = 3.425 − 2.475 = 0.95
E. Construct frequency distribution for the above data (Frequency, relative frequency,
cumulative frequency, cumulative relative frequency)
First, we need to decide if whether a grouped or ungrouped frequency distribution is better.
Since our data is numerous and continuous grouped is preferred.
Now to determine the number of class intervals to use. We use Sturge’s rule:
K= 1 + 3.322(logn) = 1 + 3.322(log34) = 1 + 5.09 = 6.09 ≈ 6
Maximum value = 4.5, minimum value = 2
4.5 − 2 2.5
Then, Class width = = ≈ 0.4
6 6

Making class intervals of 2-2.3, 2.4-2.7, 2.8-3.1, 3.2-3.5, 3.6-3.9, 4.0-4.3, 4.4-4.7

Cumulative
Newborn weight Cumulative Relative Relative
Frequency
in kg frequency frequency frequency

2-2.3 6 6 17.6% 17.6%

2.4-2.7 11 17 32.35% 49.95%
2.8-3.1 6 23 17.6% 67.55%
3.2-3.5 5 28 14.7% 82.25%
3.6-3.9 4 32 11.76% 94.01%
4.0-4.3 1 33 2.94% 96.95%
4.4-4.7 1 34 2.94% 100%
 F. Calculate the mean, median and standard deviation for the grouped data (use the results
in part E).
We should make a table containing the class limit and midpoint

Newborn weight in True Cumulative |𝒙 − 𝒙|

kg Limit Mid-point (Mi) Frequency frequency
2-2.3 1.95-2.35 2.15 6 6 0.76
2.4-2.7 2.35-2.75 2.55 11 17 0.36
2.8-3.1 2.75-3.15 2.95 6 23 0.04
3.2-3.5 3.15-3.55 3.35 5 28 0.44
3.6-3.9 3.55-3.95 3.75 4 32 0.84
4.0-4.3 3.95-4.35 4.15 1 33 1.24
4.4-4.7 4.35-4.75 4.55 1 34 1.64

∑(𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 ) 6(2.15)+11 (2.55)+6(2.95)+5(3.35)+4(3.75)+4.15+4.55 99.1

Mean = = = = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏
𝑛 34 34

Median = n / 2 = 34 / 2 = 17th entry.

Therefore, the median class is the class interval containing the 17th entry which is the 2nd class
(2.5-2.9)

34
−6
2
= 2 ⋅ 35 + ( ) 0.5 = 2.45 + 0.5 = 2.95
11

Standard deviation
 6 (0.76)2 + 11 (0.36)2 + 6 (0.04)2 + 5 (0.44)2 + 4 (0.84)2+(1.24)2 +(1.64)2 12.92
S2 = = = 0.39
34−1 33
2 2
S= √𝑠 2 = √0.39 = 0.62
G. Present the data by using the most appropriate graph.

Birth Weight in kg for 34 newborns

12

10

8
Frequency

0
2-2.3 2.4-2.7 2.8-3.1 3.2-3.5 3.6-3.9 4.0-4.3 4.4-4.7
Newborn weight in kg

2. In a hospital there are 260 nurses and 120 physicians; 160 nurses and 40 physicians
are females.

Staff Male Female total

Nurses 100 160 260
Physicians 80 40 120
Total 180 200 380

Based on the data on the above table answer the following question.
a. If a staff person is selected, find the probability that the subject is a nurse or a male. Are
these events mutually exclusive? Find the probability.
Answer: The events are not mutually exclusive since there are male nurses and P (N ∩ M) ≠ 0 it
is 100 according to the table.
260 180 100 340
P (N ∪ M) = P(N) + P(M) - P (N ∩ M) = 380 + 380 − = = 0.8947 = 89.47%
380 380

3. The cardiologist in hospital ordered electrocardiograms (ECGs) and radionuclide

angiocardiograms (RAs) for 25 patients with post‐traumatic myocardial confusions.
The result showed that
10 patients had both ECG and RA abnormality
22 patients developed ECG abnormality
12 patients developed RA abnormality
Answer: - First let us make a table to have a better understanding of the data.
Abnormality Cases
ECG and RA abnormality (𝐸𝐶𝐺 ∩ 𝑅𝐴) 10
ECG abnormality 22
RA abnormality 12

Are these events mutually exclusive?

Mutually exclusive events can’t occur simultaneously, however as we can understand from the
data, there are 10 cases which exhibit both RA and ECG abnormality. Therefore these events are
not mutually exclusive.
Find the probability of P(ECG abnormal or RA abnormal)
𝑃(𝐸𝐶𝐺 ∪ 𝑅𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸𝐶𝐺) + 𝑃(𝑅𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐸𝐶𝐺 ∩ 𝑅𝐴)

= 22⁄25 + 12⁄25 − 10⁄25

= 22 + 12 − 10⁄25

= 24⁄25 = 0.96

4. Suppose that in a certain malarious area past experience indicates that the
probability of a person with a high fever will be positive for malaria is 0.9. Consider
5 randomly selected patients (with high fever) in that same area.

A. Construct probability distribution

Answer: To construct probability distribution we need to know the probability of each events.
So first let’s calculate that.

The general formula:

𝑝(𝑋 = 𝑥) = (𝑛𝑥)𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 ,

Where p – probability of occurrence and q = 1-p.

When 𝑥 = 0,
5
𝑝(𝑋 = 0) = ( ) 0.90 × 0.15
0
5!
= × 0.90 × 0.15
(5 − 0)! 0!
= 1 × 1 × 0.00001
= 0.00001
When 𝑥 = 1,
5
𝑝(𝑋 = 1) = ( ) 0.91 × 0.15−1
1
 5!
= × 0.91 × 0.14
(5 − 1)! 1!
= 5 × 0.9 × 0.0001
= 0.00045
When 𝑥 = 2,
5
𝑝(𝑋 = 2) = ( ) 0.92 × 0.15−2
2
5!
= × 0.92 × 0.13
(5 − 2)! 2!
= 10 × 0.81 × 0.001
= 0.0081
When 𝑥 = 3,
5
𝑝(𝑋 = 3) = ( ) 0.93 × 0.15−3
3
5!
= × 0.93 × 0.12
(5 − 3)! 3!
= 10 × 0.729 × 0.01
= 0.0729
When 𝑥 = 4,
5
𝑝(𝑋 = 4) = ( ) 0.94 × 0.15−4
4
5!
= × 0.94 × 0.11
(5 − 4)! 4!
= 5 × 0.656 × 0.1
= 0.3281
When 𝑥 = 5,
5
𝑝(𝑋 = 5) = ( ) 0.95 × 0.15−5
5
5!
= × 0.95 × 0.10
(5 − 5)! 5!
= 1 × 0.5905 × 1
= 0.5905
Therefore the probability distribution will be:

x P(X=x)
0 0.00001
1 0.00045
2 0.0081
3 0.0729
4 0.3281
5 0.5905
B. What is the probability that no patient will be positive for malaria?
The probability of not being positive for malaria is 0.00001 𝑜𝑟 0.001%
C. What is the probability that exactly one patient will be positive for malaria?
The probability for exactly one malaria positive patient among the five is
0.00045 𝑜𝑟 0.045%
D. What is the probability that exactly two of the patients will be positive for malaria?
The probability for exactly two malaria positive patients among the five is
0.0081 𝑜𝑟 0.81%
E. What is the probability that all patients will be positive for malaria?
The probability for all patients to be positive for malaria is 0.5905 𝑜𝑟 59.05%
F. Find the mean and the SD of the probability distribution given
The general for calculating mean:
𝑛

𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 × Pr(𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑖=1

Using this equation, the mean will be

𝜇 = 0 × 0.00001 + 1 × 0.00045 + 2 × 0.0081 + 3 × 0.0729 + 4 × 0.3281 + 5 × 0.5905
= 4.5
The general formula for calculating standard deviation is first by calculating the variance with
this general formula, then taking the square root.
𝑛

𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2 × Pr(𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖)

𝑖=1

Using this formula when we calculate the variance, it will be

𝜎 2 = (0 − 4.5)2 × 0.00001 + (1 − 4.5)2 × 0.00045 + (2 − 4.5)2 × 0.0081 + (3 − 4.5)2
× 0.0729 + (4 − 4.5)2 × 0.3281 + (5 − 4.5)2 × 0.5905
= 0.4500

𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √0.4500 = 0.67

G. What is the probability of at least 3 patients will be positive for malaria?
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
= 0.0729 + 0.3281 + 0.5905
= 0.9915 𝑜𝑟 99.15%
H. What is the probability of at most 2 patients will be positive for malaria?
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
 = 0.00001 + 0.00045 + 0.0081
= 0.00856 𝑜𝑟 0.85%
5. Assume that among diabetics the fasting blood level of glucose is approximately
normally distribute with a mean of 105 mg per 100 ml and SD of 9 mg per 100 ml.
a) What proportions of diabetics have levels between 90 and 120 mg per 100 ml?

𝑃(𝑧1 < 𝑥 < 𝑧2 )

90 − 105
𝑧1 = = −1.67
9

120 − 105
𝑧2 = = 1.67
9
−1.67 < 𝑥 < 1.67
𝑧2 = 0.9525 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
0.9525 − (1 − 0.9525) = 0.905 𝑜𝑟 90.5%

b) What proportions of diabetics have levels below 85.4 mg per 100 ml?

𝑃(𝑥 < 85.4)

85.4 − 105
𝑧= = −2.18
9
And so -2.18 z-score = 0.9845

1 − 0.9854 = 0.0146 𝑜𝑟 1.46%

c) What level cuts of the lower 15% of diabetics?

15% = 0.15

1 − 0.15 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.85
𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑧 − 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 1.04
𝑥 − 105
−1.04 = 𝑥 = 95.64
9
d) What are the two levels which encompass 95% of diabetics?

𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥) = 0.95 𝑥 = 0.975 this z score corresponds to 1.96

𝑥 − 105
−1.96 = 𝑥 = 87.36
9
 𝑥 − 105
1.96 = 𝑥 = 122.64
9
So 95% of diabetics are between 87.36 and 122.64

6. Among a large group of coronary patients, it is found that their serum cholesterol
levels approximate a normal distribution. It was found that 20% of the group had
cholesterol levels below 182.3 mg per 100 ml where as 30% had values above 359.0
mg per 100 ml. What is the mean and SD of the distribution?

In continuous probability, Probability = Area.

If we treat the area under the curve as equal to 1, AT = 1. Then,
182.3𝑚𝑔⁄
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 < 100𝑚𝑙 = 0.2 = 𝑃(𝑧 < 𝑧1 ), from Z-table we can infer that 𝑧1 = −0.849
359.0𝑚𝑔⁄
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 > 100𝑚𝑙 = 0.3 = 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑧2 ), from Z-table we can infer that 𝑧2 = 0.525

From z-transformation we have

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Therefore,

182.3𝑚𝑔
𝑥1 − 𝜇 −𝜇 182.3𝑚𝑔
𝑧1 = ⇒ −0.849 = 100𝑚𝑙 ⇒ −0.849𝜎 = − 𝜇 … … … (1)
𝜎 = 𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙
359𝑚𝑔
𝑥2 − 𝜇 −𝜇 359𝑚𝑔
𝑧2 = ⇒ 0.525 = 100𝑚𝑙 ⇒ 0.525𝜎 = − 𝜇 … … … . . . (2)
𝜎 = 𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙
By joining equation (1) and (2) we can get
182.3𝑚𝑔 359𝑚𝑔
−0.849𝜎 = + 0.525𝜎 −
100𝑚𝑙 100𝑚𝑙
(182.3 − 359)𝑚𝑔 176.7 176.7⁄
⇒ (−0.849 − 0.525)𝜎 = ⇒ −1.374𝜎 = − ⇒𝜎 = 100
= 100𝑚𝑙 = 100 = 1.374
128.6𝑚𝑔⁄
⇒𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙
=
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝜎 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢(2).
359𝑚𝑔
0.525𝜎 = −𝜇
100𝑚𝑙
128.6𝑚𝑔⁄ 359𝑚𝑔
⇒ 0.525 × 100𝑚𝑙 100𝑚𝑙 − 𝜇
=
=
(359 − 0.525 × 128.6)𝑚𝑔 (359 − 67.515)𝑚𝑔 291.485𝑚𝑔⁄
⇒𝜇 = ⇒𝜇 = ⇒𝜇 = 100𝑚𝑙
= 100𝑚𝑙 = 100𝑚𝑙 =
 291.485𝑚𝑔⁄
Therefore the normal distribution have a mean of 𝜇 = 100𝑚𝑙 and a standard
128.6𝑚𝑔⁄
deviation of 𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙 .

7. Among a large group of coronary patients it is found that their serum cholesterol
levels approximate a normal distribution. It was found that 20% of the group had
cholesterol levels below 182.3 mg per 100 ml where as 30% had values above 359.0
mg per 100 ml. What is the mean and SD of the distribution?
In continuous probability, Probability = Area.
If we treat the area under the curve as equal to 1, AT = 1. Then,
182.3𝑚𝑔⁄
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 < 100𝑚𝑙 = 0.2 = 𝑃(𝑧 < 𝑧1 ), from Z-table we can infer that 𝑧1 = −0.849
359.0𝑚𝑔⁄
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 > 100𝑚𝑙 = 0.3 = 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑧2 ), from Z-table we can infer that 𝑧2 = 0.525

From z-transformation we have

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Therefore,

182.3𝑚𝑔
𝑥1 − 𝜇 −𝜇 182.3𝑚𝑔
𝑧1 = ⇒ −0.849 = 100𝑚𝑙 ⇒ −0.849𝜎 = − 𝜇 … … … (1)
𝜎 = 𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙
359𝑚𝑔
𝑥2 − 𝜇 −𝜇 359𝑚𝑔
𝑧2 = ⇒ 0.525 = 100𝑚𝑙 ⇒ 0.525𝜎 = − 𝜇 … … … . . . (2)
𝜎 = 𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙
By joining equation (1) and (2) we can get
182.3𝑚𝑔 359𝑚𝑔
−0.849𝜎 = + 0.525𝜎 −
100𝑚𝑙 100𝑚𝑙
(182.3 − 359)𝑚𝑔 176.7 176.7⁄
⇒ (−0.849 − 0.525)𝜎 = ⇒ −1.374𝜎 = − ⇒𝜎 = 100
= 100𝑚𝑙 = 100 = 1.374
128.6𝑚𝑔⁄
⇒𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙
=
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝜎 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢(2).
359𝑚𝑔
0.525𝜎 = −𝜇
100𝑚𝑙
128.6𝑚𝑔⁄ 359𝑚𝑔
⇒ 0.525 × 100𝑚𝑙 = −𝜇
= 100𝑚𝑙
(359 − 0.525 × 128.6)𝑚𝑔 (359 − 67.515)𝑚𝑔 291.485𝑚𝑔⁄
⇒𝜇 = ⇒𝜇 = ⇒𝜇 = 100𝑚𝑙
= 100𝑚𝑙 = 100𝑚𝑙 =
 291.485𝑚𝑔⁄
Therefore the normal distribution have a mean of 𝜇 = 100𝑚𝑙 and a standard
128.6𝑚𝑔⁄
deviation of 𝜎 = 100𝑚𝑙 .

8. A statistics lecturer told a student that in a recent exam that he obtained a z-score of
-2.4.
a) How did the student do in the exam (did they do well or not)?
𝑧 = −2.4 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 0.9918
1 − 0.9918 = 0.0082
∴ The student is in the lowest 0.82% and didn’t do well.

b) The lecturer also told that the mean score of all students was 62 marks (out of 100) with a
standard deviation of 5 marks. What mark did the student score?
𝜇 = 62 𝜎=5
𝑥 − 62
−2.4 =
5
𝑥 = 50

c) What was the z-score of someone who scored 70 in the exam?

𝜇 = 62 𝜎=5 𝑥 = 70
70 − 62
𝑧=
5
𝑧 = 1.6 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 0.9452
∴This student is in the upper 94.52%

9. Scores made on a certain aptitude test by nursing students are approximately

normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a variance of 10,000.
a. What proportion of those taking the test score below 200?

2 2
σ = √𝜎 2 = √10000 = 100
Then
We are required to find scores below 200 which is -3SD. Using our given values for SD intervals
we can calculate

P (X< 200) = 100% − 99.74%⁄2 = 0.13% = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑

b. A person about to take the test; what is the probability that he or she will make a score of
650 or more?
Here we are given the X ≥ 650 then we can find the standard normal distribution and solve
using Z score.

650−500
= = 1.5
100

Z = 1.5 has a value of 0.9332 on the table.

Therefore, the P (X ≥ 650) = 1 – 0.9332 = 0.0668 = 6.68%

c. What proportion of scores fall between 350 and 675?

To solve for this, we find the Z scores of each value and find the difference of their area from the
table value to find the area between them.
350−500
= = −1.5
100
675−500
= = 1.75
100

Z2= 1.75 has a value of 0.9599

Z1= -1.5 has a value of 0.0668 which can be calculated from the positive Z table since
opposite sides are mirror images in a normal distribution P(X>1.5) will be equal to P (X< -
 1.5). and P (X< 1.5) can be easily calculated using positive z table and its compliment is our
answer.
P (X< -1.5) = P(X>1.5) = 1- P (X< 1.5) = 1- 0.9332= 0.0668

Now the final answer will be the difference between A2 and A1

A2 – A1 = 0.9599 – 0.0668 = 0.8931 = 89.31%
10. Given the normally distributed random variable X with σ = 10 and P(X ≤ 40) =
0.0080, find μ.
𝜎=5 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 40) = 0.0080
1 − 𝑥 = 0.0082 𝑥 = 0.9918, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑧 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 − 2.4
40 − 𝜇
−2.4 =
10
𝜇 = 64

11. Given the normally distributed random variable X with μ = 30 and P(X ≤ 50) =
0.9772, find σ.
𝜇 = 30 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 50) = 0.9772
0.9772 corresponds to z score of 2.0
50 − 30
2.0 = 𝜎 = 10
𝜎