TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058

STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A

REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

1. OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this standard is to provide guidelines for steel suppliers enabling them to
establish controls on production processes & install quality plans to meet contractual
requirements. The specific requirements of steel to be used for each component are
given in the part drawing. Specific additional requirements given in part drawing
supersede the general requirements covered in this standard.
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2. SCOPE:
This standard covers quality requirements of hot rolled steel bars, billets & flats for further
machining, forming or heat treatment. This standard is not applicable for sheets, slabs &

PM
plate type plat products.

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3. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS:

2,
ASTM A255 Test Method for Calculating Jominy Hardenability and DI

02
SAE J406 Test Method for Determining Jominy Hardenability of Steel

6,2
ASTM E-112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size

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ASTM E-45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
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ASTM E-381 Method of Macroetch Testing of Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and
Forging
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SAE J409 Product Analysis –Permissible variations from specified chemical

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analysis of heat or cast of steel

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4. DEFINITIONS:
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DI Ideal Critical Diameter

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5. STEEL QUALITY CLASS:

5.1 Supplied steels are categorised into two quality classes –
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1) Special Purpose Steels (Class I) – For heat treated stressed parts

2) General Purpose steels (Class II) – For use in as-rolled / forged /
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normalized condition for non-critical applications (low or moderately stressed parts)

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6. MANUFACTURING METHOD:
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6.1 Raw material can be sponge iron, steel scrap or liquid pig iron as appropriate. Basic
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oxygen, Electric furnace or LD process may be used for steel making with Ladle Refining
Furnace using Vacuum Degassing or Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization for stainless steels.
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Steel may be either ingot cast or continuous cast.

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6.2 Reduction Ratio :- Normal ingot solidification is associated with columnar grains & poor
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center quality with respect to chemical segregation & soundness. This calls for larger
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reduction to achieve good properties in the finished product. For strand cast steels
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electromagnetic stirring & control of super heat & soft reduction improves cast structure.
Electromagnetic stirring includes below the mold stirring & final stirring when the strand is
almost completely solidified. Electromagnetic stirring could be rotary stirring or linear
stirring. Electromagnetic stirring can give rise to white band which is area of negative

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Sheet 1 of 7
 TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058
STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A
REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

segregation i.e. located at the interface where the stirring is located between the solidified &
the non solidified steel. This is generally cosmetic in nature but could if significant enough
could result in a region of differing properties. Control of super heat closer to liquidus
temperature minimizes columnar grain growth, in such a cases tundish heaters are used to
maintain the temperature. Hence reduction ratio is correlated to amount of columnar grains
& center properties.
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Minimum reduction ratios are given in the table below -

Steel Quality Class Casting Method Min. Reduction Ratio

PM
Class I Ingot cast 6:1

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Continuous cast 7:1

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Class II Ingot cast 5:1

2,
Continuous cast 5:1

02
6,2
6.3 Ca-Si treatment is required for both steel classes for inclusion shape modification. For

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carburising & ball bearing grades, Ca-Si treatment is not desired. However, if these
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grades are continuous cast, Ca limit is 25 ppm max.
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6.4 Steel shall be fully killed and treated to develop fine austenite grains (ASTM No. 5 to 8
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inclusive). Elements intentionally added for de-oxidation or grain size control (Al, V, Ti,
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Nb) should be stated in the certificate. Mold de-oxidation is not permissible.

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7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
7.1 Steel should meet chemical analysis requirements for elements as indicated in
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respective M &M material specifications. in addition specific restrictions may be indicated

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in the respective part drawing for specific requirement. Permissible variations from
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specified chemical analysis should be as per SAE J409, provided the hardenability /
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mechanical properties are met. Steel mills should certify product analysis. In case of
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discrepancy in chemistry , the classical analytical methods are considered as referee

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methods.
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7.2 Gas levels – Maximum gas levels for Class I steels are given in the table below
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Steel Quality Class Gas Max. permissible (ppm)

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Plain carbon of Low Carbon & Oxygen 20

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medium carbon type steels, Nitrogen 90

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Low carbon low alloy Hydrogen 2

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Carburising steels
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Stainless steels Oxygen 100

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Nitrogen 400
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Hydrogen 2.5
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Ball bearing steels & Medium Oxygen 15

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carbon low alloy steels , Nitrogen 90

Spring steels Hydrogen 2

7.3 Trace elements – It is advisable to use sponge iron route for steel making , however for
recycled steel scrap , maximum limits for impurities allowed other than specified alloying

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Sheet 2 of 7
 TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058
STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A
REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

elements are – Cr – 0.15 %, Mo – 0.04 %, Ni – 0.15 %, Bi – 0.05, %, W – 0.05%, Zn –

0.03 %, Co – 0.05 %, Te – 0.05 %, Ti – 0.03 %, V – 0.005 %, Cu – 0.15%, Nb – 0.005 %,
Pb – 0.05 %, Cr+Mo+V – 0.25 %, Cr+Mo – 0.15 %. Except for Boron steel, Boron
content should not exceed 0.0004%.
7.4 In general , from machinability viewpoint, minimum Sulphur content should be 0.018% for
both Class I & Class II steels unless otherwise specified & maximum limit shall be as per
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grade specification. However for parts subjected to high fatigue stresses like crankshafts,
piston pins, gears, axle shafts where sulfide inclusions are considered to be harmful
should preferably have globular type sulfides or else the sulfur level should be restricted
to 0.015 % max.

PM
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8. HARDENABILITY :

17
8.1 End-quench hardenability test shall be carried out in accordance with SAE J406 / ASTM

2,
A-255. Hardenability & DI value calculated based on chemical composition as per ASTM

02
A-255 are acceptable. However, actual end quench or DI value test results shall be

6,2
considered as referee method in case of dispute.

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8.2 In general mid-range values of the hardenability band to be targeted. Specific
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hardenability restrictions may appear on part drawing.
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9. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
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9.1 Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength / proof stress, %
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elongation, % reduction in area, impact strength, etc. should be tested as per relevant IS
or ASTM standards. Test piece from which the specimen for above test is prepared
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should be of dimension representing the ruling section corresponding to the thickest

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portion of the component.

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9.2 Mechanical properties are to be assured for the grades where hardenability is not
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specified.
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10. GRAIN SIZE:

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10.1 Austenitic grain size, when evaluated by appropriate methods of ASTM E-112 for the
steel grade, should be ASTM No. 5 to 8 inclusive.
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11. INCLUSION RATING:

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11.1 Inclusion rating shall be evaluated as per ASTM E-45 method A, plates I & II. For ingot
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cast steels, minimum 6 samples representing the top & bottom of 3 randomly selected
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bottom poured ingots representing the first, middle & last plate cast. For continuous cast
steels, minimum 2 samples from first, middle and last bar / billet of each strand should be
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tested.
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11.2 For Class I steels, at least 15 fields from every sample should be checked for worst field
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for each inclusion type and the acceptance limit given in the table below should not be
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exceeded. If any one sample exceeds the limits by more than one or if any two out of the
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six samples exceed the limit by not more than one of any inclusion type, the heat is to be
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rejected. If only one sample out of six drawn exceeds the limit by no more than one for any
kind of inclusion, then additional four samples are to be drawn from the same heat for
retest. If any retest sample exceeds the specified limit, the heat shall be rejected.

This document should not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written approval from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.(AS)
Sheet 3 of 7
 TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058
STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A
REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

11.3 Inclusion rating should qualify the following as per the steel class (as given below)

Steel Quality Class Inclusion Rating

(Thick / Thin)
A B C D
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Class I 2.5/ 2.0 1.5 / 1.5 1.5 / 1.5 1.5 / 1.5

Class II 3.0 / 2.0 2.5 / 2.0 2.5 / 2.0 2.5 / 2.0

11.4 For sulfur bearing grades, only the sulfide inclusion rating is not applicable.

PM
11.5 Exogenous inclusions arise from ladle flux, tundish flux & mold flux. Steady stage

:48
casting conditions are strongly recommended. Re-oxidation of molten steel to be

17
avoided by ceramic or inner gaseous shrouds.

2,
11.6 Machinability improvement associated with Pb, Bi, Te & Se has environmental issues

02
related. Re-sulfurised & Re-phosporised steels are the better choice for improved

6,2
machinability. Use of Ti sulfide & Mg additives are new technologies for improving

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machinability. ep
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12 INTERNAL SOUDNESS:
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12.1 Sufficient discards shall be made by suppliers to ensure freedom from piping and undue
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segregation. Bar / Billet ends should be preferably identified for top & bottom of the ingot
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or top, middle and end of strand cast bloom / billet. The macro-etch rating of 5 samples
per heat as per ASTM E-381 should be maximum R2, C2, & S2 conditions. Strand cast
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product also should be free of internal cracks, porosity and remnants of partially fused
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cracks.
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13 SURFACE QUALITY:
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13.1 Maximum depth of surface discontinuities such as laps, seams, cracks, etc. permissible
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shall be 0.25 mm. However, material should be free of surface defects when evaluated
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by upset tests and should not be detrimental to the intended use.

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13.2 In general permissible limit for depth of partial decarburisation shall be 0.5 % of the size.
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14 MACRO CLEANLINESS (Step Down Test):

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14.1 This is applicable for steels of Class I quality.

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14.2 Minimum five samples shall be checked for cleanliness (Non metallic macro inclusions)
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by magnetic particle inspection method.

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14.3 Following are the dimensions of the test specimen for various nominal diameters of bars /
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billets -
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Nominal diameter D Step Length Step Diameters (mm)

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(mm) (mm) D1 D2 D3
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Below 30 60 D-2 -- --
30 to 75 60 D-4 2D/3 D/2
Above 75 60 D-6 2D/3 D/2

This document should not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written approval from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.(AS)
Sheet 4 of 7
 TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058
STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A
REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

14.4 Acceptance standard – Not more than

1) 10 Nos. of flaws per 100 x 100 mm2 area for each step.
2) 15 mm total length of flaws for each step.
3) 6mm length of flaw for each step.
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15 ULTRASONIC TEST:
15.1 Ultrasonic test shall be carried out for rolled products above 10,000-mm2 cross section.
The product shall be tested in accordance with ASTM A388 using 1 to 5 MHz probes with
ultrasonic pulse reflection type of instrument. Subject the entire volume of product to

PM
ultrasonic examination using Straight Beam examination method.

:48
15.2 Acceptance standard – Indication in any location should be less than or equal to 15 % of

17
the back reflection when the end use is for general purpose forgings.

2,
02
16 MICROSTRUCTURE :

6,2
16.1 For adequate machinability , hot rolled bars, procured from steel mills, should have

-2
adequate rolling finish temperature, rolling speed & controlled cooling on the beds so as
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to give ferrite-Pearlite microstructure ( free of widmanstatten structure ) of G.S. 5-8 with
hardness 207 BHN max for Plain carbon of medium carbon content & Carburising type
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steels. For low alloy medium carbon steels this hardness could be 235 BHN max.
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Otherwise such hot rolled steel for bar stock machining purpose should be normalised /
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annealed to restore adequate machinability.

16.2 Banded structure – Low Carbon steels ordered to this standard should be tested for
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Ferrite – Pearlite banded microstructure by carrying out normalizing on test sample and
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microstructural examination along rolling direction. Maximum permissible bandwidth is 15

69

microns max.
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17 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES :
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17.1 Dimensional tolerances in sectional dimensions for Rounds, Square Bars and Round –
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Corner Square Bars shall be as below -

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Size Variation from specified Out – of – Round or out of

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(mm) size, over & under square section

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(mm or %) (mm or %)
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To 7 incl. 0.13 mm 0.20 mm

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Over 7 to 11, incl. 0.15 mm 0.22 mm

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Over 11 to 15, incl. 0.18 mm 0.27 mm

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Over 15 to 19, incl. 0.20 mm 0.30 mm

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Over 19 to 250 incl. % %

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17.2 The end cutting of the bars shall be done either by hot shearing or hot sawing and not by
gas cutting. Bar shall be supplied in 3 to 6 m length with maximum of 5 % short down to 1
m. The length tolerance for round & square bars shall be aimed as per following, when
ordered in fixed / multiple length.

This document should not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written approval from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.(AS)
Sheet 5 of 7
 TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058
STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A
REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

Length Tolerance for round & square bars

Specified Size of round, square & RCS bars, Tolerance over specified Length,
(mm) (mm)
For Hot Shearing Type
To 25, incl. 20
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Over 25 to 50, incl. 25

Over 50 to 125, incl. 40
Over 125 to 250, incl. 65

PM
For Hot Sawing type

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50 to 125, incl. 40

17
Over 125 to 250, incl. 65

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17.3 The straightness tolerance shall be 3mm per meter for all sizes.

6,2
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18 PACKAGING & IDENTIFICATION: ep
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18.1 Steel shall be packed & marked for identification as per ASTM A-700.
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19 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS :
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19.1 All bars and billets shall be 100 % spark or spectral tested. Compliance of this activity
should be ensured by putting green / white / yellow dot on each bar at spot where these
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tests were carried out.

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19.2 Steel to this standard should be procured from M & M, AS approved sources only.
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20 CERTIFICATION :
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20.1 Test Certificate shall accompany the consignment & following quality characteristics must
be certified as applicable for grade & quality class of steel
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1. Melting, Casting & Refining practices, Reduction Ratio, De-oxidation practice & Ca-Si
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Treatment
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2. Chemical composition along with trace elements

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3. Gas Contents (N2, O2, H2)

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4. Spark & Spectral test

5. Surface quality
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6. Internal soundness
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7. Step-down test results

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8. Microscopic Inclusion Rating

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9. Jominy Hardenability / DI values

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10. Austenitic grain size

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11. Mechanical properties

12. Heat-treatment conditions
13. Dimensional inspection

This document should not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written approval from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.(AS)
Sheet 6 of 7
 TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR HOT ROLLED STANDARD NO: G 00 0058
STEEL BARS, BILLETS & FLATS REVISION : A
REFERENCE: SRN 00 027
DATE: 25/03/2003

21 REVISION HISTORY:
Nil

22 OWENRSHIP:

For clarifications on this standard, refer to Materials Engineering – Metallurgy group, R&D,
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Nasik.
The standard shall not be modified without prior consultation with Standards Dept., R&D, Nasik.

< Earlier M&M Standard No. M-6501 is superseded by this standard>

PM
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This document should not be reproduced in any form or by any means without written approval from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.(AS)
Sheet 7 of 7