AtomS
Thoms0bn's model-In 898 JJ THomson roposed
Hat an atom sphene obosiively cHangeo
matte wih electhons embeooled in itAike Hhe aeecl
i'n a woteh melon
electhon
Dnoupbacks
I(ouldnt [Link] he ne Qziain o
Sevena spectoal seues.
aild Ho
exploin lage angle
twelycharged Omaller
Scateung adica in Rulherlond's enperimend
Kutherkohd's expeumtnt on_d-bwdick :
(ollinmataA
Mrostope
block
Zihc sulpidle-
Seen
Scortered
Raolicactiye -pwile
Sowte
o-patclas
oldl doil
Obsenvadion Vacuumm
CHambeh Hhickne
Mast d - pahicles pas
Hurough od oil staalt
s e only snall odefteions
)Onlyew abo in 8oo
J
dlleted Haouah qo on moa.
e s
3Caxsonally, an d-porhle
gek eboureledom e od
biX, Suhering oa duhlehoh
nasly (80°. 20
Statt aig angle(
oshlates Rudhesoromocdel an acom
) An atpm consists o a Small masive Cehtral
almost
Cne in ohith he entine positive change
whole mass He atom (oncentratad.
Hhe
THe size ohe nucleus (
lom) i vay small
COmbael 0
as Comp0med o Hhe size ohe atom (a m).
3 The atom as a okole electially neutral
numbeh aelections eua fo ho opnotons
THe electhons Aevolve anound he nuclew in Vious
obik Just as blanets evolve anound he sun -
THe certaibetal Onte nequuheo hovided by the
ekcbraslai athacfon blw ekctrons he nucleus -
Oistante closest approath-It i He dutance
rOm he which an energehi d -
parhicle
nulews at
touwandls he nucleus, Jethare
appoaching olibnectly
padtn
paty Hhrouah 180.
k my
Nucleus
d-ponitle
91+2e
V + Ze
m k2e)ze)
p k ze
hy2
oelimd heL difanue
Lmpact Porameter (b) : - I a
om Hhe
He veotity vectos o He oX oricle
(enthe nucleus, when t u ah away on
e atom
b Ze*ot%
rTe mv
b 0 Nuukus
Limitaions Auhor fonds Alomic Moce
) An acelenated charged powdicle must nacbate ekbomagnaht
enw So e sHould Contnuowsly Jost eny
Jt skould collapse intohe nucleus
the exístene
)Faiked o exdain
ode inite nes in Hydhgaen srbum-
Can exbln shabili an atom ()
8ohs Aomic Model
Small moaive cenbal (oae, callec
An atom conuss
nucleus ancund electhons evolve. The tentvupeBal
shich
ance Seauired on Heein rotaton aovidee by
b/o elerhons A nuceuy
electrostcic oue olaltracHon
permited to ciculade Only in rose
Eletons a ane
anbits in which Me argulay momentum
Can inteapal mltpde
n'93 --
L= mnvu = nh
2T hPlanck's onsend
3Wkile evolving in Hre hemissible anbids, an e
doent adiate eho
4An arom Can emit 0 absonb radiaHon in the
pY 0 oliscaete enay phrotons only when emake
TRAYHOn hom ont Oxbt to ahotheh
hy E -5
Bohr's Heay H-octom-
F k -
kzee
+Ze
obipelel
mv2
= feecbrosheHe
D m
kze| -
Also, L = mNA =n
2T
nh
21Tmy -
FRom e
KZe nh V = 2TAZe2
2Tmy
nh
SubstHtuting valua o in e' , we
get
e x
n . nh
2TZe
J =n"h*
4Tmk Ze
Fan n zl
2
0-S3 XlomBoks's aclius
4nmke
Toindradiw o nonbit
Sbeeo
Rom e ,7 we aet
V 2kze
nh
V 2 e xC
V 2Tke 2e*
CH
neConstant
spudu
V = d CZ
n
=
L«-
En E =kE + PE
kE mv- kZe
2
P.E k2 ke -
-kZe
E = kE+PE
E =KZe- kze2 - KZe2
-
M
Roting valus in e
2
E =kZe2. Ynimkze kE =-E -
PE 2E
E-2nmkze
n-h
Specbal Soues oH-alem
27mk Z L pMatleuy
Enw
duun
hy
emited
transihon
pholon
(O bholon
2r'ink2/T-/-2nmkze"|L
hy 2nm L-LI
y 2nmkc -/ (0
ave,
20 mke bol0) humba(
CH
R -/L RRydberg rousort
R 2m
Ch
0973 x lom
xto
- 0973 -
Spectoal Sevies oHatm
0) yman Seuey
yR ndt se
n, = I
h 2, 3, 4.
i) Balmen soues- Visbe gion
echen
-R n= 2
h 37,4, S- -
G Pascken seiu Tnfaed ion
R h,= 3
n 4, s,6- -
iv) Bra ket seuwi -
Inraral reqio
n, = 4
-R()-T h S,6 7, 8- -
Pund seie Tnrareol agion
= R/
n 6,7,8,
Eneay fevels Hyomagen
-217 mk'e73
En =
En -13-ÈV
Fan n =,Z=l
= -13.6 -[Link]
2) 76^%"1J
-2)-76 xlbeV 3 -1:ey
E= -13.6eV Ey= -13- =-6-8SeV
Ene leel dliagram o H-abm k specbal ses 8-
-028
-038 nb
- bS Pan
Botkett n-
Seues
-S - n-3
PuNen
Senies
Vihe
-3.4 N
Bam
Seies
Ulbaviolet
-13.6 Luhanla. n-1
man Seuey
Limilalons Bob's Thcany
abþliobe ony to hydogen ke Single
)T's reony
clectaon adoms
oloesn explan twhy only cihtuln nbia should
be chosen when elltprtl anbik are alo þoibe.
T obesn tell Onying aboud Hhe eladtve intensikès
Hhe Vauous Slperis nes
u) aloesn cxplain hlurilhen spiin spectae! linu
in magnehic Oh elertvc eol
T h spetum of hdbogeh, (ealainsprbal lin a l hot single
gou closeal lins toi siqi olilesnd poyknie
in but a oup
As e kave wave phopetes aso , so abi a e
6 Bolbr's heay
Can be exactly defineo as in
n
Enciaton retsy- olined a he ena
jump pom e ground
ScauRaed b eettrons to
gatey
stat o On Hre exrtep
Tst exui kation eno E
-3--13-6) = /o-2 ey
exilaton enea E3 - E
-/51-(-13-6)= /2-09 ey=
Tonisaton Eneay-IH dyned s the erenergy
HauHe fo knock an e omplelely Out ohe atöm.
Tonisalon eneay o daqgen, = 5-5
en
0-13-6) =/3.6eV
=
£xcikdion fotenial- Mat ackeraing potertial
potertial
wich givey o a sudent enn
bombading e , Suiiet
exate the axget atom by oising on
an innen o a n oude anbi.
electon om
extiiarion otencad heagen--34-43-6)
lo 2 V
Tonisation Potential he arelerating potetil
do
which aives to a bonbdhg e , suliciet enegy
onise he aiget aBom by knocking one o
ekctrons (omeey 0u Hhe afom
Toncaon polerdia! oyohnggen
(
= 0 --13.6)
/3.6V
