GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

ENGR. BRIAN B. DE LIMA

Subject Teacher
LEARNING COMPETENCY

Use properties of matter to identify substances

and to separate them (STEM_GGC11-MP-Ia-b-
5)
OBJECTIVE

1. Distinguish between the three states of matter in

terms of shape and volume.
What are the Three States of Matter?

• Matter exists in three different physical states – solid, liquid

and gas.
• Solids
⮚ Solids have definite shape and volume
⮚ Theparticles in a solid are tightly packed together; thus, solids are
almost incompressible.
⮚ Solids have high densities and can expand only slightly when heated.

The particles vibrate in a fixed position; they cannot move

around or slide past each other.
• Liquids
⮚ A liquid has no definite shape but has definite volume.
⮚ Theparticles in a liquid are close with one another, but not as close as
those in a solid.
⮚ Liquids are almost incompressible, but they tend to expand slightly when
heated.
⮚ They generally have medium densities.

The particles are not arranged in a rigid or orderly manner; they can slide
past each other, allowing the liquid to flow freely and take the shape of
the container in which it is placed.
• Gases
⮚ Gasestake the shape of their container. However, they have no definite
volume.
⮚ A gas can expand to fill any volume; thus, it takes both the shape and volume
of its container.
⮚ Because of the large space between the particles, gases are easily
compressed into a smaller volume when pressure is increased, but they
greatly expand when heated.
⮚ Gases also have low densities.

The particles in a gas are usually much farther apart than those in a liquid.
 Describe if the statement being describe is solid, liquid
and gas.

1. Unknown substance that has low resistance to compression. - Gas

2. A substance added to coffee solution to make it sweet. - Solid

3. A substance essential for filling up a party ball. - Gas

4. The famous universal solvent. - Liquid

5. Unknown substance that is excreted by human body when doing

hardwork. - Liquid
Did you know?

With several new studies, however, have revealed the existence of

fourth and fifth states of matter referred to as plasma and Bose-Einstein
Condensate (BEC).

Lightning is a streak of plasma BEC include superfluids like cold liquid

helium and superconductors
Phase Changes
❖The three states of matter can be changed from one state to another and back to its
original state.
❖Phase changes are brought about by absorbing or releasing an amount of energy (heat)
into or out of matter.

❖The different phase changes can be best explained using water as the substance.
Melting
✔ Phase change from solid to liquid.

✔ The temperature at which melting occurs is called

the melting point.
✔ Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb

heat energy.
Freezing
⮚ Phase change from liquid to solid.
⮚ The temperature at which freezing occurs is
called the freezing point.
⮚ Moleculesslow down, move closer together
and release heat energy.
Vaporization (Boiling)
• Phase change from a liquid to gas.
• The temperature at which boiling
occurs is called the boiling point.
• Molecules speed up, move farther
apart, and absorb heat energy.
Condensation
• Phase change from a gas to a liquid.
• Molecules slow down, move closer
together and release heat energy.
Sublimation
▪ Phase change from solid to a gas.
▪ Molecules speed up, move farther
apart, and absorb heat energy.
Deposition
⮚ phase change in which transforms a
gas directly into a solid without
passing through the liquid state.
⮚ The reverse process of sublimation.
 Properties of Matter
How can you say that one substance is different
from another?

Each substance has a Properties of matter

characteristic set of can be classified as
properties that help Physical or Chemical
identify it among Properties and Extensive
other substances. or Intensive Properties.
What is Physical Property?
• Physical property – is one that can be observed without changing
the composition of a substance.
• Some examples of physical properties are:
1. Hardness - is a measure of how much a material resists changes in shape.
Hard things resist pressure.
- Ability of material to resist wear, tear, scratching, abrasion cutting
- Some examples of hard materials are diamond, boron carbide, quartz,
tempered steel, ice, granite, concrete. is called hardness.
2. Color - is that portion of the visible spectrum of light that is reflected from a
surface.
- The amount of light that a surface reflects or absorbs determines its color.
3. Elasticity - is the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape
after being stretched or compressed.
- Example: A rubber regains its shape after long stretch because of its elastic
property.
4. Solubility - Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular
solvent at a given temperature and pressure. It is often expressed in terms of
grams of solute per unit volume of solvent.
5. Density - is the measure of how much “stuff” is in each amount of space.
- It is defined as mass per unit volume.
- For example, a block of the heavier element lead (Pb) will be denser than
the softer, lighter element gold (Au). A block of Styrofoam is less dense
than a brick.
4. Boiling Point - The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid
substance changes into a gas. Like the melting point, it is specific to
each substance.
5. Melting Points - The melting point is the temperature at which a solid
substance changes into a liquid. It is a characteristic property of each
substance.
6. Volatility – refers to the tendency of a substance to transition from a
liquid or solid state to a gaseous state. It is a measure of how readily a
substance evaporates or vaporizes under specific conditions.
7. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity - These properties describe a
substance's ability to conduct electricity or heat. Metals are generally
good conductors of both electricity and heat.
Types of Physical Property
1. Intensive Property
• depend on type of matter
• used to identify a substance
Example:
Density, color, physical state, melting, boiling, and freezing points, and thermal
conductivity.

2. Extensive Property
• depend on the amount of matter present
Example:
mass, length, size, volume, and temperature
What is Chemical Property?
• Chemical Properties – are characteristics that can be
observed with accompanying change in the chemical
composition of a substance.
• Some examples of chemical properties are:
1. Flammability
2. Chemical reactivity
3. Toxicity
4. pH
Flammability
➢is the ability of a substance to
burn.
➢Burning or ignition occurs in the
presence of oxygen gas,
producing smaller substances.

➢Burning of hydrogen gas results in

the production of water.
Chemical Reactivity
• is a chemical property that describes how readily a substance
undergoes a chemical change with other substances.
• It indicates the tendency of a substance to engage in chemical
reactions, which can result in the formation of new products.
• Factors influencing chemical reactivity include the nature of the
reactants, temperature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts.
Example of Chemical Reactivity:
•Sodium (Na): Sodium is highly reactive, especially with water.
When sodium comes into contact with water, it reacts vigorously,
producing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H₂).
Toxicity
➢is the ability of a substance to
poison or cause harm to an
organism.

➢Toxic substances interfere with

chemical processes occurring in
one’s body in a harmful way.

➢The lesser amount of a substance

needed to harm a given mass of
organism, the more toxic it is.
pH
➢ is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
➢ It is a chemical property that indicates the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution.
➢ The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where:
•pH < 7: The solution is acidic.
•pH = 7: The solution is neutral.
•pH > 7: The solution is basic (alkaline).
•Example:
•Lemon juice: pH around 2 (acidic)
•Vinegar: pH around 3 (acidic)
•Pure water: pH 7 (neutral)
•Baking soda solution: pH around 9 (basic)
•Household bleach: pH around 12 (basic)
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
How do we classify matter?
• Matter can be classified either pure substance or a mixture.
What is a pure substance?
Pure substance – is characterized by an unchanging or specific composition.
• It is a form of matter that has definite (constant) composition and distinct
properties.
• A substance cannot be separated into different kinds of matter by physical
methods (sorting, filtering, heating, cooling).

Two Types of Pure Substances

1. Elements

2. Compounds
 Do you know the difference between an element and a compound?

1. Element
⮚ is the simplest type of matter that is composed of only one kind of atom.
⮚ cannot be decomposed into much simpler components through ordinary
chemical means.
⮚ For example, elements carbon, oxygen, and copper are composed of
carbon atoms, oxygen atoms, and copper atoms, respectively.
⮚ Elements are given specific one-letter or two-letter symbols.
⮚ Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen may be written as O, C and H, respectively.
⮚ Iron, silicon, and chlorine are given the symbols Fe, Si, and Cl.
2. Compound
⮚ is composed of two or more elements combined chemically in
definite proportions.
⮚ A compound is a substance formed when two or more different
elements chemically bond together. The properties of a compound
are different from the properties of the individual elements that
make it up.
⮚ Compounds may be classified as either covalent or ionic depending
on the nature of the elements that comprise them.
⮚ Chemical bonds – forces of attraction
A Compound can be decomposed into
their constituent elements only through
chemical means.
For Example:
- water (H2O) can be separated into
hydrogen and oxygen through a process
called electrolysis
Remember:
Elements cannot be decomposed into much
simpler components through ordinary
chemical means.
 WHAT IS A
MIXTURE?

• are made up of two or more

substances that are only physically
combined and can thus be separated
into their components through
physical means.
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES:
• MIXTURES WITH A UNIFORM
COMPOSITION THROUGHOUT.
• A SOLUTION IS A HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES AND
CAN BE PHYSICALLY COMBINED IN
VARYING PROPORTIONS.

EXAMPLES:
SALTWATER: SALT DISSOLVED EVENLY IN
WATER.
AIR: A MIXTURE OF GASES LIKE
NITROGEN, OXYGEN, AND CARBON
DIOXIDE.
SOLUTIONS

made up of two parts

SOLUTE is the substance that gets dissolved.

is the one that does the dissolving

SOLVENT The solvent present in larger quantity than the
solute.
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES:
• mixtures with a non-uniform
composition.
• EXAMPLES:
salad: different ingredients like
lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers
mixed together.
• sand and iron filings: a mixture
where you can see and separate the
individual components.