Chapter 04
Fourier Analysis of Discrete Time
Signals
1
Importance of Fourier Analysis
• Fourier Analysis is one of the many mathematical tools that is useful in the
analysis and design of LTI systems.
• Fourier Analysis allows the decomposition (breakdown) of a signal into its
corresponding frequency components.
• The type of Fourier Analysis used on periodic signals is known as Fourier
Series, output of which is 𝑐𝑘.
• The type of Fourier Analysis used on finite energy, aperiodic signals is
known as Fourier Transform, output of which is X(ɷ).
2
Fourier Series- Difference between continuous
and discrete domain
• The Fourier series representation of a continuous time periodic signal can
consist of an infinite number of frequency components.
• The frequency spacing between two harmonics is 1/Tp , where Tp is the
fundamental period.
• Fo=1/Tp
3
Fourier Series- Difference between continuous
and discrete domain
• The frequency range for discrete time signals is unique over the interval
(-π,π) or (0,2π). In other words, the range will repeat itself after these
intervals.
• Discrete signal in frequency domain does not have infinite number of
frequency components,ck. The question is why?
• The discrete time signal, x(n) has finite number of samples in a period, N.
• The Fourier Series representation of a discrete-time signal of fundamental
period, N, will contain at most N frequency components.
• Consecutive frequency components are separated by 2π/ N radians
4
Fourier Series
5
Fourier Series
• The Fourier series representation for a discrete time signal, x(n), consists of
N, harmonically related exponential functions
𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛/𝑁 , k=0,1,…..N-1
and is expressed as
𝑁−1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑘=0 𝑐𝑘 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛/𝑁
where, 𝑐𝑘 , represents the Fourier Series coefficients.
• 𝑐𝑘 is a complex variable. 𝑐𝑘 = 𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑐𝑘 ). Thus 𝑐𝑘 has both magnitude
spectra and phase spectra.
• 𝑐𝑘 is periodic when extended outside of the range k=0,1,2,3…[Link] is,
𝑐𝑘 is periodic with a periodicity of N.
• Hence, 𝑐𝑘+𝑁 =𝑐𝑘
6
Fourier Series
𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛
1 −
𝑁−1 𝑒 𝑁
We know, 𝑐𝑘 = 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)
N
𝑁−1
1 −𝑗2𝜋 𝑘+𝑛
𝑐𝑘+𝑁 = 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 𝑛/𝑁
N
𝑛=0
𝑁−1
1
= 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛/𝑁 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑁/𝑁
N
𝑛=0
𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛
1 𝑁−1 −
= 𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑁 1 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑘 =1)
N
Therefore,𝑐𝑘+𝑁 =𝑐𝑘
7
Fourier Series
• It will show values both in positive and negative frequency axis. In nature,
every frequency is a positive frequency. The negative frequencies have no
physical significance. However, for mathematical ease negative frequencies
are considered. The summation of positive and negative frequencies
generate 𝑐𝑘 .
• The output spectrum 𝑐𝑘 is discrete
• The magnitude spectrum has an even symmetry.
• The phase spectrum will have an odd symmetry.
8
Fourier Series
• Example 01:Determine the spectra of the periodic signal given below:
𝑥 𝑛 = *1,1,0,0+
↑
Solution:
N=4;
2π𝑘 4π𝑘 6π𝑘
1 −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗
𝑐𝑘 = *𝑥(0)𝑒 −𝑗 0 + 𝑥(1)𝑒 4 + 𝑥(2)𝑒 4 + 𝑥(3)𝑒 4 }
4
9
Fourier Series
10
Fourier Series
11
Fourier Series: Power Density Spectrum of
Periodic Signals
• We know,
• Substituting:
12
Fourier Series: Power Density Spectrum of
Periodic Signals
• Interchanging the order of the two summations we get:
• Parseval’s Power Density Distribution
13
Fourier Transform of Discrete Time Aperiodic
Signal
• The Fourier transform of a finite-energy discrete time signal, x(n) is
defined as:
• Physically, X(ɷ) represents the frequency content of the signal, x(n).The
output spectrum X(ɷ) is continuous and is periodic with period 2π:
14
Fourier Transform of Discrete Time Aperiodic
Signal
• X(ɷ) is a complex variable.
• It has a magnitude and a phase.
• The magnitude spectrum shows even symmetry and the phase spectrum has
odd symmetry.
• Both the spectrums are continuous .
15
Fourier Transform of Discrete Time Aperiodic
Signal
16
Energy Density Spectrum of Aperiodic Signals
• Energy Density Spectrum of a discrete time signal is:
Again, substituting and rearranging:
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