Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course Science, Technology, and Society
SEM/AY Second Semester/2022-2023
Module No. 1
Lesson Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
Week
Chapter 1: Lesson 2 (Week 2)
Duration
Date 2025
Description This lesson will discuss the difference between science and technology, different
of the contribution of science to human civilization from ancient to modern days, and also the
Lesson importance of science and technology. This lesson will also provide activities and
exercises that will practice the students’ competence in this Lesson.

Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning ●​ Describe the major contributions of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud to
Outcomes developing scientific thought.
●​ Explain how their ideas challenged traditional beliefs and inspired new ways of
understanding the world.
●​ Analyze the role of curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking in shaping their
scientific discoveries.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives ●​ Discuss how the ideas proposed by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed
to the advancement of the scientific revolution.

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A.​ Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend a Three-Hour class discussion on science’s
contribution to human civilization. To have access to the Online
Asynchronous) Discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on ____________________, 2022, from

_______________

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B.​ Learning Guide Questions:

1.​ How did Copernicus change people’s view of the universe?
2.​ What impact did Darwin’s theory of evolution have on society?
3.​ How did Freud’s ideas change how we understand the mind?
4.​ How did these three thinkers shift society toward science and reason?

Note: The insight that you will post on the online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in-class participation.

Lecture Guide

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self-P Nicolaus Copernicus
aced) Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Turin, now Poland,
into an affluent merchant family. Developed the heliocentric model of the
universe, proposing that the sun, not the Earth, is at the center. Studied at the
University of Kraków, later pursued medicine and law in Italy. His work laid
the foundation for modern astronomy, influencing Galileo, Kepler, and
Newton. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the
Celestial Spheres), published posthumously in 1543.

One of the Renaissance men in science, Nicolaus Copernicus, significantly

contributed to understanding the universe. Before Copernicus, knowledge
about the universe remained largely unchanged since ancient Greece,
approximately 1500 years earlier (Gribbin, 2003). He resembled ancient
Greek philosophers, relying on thought experiments rather than extensive
observations or experimental validation. Despite being appointed as a canon at
Frombork Cathedral in Poland after earning his doctorate, he maintained a

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

strong interest in astronomy. Copernicus was influenced by the book

Epitome, published by Johannes Mueller in 1946, which included
observations and commentary on Ptolemy’s works.

By the 1500s, he had completed his idea and model of the universe. He
shared a summary of his work with close friends through Commentariolus
(Little Commentary). There is no evidence suggesting he feared persecution
from the Church for his ideas.

The book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the

Heavenly Spheres) was published in 1543. Its publication is often considered
the start of the Scientific Revolution. Copernicus presented a model where
everything moved around a central point at a consistent rate. He placed the
Sun at the center of the universe, with all planets orbiting it annually. His
model automatically arranged the planets in a logical sequence. However,
the Moon was still seen as orbiting the Earth.

Kinds of Planetary Motion:

1.​ The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus,
closer to the Sun.
2.​ The orbits of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn lay outside the Earth’s orbit,
thus, farther from the Sun.

The Copernican model calculates the time each planet takes to orbit the
Sun. The planets’ sequence, based on their orbital period, starts with Mercury
(shortest year) and follows with Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
(longest year). Copernicus positioned the planets in order of increasing
distance from the Sun. A major issue in the Copernican model was the
placement of the stars. Unlike the planets, stars could not be fixed in a static
location, such as on a distant crystal sphere.

Charles Darwin
A genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family.
Born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. He was an English
naturalist, geologist, and biologist. Prominent for his theory of evolution,
which changed our understanding of the world's creation and its evolution.
Spent time observing nature, collecting specimens, and reading books.
Struggled academically and had difficulty studying medicine. One of his
professors recommended him for a five-year expedition. Traveled aboard the
HMS Beagle from 1831 - 1836. Explored the Islands of Galápagos, where he
observed unique species.

In 1589, he published “The Origin of Species”. Darwin collected significant

data to support his theory with overwhelming evidence. His book presented

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

pieces of evidence on how species evolved over time. He also presented

evidence on the traits and adaptations that are unique to different species.
His skills as a scientist moved beyond the realm of plants and animals into the
realm of humans.

His book, “The Descent of Man”, was impressive, yet very controversial.
His theory of evolution scientifically introduced the idea that all organic life,
including human beings, is under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This
superseded the prevailing religious or biblical views that God created
human beings. He made major contributions to evolutionary biology and
the philosophy of science.

Sigmund Freud
Freud is famous in the field of psychology. He was born on May 6, 1856, in
Freiberg, now Czech Republic, into a Jewish family, and died on September 23,
1939, in London from cancer. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna,
earning his medical degree in 1881 (neurology).

Rosenfels (1980) described him as "A towering literary figure and a very
talented communicator, who did his share to raise the consciousness of
the civilized world in psychological matters."

Freud made a substantial contribution to the scientific world through the

development of an important method to gather dependable data to study
human behavior, popularly known as psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is an
important method to gather dependable data to study human behavior. Freud
developed an observational method to study humans' inner life, mainly focusing
on human sexuality and the evil nature of man.

According to Weiner (2016), his method of psychoanalysis was verified

to be successful in understanding neurological conditions that were not
known to medicine during his time; Freud’s method is unorthodox. For Freud,
this method of psychoanalysis is an excellent method to study the human mind
and neurotic illness scientifically. His theories on the unconscious mind,
dreams, and personality shaped modern psychology. Freudian ideas and
theories are still considered today as a brilliant motivation to study the human
mind and behavior in a more scientifically accepted way.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

Performance Tasks
Some intellectuals made critical contributions to science during the scientific revolution.
Among them are Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. Form a small
group or a partner and answer the following questions:

On Copernicus:
1.​ What is the contribution of Copernicus to the philosophy of science?
2.​ What lessons could be learned from the experiences of Copernicus?
3.​ How can science influence religion today?

On Darwin:
1.​ What is Darwin's contribution to modern science?
2.​ How can Darwin's evolutionary theory influence the following fields in modern
times
-​ Economy?
-​ Agriculture?
-​ Political Science?
-​ Religion?

On Freud:
1.​ Look up other sources from books and on the internet. What are the controversies
about Freud's ideas?
2.​ How can you explain Freudian ideas as a scientist?
3.​ If Freud were still alive today, what do you think are the modifications he would
make to revise his theory?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

ASSIGNMENT
Intellectual Revolutions and Their Impact
Instructions: Understand how the ideas of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud transformed human
thinking and society. Choose one of the following options.

Option 1: Creative Essay

Write a 1-page essay answering this question:
How did the ideas of Copernicus, Darwin, or Freud challenge the beliefs of their time and shape
modern society?
-​ Include at least one historical fact.
-​ Share your opinion on whether their ideas still matter today.
Option 2: Infographic or Poster
Create an infographic or mini-poster (digital or hand-drawn) showing:
-​ Who the thinker is
-​ Their key idea (heliocentric theory, evolution, or psychoanalysis)
-​ How it changed society
-​ A quote or fun fact

Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Intellectual Revolutions and their Impact
PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5 SCORE
CRITERIA
Content Accuracy Shows no Shows limited Shows basic Shows good Shows strong
(Correct and understanding; understanding; understanding; understanding understanding
relevant facts are few facts are some correct with mostly with accurate,
information about missing or correct. facts. correct facts. relevant facts.
the chosen wrong.
thinker)
Explanation of No explanation Weak or Somewhat Clearly explains Deep and
Impact (How the of impact. unclear explains the the impact. thoughtful
thinker changed explanation of impact. ​ explanation of
society or beliefs) impact. the impact.
​
Creativity and Not creative or Slightly Moderately Creative and Highly creative
Presentation engaging.​ creative but creative and well-presented. and visually or
(Visual appeal or lacks effort. engaging. narratively
engaging writing engaging.
style)
Organization and Disorganized Somewhat Clear in parts, Mostly Well-organized
Clarity and hard to organized but needs more well-organized and very clear
(Well-structured understand. confusing. structure.​ and easy to throughout.
and easy to follow) follow.
TOTAL

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna

Learning Resources
Alata, E. J., Calano, M. J. T., & Pawilen, C. T. (n.d.). Science, Technology, and Society. REX Book
Store.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY