CHEMISTRY X SUMMARY
02. CHEMICAL BONDING. 2023 – 24.
• Scope: Electrovalent, covalent and co-ordinate bonding, structures of various
compounds, Electron dot structure.
o Electrovalent bonding:
▪ Electron dot structure of Electrovalent compounds NaCl, MgCl2, CaO.
▪ Characteristic properties of electrovalent compounds – state of
existence, melting and boiling points, conductivity (heat and electricity),
dissociation in solution and in molten state to be linked with
electrolysis.
o Covalent Bonding:
▪ Electron dot structure of covalent molecules on the basis of duplet and
octet of electrons (example: hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, ammonia,
carbon tetrachloride, methane.
▪ Polar Covalent compounds – based on difference in electronegativity:
Examples – HCl and H2O including structures.
▪ Characteristic properties of Covalent compounds – state of existence,
melting and boiling points, conductivity (heat and electricity), ionization
in solution.
Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent compounds.
o Coordinate Bonding:
▪ Definition
▪ The lone pair effect of the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the
nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule to explain the formation of H3O+
and OH- ions in water and NH4+ ion.
The meaning of lone pair; the formation of hydronium ion and ammonium ion
must be explained with the help of electron dot diagrams.
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• Chemical Bond: It is the linkage or force which acts between two or more atoms to hold
them together as a stable molecule.
• Chemical bonding: It is the process of formation of a chemical bond.
• Electrovalent/ionic Compound: The chemical compound formed as a result of transfer
of one or more electrons from an electropositive atom (metallic) to an electronegative
(non-metallic) atom, is called an electrovalent compound.
• Electrovalent/ionic bond: The chemical bond formed between two atoms by transfer of
one or more electrons from an electropositive (metallic) atom to an electronegative
(non-metallic) atom is called an electrovalent bond.
• Electrovalency: The number of electrons donated or accepted by the valence shell of an
atom of an element to achieve stable electronic configuration is termed as
electrovalency.
• Redox reaction: It is a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occurs
simultaneously.
• Covalent/ non-ionic compound: The chemical compound formed due to mutual sharing
of electrons between two or more atoms non-metallic elements is called a covalent
compound.
• Shared pair of electrons: The electrons that share the orbit of both combining atoms
are termed as shared pair of electrons.
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• Covalent/non-ionic bond: The chemical bond formed due to mutual sharing of
electrons between two or more atoms of non – metallic elements is called covalent
bond.
• Covalency: The number of electron pairs, an atom shares with one or more atoms of
same or different kind, to achieve a stable electronic configuration is called Covalency.
• Lone pair of electrons: It is a pair of electrons of an atom, in a polar covalent compound,
which are not shared with any other atom.
• Co-ordinate polar covalent compound: The chemical compound formed by shared pair
of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.
• Co-ordinate polar covalent bond (dative or co ionic): The chemical bond formed by
shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.
• Non-polar covalent compound and Polar covalent compound:
Non – polar covalent compounds Polar covalent compounds
Non polar covalent compounds have Polar covalent compounds have
equally distributed shared pair of unequally distributed shared pair of
electrons between the combining atoms. electrons between the combining atoms.
The covalent molecule is symmetrical and The polar covalent compound is non
electrically neutral, without any charge symmetrical and electrically neutral,
separation. with slight charge separation.
Ex: H2, Cl2, O2, N2, CH4, CCl4. The atom which attracts electrons
strongly tends to develop slight negative
charge.
e.g. H2O, NH3, HCl
• DIFFERENCES:
o Atom and molecule:
Atom Molecule
Atom is the smallest particle of an Molecule is the smallest particle of a
element which is chemically active and compound which is made up of atoms of
electrically neutral. same or different elements.
o Atoms and ions:
Atoms – ‘A’ or ‘B’ Ions – A1+ or B 1 –
Atom is the smallest particle of an Ions are chemically inactive and electrically
element which is chemically active and charged particles. [cations, anions]
electrically neutral.
It may or may not exist independently. It exists independently in a solution.
Its outermost shell may or may not Its outermost shell have complete duplet or
have duplet or octet. octet.
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o Oxidation and reduction:
Oxidation Reduction
Oxidation is a process in which oxygen Reduction is a process in which hydrogen is
is added, hydrogen is removed and an added, oxygen is removed and an atom or
atom or an ion loses electrons. (LO) ion gains electrons. (GR)
Example: Example:
Na – 1e– → Na1+ Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl1–
Fe2+ – 1e– → Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
S2– – 2e– → S Fe3+ + 1e– → Fe2+
S + 2e– → S2–
o Comparison of electrovalent and covalent compounds:
Electrovalent/ionic compounds Covalent compounds
It consists of metallic or non-metallic ions. It consists of molecules.
It exhibits strong electrostatic forces of attraction It exhibits Weak Vander Waal’s forces of attraction
between the ions. between the molecules.
It exists as crystalline hard solids at room temperature. It exists as gases, liquids or soft solids at room
Reason: Electrovalent compounds consists of Ions temperature.
which are closely packed and exhibit strong Reason: Covalent compounds consists of molecules
electrostatic forces of attraction between them, hence with weak forces of attraction between them and
they are hard solids. hence they are gaseous and liquid or soft solids.
They are Non – volatile. They are Volatile.
They have high melting point and boiling points. They have Low melting point and boiling points.
Reason: Electrovalent compounds have strong Reason: Covalent compounds have weak Vander
electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions, Waals forces of attraction between the molecules,
hence large amount of energy is required to break the hence less amount of energy is needed to break the
force of attraction. force of attraction.
They are good conductors of heat. They are bad conductors of heat.
In solid state electrovalent compounds are non- In solid, liquid or gaseous state, non-polar covalent
conductors of electricity compounds are non-conductors of electricity.
Reason: They exhibit strong electrostatic forces of Reason: The Non – polar covalent compounds contain
attraction which keeps the ions in fixed position in the molecules and do not have free ions, hence they are
solid state, hence cannot conduct electricity. non – conductors.
In Molten or aqueous state electrovalent compounds Polar covalent compounds are good conductors of
are good conductors of electricity. electricity.
Reason: The electrostatic forces of attraction are Reason: Polar covalent compounds (HCl, NH3) show
weakened in the molten or aqueous state, resulting in charge separation and ionizes when added to H 2O.
formation of free ions.
They can be electrolyzed in molten/aq. soln. state. Non polar covalent compounds cannot be
Reason: The electrostatic forces of attraction are electrolyzed in normal state.
weakened in the molten or aqueous state, resulting in Polar covalent compounds can be electrolyzed in
formation of free ions which can migrate to oppositely aqueous state.
charged electrodes. Ex: HCl & NH3 gas.
They are soluble in water and insoluble in organic They are soluble in organic solvents [non-polar] and
solvents. Insoluble in water [polar]
Reason: Reason: Organic solvents are non-polar, hence can
Water being polar solvent has a high dielectric constant easily dissolve non-polar covalent compounds.
which weakens the forces of attraction, resulting in free Water being a polar solvent cannot dissolve non-polar
ions whereas organic solvents [non-polar] have low covalent compounds.
dielectric constants, hence does not cause dissolution
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in them.
They undergo high speed ionic reactions. They undergo slow speed molecular reactions.
Reason: Free ions are easily formed and rapidly Reason: In covalent molecules the bonds are first
regrouped in the solution. broken & new bonds are slowly established.
They undergo electrolytic dissociation on passage of They undergo ionization on passage of electric current
the electric current. in aqueous state.
It is separation of ions which are already present in the It is formation of ions from molecules which are not in
ionic compound. ionic state.
NaCl ⇌ Na1+ + Cl1- HCl → H1+ + Cl1-
o NH4+ and H3O+:
NH4+ H3O+
When NH3 added to water: When any acid (HCl) added to water: Acid
Water dissociate to H+ and OH-. dissociates to form H+ and Cl-.
The H+ combines with NH3 to form NH4+. The H+ combines with H2O to form H3O+.
o Properties of CCl4 and NaCl:
CCl4 (covalent compound) NaCl (electrovalent compound)
Bonding is covalent. Bonding is electrovalent.
Weak Force of attraction. Strong Force of attraction.
Volatile. Non-volatile.
Low melting and boiling point. High melting and boiling point.
Cannot be electrolyzed in normal state. Can be electrolyzed in molten / aq. Soln. state.
Insoluble in water. Soluble in water.
Undergo ionization. Undergoes electrolytic dissociation.
o Covalent compounds - methane (non-polar) & HCl (polar):
Non Polar Methane Polar – HCl
Shared pair of electrons are equally Shared pair of electrons is unequally
distributed between the two atoms. distributed between the two atoms.
No charge separation takes place. Charge separation takes place.
o Electrovalent and Covalent compounds:
Electrovalent Covalent compounds
It consists of metallic or non-metallic ions. It consists of molecules.
It exhibits strong electrostatic forces of It exhibits Weak Vander Waal’s forces of
attraction between the ions. attraction between the molecules.
It exists as crystalline hard solids at room It exists as gases, liquids or soft solids at
temperature. room temperature.
They are Non – volatile. They are Volatile.
They have high melting point and boiling They have Low melting point and boiling
points. points.
They are good conductors of heat. They are bad conductors of heat.
In solid state electrovalent compounds are In solid, liquid or gaseous state, non-polar
non-conductors of electricity. covalent compounds are non-conductors
of electricity.
In Molten or aqueous state electrovalent Polar covalent compounds are good
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compounds are good conductors of conductors of electricity.
electricity.
They can be electrolyzed in molten/aq. Non polar covalent compounds cannot be
soln. state. electrolyzed in normal state.
Polar covalent compounds can be
electrolyzed in aqueous state.
They are soluble in water and insoluble in They are soluble in organic solvents [non-
organic solvents. polar] and Insoluble in water [polar].
They undergo high speed ionic reactions. They undergo slow speed molecular
reactions.
They undergo electrolytic dissociation on They undergo ionization on passage of
passage of the electric current. electric current in aqueous state.
It is separation of ions which are already It is formation of ions from molecules
present in the ionic compound. which are not in ionic state.
NaCl ⇌ Na1+ + Cl1- HCl → H1+ + Cl1-
o Carbon tetrachloride & sodium chloride with regard to solubility in water &
electrical conductivity:
Carbontertra chloride Sodium chloride
Solubility in water Insoluble in water. Soluble in water.
Electrical conductivity Soft solid state – Solid state –
non-conductor. non-conductors.
Gaseous or liquid state – Molten or aqueous state –
non-conductor. good conductors.
EQUATIONS
1. O + 2e– → O2-
2. S2– – 2e– → S
3. S + 2e– → S2–
4. Cl + 1e1– → Cl1–
5. H2O → H+ + OH-
6. NH3 + H+ → NH4+
7. Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
8. Ca – 2e 1– → Ca2+
9. Na – 1e– → Na1+
10. Fe2+ – 1e– → Fe3+
11. Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl1–
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12. Fe3+ + 1e– → Fe2+
13. Mg – 2e1– → Mg2+
14. 2Cl + 2e1– → 2Cl1–
15. H2O + H+ → H3O+
16. NH4+ OH- → NH4OH
17. 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3
18. Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
19. Ca + O → Ca2+ O2– → CaO
20. Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
21. 2Fe2+ + Cl2 → 2Fe3+ + 2Cl–
22. H2O + NH3 → NH3 + H+ + OH-
23. Na + Cl → Na1+ Cl1– → NaCl
24. Mg + 2Cl → Mg2+ + 2Cl1– → MgCl2
25. NH3 + H+ + OH- → NH4+ OH- → NH4OH
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