Medical Terminology: A Living Language
Seventh Edition
Chapter 5
Cardiovascular System
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular System at a Glance
• The functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System include:
– Distributing blood to all areas of body.
– Delivering needed substances to cells.
– Removing wastes from cells.
• The organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Systems Illustrated
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Cardiovascular System (1 of 2)
• The cardiovascular system maintains the distribution of blood throughout body.
– Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
– Blood removes waste products from cells and delivers them to the lungs, liver, and
kidneys for elimination.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Cardiovascular System (2 of 2)
• The circulatory system is divided into pulmonary and systemic circulations.
– Systemic circulation: Carries blood from the heart to the body and from the body to
the heart.
– Pulmonary circulation: Carries blood from the heart to the lungs and from the lungs
to the heart.
– Coronary circulation: Supplies oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood for the heart
muscle.
– Fetal circulation: Adjustment of systemic and pulmonary circulation during fetal
development and at birth.
Foramen ovale is an opening in the atrial septum that shunts blood from R to L
atrium during fetal development. It becomes the fossa ovalis after birth.
Ductus arteriosus is a tube connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch
during fetal development. It becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.1
A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking
up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heart
• The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers.
• It averages 60–100 bpm, or about 100,000 beats per day.
• Each contraction ejects blood from the heart and pushes it through the body.
• The heart is located in the mediastinum and is about the size of a fist.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.2
Location of the heart within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heart: Heart Layers
Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium
• Inner layer • Middle layer • Outer layer
• Lines heart • Thick muscle • Forms the
chambers • Contraction of visceral layer of
• Smooth, thin this layer pericardial sac
layer that develops the • Fluid between
reduces friction pressure layers of
as the blood required to pericardial sac
passes through pump blood reduces friction
heart chambers through blood as heart beats
vessels
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.3
Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major
blood vessels associated with the heart.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heart: Heart Chambers
• The heart is divided into four chambers:
– Two upper chambers called atria
The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart.
Blood enters the atria through veins.
– Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atria via vena cavae.
– Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atria via pulmonary veins
– Two lower chambers called ventricles
The ventricles are the pumping chambers of the heart.
Blood exits the ventricles through arteries.
– Deoxygenated blood exits the right ventricle and moves to the lungs via
the pulmonary artery.
– Oxygenated blood exits the left ventricle and moves to the body via the
aorta
• The septum divides the chambers into right and left sides.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heart: Heart Valves
• Heart valves force blood to flow forward. Prevent regurgitation (heard as a murmur)
• Valves are found at the entrances and exits to the ventricles.
• There are four valves:
– Tricuspid (between R atrium and R ventricle)
– Pulmonary (between R atrium and pulmonary trunk)
– Mitral or bicuspid (between L atrium and L ventricle)
– Aortic (between L atrium and ascending aorta)
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.4
Superior view of heart valves illustrating position, size, and shape of each valve.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heart: Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Heart chambers alternate between relaxing and contracting.
– During relaxation (diastole), chambers fill.
– During contraction (systole), chambers push blood forward.
• Cardiac Cycle Phases
– Quiescent period
– Atrial systole
– Atrial diastole
– Ventricular systole
– Ventricular diastole
• Cardiac Output = amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute = HR x SV
• HR
• SV = EDV – ESV = 130 ml – 60 ml = 70 ml per beat.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.5
The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart,
including the veins delivering blood to the heart and arteries receiving blood ejected
from the heart.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heart: Conduction System of the Heart
• The contraction and relaxation of the heart is regulated by the conduction system.
• The conduction system is under control of the autonomic nervous system.
• Special tissue within the heart conducts electrical impulses.
– This tissue stimulates the chambers to contract in the correct order.
- Heart tissue is autorhythmic and the specialized area that begins the conduction is
called the pacemaker
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.6
The conduction system of the heart; traces the path of the electrical impulse that
stimulates the heart chambers to contract in the correct sequence.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.7
An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave record of the electrical signal as it moves
through the conduction system of the heart. This signal stimulates the chambers of
the heart to contract and relax in the proper sequence.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels
• The heart is the pump that moves blood and the blood vessels are the pipes that
circulate it.
• There are three types of vessels:
– Arteries and arterioles
– Capillaries
– Veins and venules
• The lumen is the channel within the blood vessels.
• Layers of both arteries and veins
– Tunica interna
– Tunica media
– Tunica externa
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.8
Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels: Arteries
• Arteries are large thick-walled vessels that can contract or relax.
• They carry blood away from the heart.
– The pulmonary artery goes to the lungs.
– The aorta goes to the body.
– The coronary arteries go to the myocardium of the heart.
– As arteries branch, they become smaller arterioles.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.9
The coronary arteries.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.10
The major arteries of the body.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels: Capillaries
• Capillaries are a network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels.
• They connect arteries and veins.
– Oxygenated arterial blood flows in.
– Deoxygenated venous blood flows out.
• Types of capillaries
– Continuous
– Sinusoidal
– Fenestrated
• They are the place of diffusion.
– Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out.
– Carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse in.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels: Veins
• Veins begin as venules that gradually merge and become larger.
• They are thin walled, valvular vessels with low pressure.
• Veins carry blood toward the heart.
– The pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs.
– The superior and inferior vena cavae carry blood from the body.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.11
The major veins of the body.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels: Pulse and Blood Pressure (1 of
2)
• Blood pressure measures the force exerted by blood against vessel walls (vital sign).
– During systole, blood is under a lot of pressure and gives the highest reading.
– During diastole, blood is under little pressure and gives the lowest reading.
• Blood Pressure Ranges at rest
– Systolic = 100 – 139 mm Hg
– Diastolic = 60 – 89 mm Hg
• Blood pressure may be affected by characteristics of the blood and the blood vessels.
– Elasticity of arteries
– Diameter of blood vessels
– Viscosity of the blood
– Amount of resistance to blood flow
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels: Pulse and Blood Pressure (2 of
2)
• Pulse (p) is the surge of blood in arteries caused by the heart contraction.
– It is commonly measured at the throat (carotid) or wrist (radial).
– In general, pulse rate is equal to heart rate.
• Measurement
– Count the number of palpated pulses for 15 seconds
– Multiply by 4 to get the minute pulse rate.
• Pulse (p)
– Normal resting rate adult 60-79 bpm
– Normal resting rage child 60 – 99 bpm
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms (1 of 5)
Combining Form Definition
angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
arteriol/o
ather/o
atri/o
bi/o
cardi/o
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms (2 of 5)
Combining Form Definition
coron/o
copor/o
cutane/o
duct/o
electr/o
embol/o
fibrin/o
hem/o
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms (3 of 5)
Combining Form Definition
isch/o
lip/o
my/o
myocardi/o
orth/o
pector/o
peripher/o
phleb/o
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms (4 of 5)
Combining Form Definition
pulmon/o
scler/o
sept/o
son/o
sphygm/o
steth/o
thromb/o
valv/o
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Combining Forms (5 of 5)
Combining Form Definition
valvul/o
varic/o
vas/o
vascul/o
ven/o
ventricul/o
venul/o
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Suffixes (1 of 5)
Suffix Definition
-ac
-al
-ar
-ary
-cardia
-eal
-ectomy
-gram
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Suffixes (2 of 5)
Suffix Definition
-graphy
-ia
-ic
-it is
-logy
-lytic
-manometer
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Suffixes (3 of 5)
Suffix Definition
-megaly
-ole
-oma
-ose
-ous
-pathy
-plasty
-rrhexis
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Suffixes (4 of 5)
Suffix Definition
-pressor
-sclerosis
-scope
-spasm
-stenosis
-tension
-therapy
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Suffixes (5 of 5)
Suffix Definition
-tic
-tonic
-ule
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Prefixes (1 of 3)
Prefix Definition
a-
anti-
brady-
de-
endo-
extra-
hyper-
hypo-
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Prefixes (2 of 3)
Prefix Definition
inter-
intra-
per-
peri-
poly-
pre-
re-
tachy-
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Additional Prefixes (3 of 3)
Prefix Definition
tetra-
trans-
ultra-
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Anatomical Terms
Term Definition
aortic
arterial
arteriolar
atrial
atrioventricular
(AV, A-V)
cardiac
coronary
interatrial
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Adjective Forms of Anatomical Terms
Term Definition
interventricular
myocardial
valvular
vascular
venous
ventricular
venular
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Medical Specialties
Term Definition
The branch of medicine involving
diagnosis and treatment of conditions
cardiology
and diseases of the cardiovascular
system. Physician is a cardiologist.
Healthcare professional trained to
cardiovascular perform a variety of diagnostic and
technologist/ therapeutic procedures including
technician electrocardiography, echocardiography,
and exercise stress tests.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Signs and Symptoms (1 of 3)
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.12
Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a
blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Signs and Symptoms (2 of 3)
Term Definition
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of
infarct
blood supply
local and temporary deficiency of blood
ischemia
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
a sound in addition to normal heart
murmur sounds; may or may not indicate an
abnormality
orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly
palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Signs and Symptoms (3 of 3)
Term Definition
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an
plaque
artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis
to flow backwards; in CV system refers
regurgitation
to backflow of blood through a valve
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
thrombus partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.13
Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of
an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Building Signs and Symptoms Terms
• Angiospasm
– angi/o + -spasm
– Involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel
• Ishemia
– isch/o + hem/o + -ia
– To hold back blood
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Heart (1 of 4)
Term Definition
severe pain and sensation of constriction around
angina pectoris
heart; caused by myocardial ischemia
cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity
cardiomegaly an abnormally enlarged heart
myocardial disease; may be caused by viral
cardiomyopathy infection, congestive heart failure, or alcohol
abuse; common reason for heart transplant
congenital septal hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows
defect (CSD) mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Heart (2 of 4)
Term Definition
left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently
congestive heart
pump blood; results in weakness,
failure (CHF)
breathlessness, and edema
poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
coronary artery
obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause
disease (CAD)
angina pectoris and heart attack
inflammation of membranes lining the heart; if
endocarditis cause is bacterial, a bacterial colony called
vegetation may form
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.14
Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery; may lead to
coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Heart (3 of 4)
Term Definition
heart valve cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
prolapse allows regurgitation
heart valve cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
stenosis allows regurgitation
myocardia occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
l infarction myocardial infarct; a heart attack
(MI)
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.15
External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a myocardial infarction.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Heart (4 of 4)
Term Definition
myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
tetralogy of
interventricular septal defect, improper
Fallot
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery
valvulitis inflammation of a heart valve
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Arrhythmias (1 of 2)
Term Definition
arrhythmia irregularity in heart beat or action
electrical impulse is blocked from
bundle branch
traveling down the bundle of HIS or
block (BBB)
bundle branches
bradycardia condition of having a slow heart rate
serious arrhythmia characterized by
fibrillation abnormal quivering or contraction of
heart fibers; may result in cardiac arrest
atria beat too rapidly but maintain a
flutter
regular pattern
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Arrhythmias (2 of 2)
Term Definition
premature
atrial
atria contract earlier than they should
contraction
(PAC)
premature
ventricular ventricles contract earlier than they
contraction should
(PVC)
tachycardia condition of having a fast heart rate
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels (1 of 4)
Term Definition
weakness and ballooning of arterial
aneurysm wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
arteriorrhexis a ruptured artery
hardening and loss of elasticity of
arterioscleros
arterial walls; often due to
is
atherosclerosis
deposit of fatty substance in wall of
atheroma artery, bulges into and narrows artery;
also called a plaque
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.16
Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta that has ruptured.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels (2 of 4)
Term Definition
most common form of
atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in
arterial wall
coarctation of the
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
aorta (CoA)
hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region
high blood pressure; essential or
hypertension primary hypertension is due to CV
(HTN) disease; secondary hypertension
results from another disease
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels (3 of 4)
Term Definition
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
hypotension
to shock or anemia
patent ductus congenital heart anomaly where fetal
arteriosus connection between pulmonary artery
(PDA) and aorta fails to close at birth
abnormal condition affecting any blood
peripheral
vessel outside the heart; symptoms
vascular
may include pain, pallor, and blocked
disease (PVD)
circulation
phlebitis inflammation of a vein
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Blood Vessels (4 of 4)
Term Definition
polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries
periodic ischemic attacks affecting
Raynaud's extremities; especially fingers, toes,
phenomenon ears, and nose; extremities become
cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure
thrombophlebi inflammation of vein resulting in blood
tis clots within a vein
swollen and distended veins; often in
varicose veins
the legs
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Building Pathology Terms
• Cardiomegaly
– cardi/o + -megaly
– An enlarged heart
• Endocarditis
– endo- + cardi/o + -itis
– Inflammation of inner heart
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Medical Procedures
Term Definition
listening to sounds within body
auscultation
using a stethoscope
sphygmomanomet blood pressure cuff; measures
er blood pressure
instrument for listening to body
stethoscope
sounds
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.17
Using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Clinical Laboratory Tests
Term Definition
blood test determines level of proteins
cardiac specific to heart muscles in the blood; an
biomarkers increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
serum blood test measures amount of
lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in blood;
level indicator of atherosclerosis risk
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Diagnostic Imaging (1 of 2)
Term Definition
angiogram X-ray record of a vessel
angiograph X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye
y into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Diagnostic Imaging (2 of 2)
Term Definition
using ultrasound to produce an
Doppler image of blood flowing through blood
ultrasonograph vessels in order to determine
y velocity; indicates blood clots or
deep vein thromboses
use of ultrasound to visualize
Echocardiograp
internal cardiac structures; especially
hy (ECHO)
valves
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiac Function Tests (1 of 3)
Term Definition
catheter is threaded through blood
cardiac vessel to heart; detects abnormalities,
catheterization collects cardiac blood samples, and
determines blood pressure inside heart
flexible tube inserted in body to move
fluids into or out of body; may be used
catheter
to place dye into a vein to view blood
vessels
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiac Function Tests (2 of 3)
Term Definition
electrocardiogra hardcopy record produced by
m (ECG, EKG) electrocardiography
process of recording electrical
electrocardiograp activity of heart; able to diagnose
hy arrhythmias and myocardial
damage
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiac Function Tests (3 of 3)
Term Definition
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up
Holter
to a few days to assess heart activity as
monitor
person goes through daily activities
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
stress
steadily increasing work load; EKG and
testing
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.18
Man undergoing a stress test on a treadmill while physician monitors his condition.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Sphygmomanometer
– sphygm/o + -manometer
– Instrument to measure pulse pressure
• Angiography
– angi/o + -graphy
– Process of recording a vessel
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Medical Procedures (1 of 2)
Term Definition
procedure to restore cardiac output and
cardiopulmonar
oxygenated air for a person in cardiac
y resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
procedure that converts irregular
defibrillation heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an
electric shock
extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine
circulation (ECC) during a surgical procedure
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.19
An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on the chest of a
supine male patient.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Medical Procedures (2 of 2)
Term Definition
implantable device implanted into the heart to deliver an
cardioverter- electric shock to restore normal heart
defibrillator rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular
(ICD) fibrillation
pacemaker device implanted into the heart to substitute
implantation for the natural pacemaker
sclerotherap injection of salt solution to treat varicose
y veins
use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-
thrombolytic
type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots
therapy
and restore blood flow
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.20
X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the left side of the chest and the electrode
wires running to the heart muscle.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Surgical Procedures (1 of 3)
Term Definition
aneurysmecto
surgical removal of an aneurysm
my
surgical joining of two arteries when
arterial
an artery is severed or a damaged
anastomosis
section is removed
atherectomy surgical removal of an atheroma
blood vessel from another location
coronary artery
(often a leg vein) is grafted to route
bypass graft
blood around a blocked coronary
(CABG)
artery
embolectomy surgical removal of an embolus
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Surgical Procedures (2 of 3)
Term Definition
removal of the diseased inner lining
endarterectom
of an artery; usually to remove
y
atherosclerotic plaques
replacement of a diseased heart with
heart transplant
a donor heart
stent placed within a coronary artery;
intracoronary
treats coronary ischemia due to
artery stent
atherosclerosis
removal of varicose veins; damaged
ligation and
vein is tied off (ligation) and then
stripping
removed (stripping)
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.21
A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; B)
stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Surgical Procedures (3 of 3)
Term Definition
percutaneou
s
balloon catheter is inserted through skin
transluminal
into coronary artery; inflated to dilate
coronary
the narrow blood vessel
angioplasty
(PTCA)
stainless steel tube placed within blood
stent
vessel to widen the lumen
valve removal of diseased valve and
replacement replacement with an artificial valve
valvoplasty surgical repair of a heart valve
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 5.22
Balloon angioplasty: A) deflated balloon catheter is approaching an atherosclerotic
plaque; B) plaque is compressed by inflated balloon; C) plaque remains compressed
after balloon catheter is removed.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Thrombolytic
– thromb/o + -lytic
– Destruction of a clot
• Extracorporeal
– extra- + corpor/o + -eal
– Pertaining to outside the body
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Pharmacology (1 of 4)
Drug Type Use Example
ACE inhibitor produce vasodilation to Lotensin,
drugs decrease blood pressure Capoten
reduces or prevents Tambocor,
antiarrhythmic
cardiac arrhythmias Corvert
prevents blood clot warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
reduces blood cholesterol Lipitor,
antilipidemic
level Zocor
inhibit ability of platelets
antiplatelet Plavix,
to clump together in a
agents Ticlid
blood clot
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Pharmacology (2 of 4)
Drug Type Use Example
beta- lowers heart rate to treat
Lopressor,
blocker hypertension and angina
Inderal
drugs pectoris
calcium decreases force of heart beat
channel to treat hypertension, angina Cardizem,
blocker pectoris, and congestive heart Procardia
drugs failure
increases force of heart
cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive Lanoxin
heart failure
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Pharmacology (3 of 4)
Drug Type Use Example
increases urine
production to reduce
diuretic Lasix
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
dissolves existing
thrombolytic tPA, Activase
blood clot
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Pharmacology (4 of 4)
Drug Type Use Example
relaxes smooth muscle in
wall of blood vessel to
Nitro-Dur,
vasodilator reduce blood pressure and
Apresoline
increase blood flow to
ischemic area
contracts smooth muscle in
vasopressor wall of blood vessel to raise Vasostrict
blood pressure
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (1 of 7)
Term Definition
AED automated external defibrillator
AF atrial fibrillation
AMI acute myocardial infarction
AS arteriosclerosis
ASD atrial septal defect
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V atrioventricular
BBB bundle branch block
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (2 of 7)
Term Definition
BP blood pressure
bpm beats per minute
CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
cath catheterization
CC cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
CCU coronary care unit
CHF congestive heart failure
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (3 of 7)
Term Definition
CoA coarctation of the aorta
CP chest pain
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD congenital septal defect
CV cardiovascular
DVT deep vein thrombosis
ECC extracorporeal circulation
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (4 of 7)
Term Definition
ECG, EKG electrocardiogram
ECHO echocardiogram
fib fibrillation
HTN hypertension
ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ICU intensive care unit
IV intravenous
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (5 of 7)
Term Definition
LVH left-ventricular hypertrophy
myocardial infarction, mitral
MI
insufficiency
mm Hg millimeters of mercury
MR mitral regurgitation
MS mitral stenosis
MVP mitral valve prolapse
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (6 of 7)
Term Definition
P pulse
PAC premature atrial contraction
PDA patent ductus arteriosus
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC premature ventricular contraction
PVD peripheral vascular disease
S1 first heart sound
S2 second heart sound
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cardiovascular Abbreviations (7 of 7)
Term Definition
SA, S-A sinoatrial
SK streptokinase
tPA tissue plasminogen activator
V fib ventricular fibrillation
VSD ventricular septal defect
VT ventricular tachycardia
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
