NBT NOTE

This will cover the basics on

- Algebra
- Roots
- Functions
- Calculus
- Geometry
- Analytical geometry
- Sequences and series
- Probability
- Stats
ALGEBRA

CAN BE BROKEN UP INTO

- Exponents
- Algebraic fractions
- Simultaneous equations
- Completing the square
- Equations
- Word problems
 Exponents Algebraic Fractions Simultaneous equations
RULES - Adding and subtracting - Elimination
Find common
𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 Suppose we are given these
denominator then
two equations
𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑀−𝑁 combine into one fraction
𝑀𝑋𝑁 - Multiplying 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎 -
Multiply numerators and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −3
denominators separately We can multiply the
𝑎0 = 1
- Dividing second equation by two
(except 0: 0^0 is undefined to make the coefficients
Invert second fraction
1 then multiply both 2 then you have to
𝑎 −𝑛 = multiply everything else
𝑎−𝑛 - Denom = 0 = undefined
- Numerator = 0 = 0 by 2 as well
If they have the same bases you
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
can multiply the bases 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −6
𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑥 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑥 Now you have to subtract
the first equation from the
Remember that exponents can second aka 2x -2x and 3y
be seen as variables and -4y to solve for y
Factorization
Therefore remember the Then you get y= 13/7
- Common factors - Substitution
trinomials !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Difference of two squares You are given two
- Trinomials equations then you make
- Grouping one of the variables the
COMPLETING THE - Remember the quadratic subject of the equation
formula
SQUARE then sub into the other
2
−𝑏±√𝑏−4𝑎< equation then solve for
STEPS - 𝑥= 2𝑎 the other variable then
- Suppose you are given sub the solved variable
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0 into one of the equations
- Step 1 : move the - Graphing
constants to the right side Completing the square
Put the equations into a
of the equation continues
graph then find the
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = −8
Step 3 intersections and that is the x
𝑏 2
- Add (2) to both sides and y values
- Factorise the right side (it
𝑏 2
- 2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + (2) = −8 + will be dots) then solve for
𝑏 2 x
(2 )
-
Functions
Which can be broken up into

- Linear
- Quadratic
- Cubic
- Exponential
- Hyperbola

FUNCTIONS
CAB BE BROKEN UP INTO

- LINEAR
- QUADRATIC
- HYPERBOLA
- EXPONENTIAL
- CUBIC
- INVERSES

LINEAR FUNCTIONS

GENERAL FORMULA 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞

THE A VALUE

A = slope / gradient / rate of change

Positive a = increasing line /

Negative a = decreasing line \

The bigger the a value the steeper the line gets (the closer to the y axis )
A = 0 then the line is horizonal ------
𝑦 −𝑦
To calculate the a value = 𝑎 = 𝑥1−𝑥2
1 2

Note the higher the absolute value the steeper the line |m| = absolute value

Absolute value refers to the distance from the origin can only be positive

THE Q VALUE

Y= the y intercept

Note that is not effected by the a value. So if the a value changes the q value will remain the
same

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
The standard form : 𝑦 = 𝑎𝜒 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

THE A VALUE IN STANDARD FORM

A is positive then

A is negative then
as the absolute value of the a value increases the parabola becomes more and more
narrow

As the absolute value of a becomes smaller the parabola b=becomes increasingly wider

Nature of roots

It is used in the calculation of the roots

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

THE B VALUE IN STANDARD FORM

Affects the nature of roots calculation

THE C VALUE IN THE STANDARD FORM

C VALUE = Y INTERCEPT and vertical shift

Affects the position but not the actual shape of the graph

Vertex form : 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞

THE A VALUE

THE A VALUE IN STANDARD FORM

A is positive then

A is negative then
as the absolute value of the a value increases the parabola becomes more and more
narrow

As the absolute value of a becomes smaller the parabola b=become

s increasingly wider

THE P VALUE

P VALUE = AXIS OF SYMMETRY = X VALUE OF TURNING POINT

−𝑏
You can calculate p : 𝜌 = 2𝑎

Also affects the maximum and minimum

THE Q VALUE

Q VALUE = Y VALUE OF TURNING POINT

OTHER THINGS TO NOTE

- FOR A PARABOLA IF YOU WANT TO FIND THE DISTANCE YOU CAN USE THE
DISTANE FORMULA 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
- OR YOU CAN FIND THE DISTANCE BY SIMPLY CALULATING THE X INTERCEPTS AND
FINDING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO POINTS
−𝑏
YOU CAN FIND THE MAXIMUM VALUE IF YOU USE THE: 𝜌 = FORMULA
2𝑎
ANOTHER IMPORTANT THING TO NOTE IS THAT 𝑎1 ∗ 𝑎2 = −.1 WHEN THE LINES ARE
PERPENDICUAR IF THEY ARE PARALLE THEN THE GRADIENTS ARE EQUAL

HYPERBOLA
𝑎
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑝 + 𝑞

A = vertical stretch

- If a is less thsn one then the graph has been reflected across the x axis
- Is the absolute value of a is less than one but bigger than 0 then the graph was
compressed therefore the bigger the absolute value of a is then the more

- the lower the asolute value of a is the less Its compressed eg

P value = shift tp the left or right

The asymptote = x= - p

- if p is positive the graph was shifted to the left

- if p is negative the graph was shifted to the right

Q value = shift up or down

The asymptote = y = q
 - if the q is positive the graph was shifted up
- if the q is negative the graph was shifted down

EXPONENTIAL GRAPH
GENERAL FORMULA : 𝑎 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑥+𝑝 + 𝑞

THE A VALUE

A value = vertical stretch

If the absolute value of the a value is bigger than pne then the graph has been stretched
vertically

If the absolute value of the a value is less than one the graph has been compressed

If the a value is positive then the graph will be above the horizontal asymptote

THE B VALUE

It represents growth or decay (think finances)

If b is bigger than one then that represents exponential growth

Exponential growth means that the quantity will increase over time and the rate at which it
grows will be proportional to the current value. So both values will increase with the same
factor eg they will double each time or triple each time

If b is bigger than 0 but less than one then that represents exponential decay

The opposite of exponential growtt

- if b is 1 then there is no growth or decay thereforethe graph is a flatline

- B can NOT be less than or equal to 0
THE P VALUE

P = SHIFT LEFT OR RIGHT

If p is positive the graph shifted to the left

If p is negative then the graph shifted to the right

THE Q VALUE

Q vale = shift up or down

If q is positive then the graph shifted up

If q is negative then the graph shifted down

ROOTS
All there is to know about square roots and cube roots

Simplifing roots

You can break them up into their factors and see if any of them can actually be
rooted for example 4 can be rooted but three cant
- √12 = √4 × √3 = 2√3
Multiplying roots

If you have two of the same roots (example two square roots) that are being multiplied then
you can multiply them much like simplifying but the opposite
3 3 3
- √2 × √4 = √(2 × 4) = √8 = 2

Dividing roots
Same thing as the multiplication but with division. If you have the same tpe of roots(eg bot
square roots or bpth cube roots ) that are being divided then you can combine them and
divide

2 2 3 2
- √12 × √3 = √(3) = √4 = 2

Adding and subtracting roots

If two you are multiplying numbers with the same number under the same tyope of root and
their being added then you can add them together

- 2√3 + 4√3 = (2 + 4)√3

GEOMETRY
Can be broken up into

- Triangles
- Quadrilaterals
- Circles
- 3d geometry
- Theorems

TRIANGLES

- Sum of all interiar angles Is 180

- Sum of all exterior angles is 360
- Remember pythagorus
- Remember exterior angles are equal to the sum of the two opposite angles
- The sum of two sides of a triange with always be bigger than the third side

QUADRILATERALS

PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS

- The sum of the interior angles is 360

- The opposite angles are equal in a parallelogram
- The diagonals bisect eachother in a parallegram
SQUARE

FORMULAS

AREA =𝑠ⅈ𝑑𝑒 2

PERIMETER = 4 X SIDE

DIAGONAL = 𝑠ⅈ 𝑑𝑒 × √2

RECTANGLE

FORMULAS

AREA = LENGTH X WIDTH

PERIMETER = 2(LENGTH + WIDTH)

DIAGONAL = √𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ2 +𝑤ⅈ𝑑 𝑡ℎ ^2`

3D GEOMETRY
CUBE FORMULAS

VULUME = side x side x side

SURFACE AREA = 6 x side x side

PROPERTIES

- 6 square faces
- 12 edges
- 8 vertices

RECTANGULAR PRISMS

VOLUME = LENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHT

SURFACE AREA = 2(LENGTH X WIDTH + LEGTH X HEIGHT + HEIGHT X WIDTH)

SPHERE
4
VOLUME = 3 𝑋𝜋𝑋 𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑆 3

SURFACE AREA = 4𝜋 2

PROPERTIES

- Curved surface
- No edges or vertices

CYLINDER
VOLUME = 𝜋 2 𝑋 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇

SURFACE AREA = 2𝜋(ℎ𝑒ⅈ𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑟𝑎𝑑ⅈ𝑢𝑠)

PROPERTIES

- 2 circular bases
- 1 curved lateral surface

CONE
1
VOLUME = 3 𝑋𝜋 2 𝑋 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇

SURFACE AREA = 𝜋𝑋 𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑆 𝑋 (𝑆𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑋 𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑆)

PROPERTIES

- 1 circular base
- 1 curved lateral surface
- 1 vertex (apex)

PYRAMID
1
VOLUME = 3 𝑋 𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸 𝑋 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇
1
SURFACE AREA = 𝐵𝐴𝑆𝐸 + 2 𝑋 𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑀𝐸𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝑋 𝑆𝐿𝐴𝑁𝑇 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇

PROPERTIES

- Polygonal base
- Triangular faces meeting at the apex
PROBABILITY
FORMULAS

P(EVENT) = NUMBER OF OUTCOMES IN AN EVENT /

TOTAL NUMBER OF OUTCOMES IN THE SAMPLE SPACE

INTERSECTION OF EVENTS IS WRITTEN AS: A AND B / A n B

UNION OF EVENTS IS WRITTEN AS: A OR B / A U B

COMPLEMENT OF AN EVENT : NOT A / A’

LAWS OF PROBABILITY

- P(A or B ) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)

- P(not A ) = 1 – P(A)

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS

P( A and B) = 0

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS (nothing in the sample space)

P(A or B ) = 1
COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS (MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND EXHAUSTIVE)

P(A and B) = 0

P( A or B ) = 1

P(A) + P(B) = 1

INDEPENDENT EVENTS

P(A and B ) = P(A) x P(B)

STATISTICS
Can be broken up into

- Measures of dispersion
- Distribution of data
- Reliability of measures of central tendency
- Outliers
- Standard deviation and variance

Measures of dispersion
- Range = max value – min value
- Interquartile range = Q3 -Q1
- Semi- interquartile = ½( Q3- Q1)

Tells us how the data is spread

With regards to the box and whisker take note

1. Half of the values lie between the minimum and the median
2. Half of the values lie between the maximum and the median
3. One quarter of the values lie between the minimum and the lower quartile
4. One quarter of the values lie between the lower quartile and the median
5. One quarter of the values lie between the median and the upper quartile
6. One quarter of the values lie between the upper quartile and the maximum value
7. Half od the values lie between the lower quartile and the upper quartile
Distribution of data
Symmetrical Positively skewed Negatively skewed
distribution pattern
Mean and median Mean = median Mean is bigger than The mean is less
the median than the median
Box and whisker The median line is The median line is The median line is
(position of the perfectly in the on the left on the right
median line) middle
explanation The data spread is There is more data There is more data
symmetrically on the left and the on the right and the
around the middle data to the right is data to the left is
and there is a high more spread out more spread out
concentration of often causing a tail often causing a tail
data around the to the right to the left
mean (skewed to the right) (skewed to the left)

Reliability of measures of central tendency

- The median is usually a good measure of central tendency. The median is
determined by the position and is therefore not sensitive to skewness and or outliers
- The mean is only a good central tendency if the data is symmetrical . if the data is
skewed or if there are outliers then the mean is not reliable
- The mode is only considered significant if it has a really high frequency
Outliers

{Q1 – 1,5 x IQR ; Q3 + 1,5 x IQR}

- Q1 – 1,5 x IQR is the lower fence of lower boundary

- Q3 + 1,5 x IQR is the upper fence of the upper boundary

Standard deviation
Standard deviation is how much variation there is from the mean. So if you had a buildings
and they had a mean the standard deviation is how much the building heights vary from the
mean. If the buildings are all similar in size then the standard deviation will be a small
number but if there are lots of different heights then the standard deviation will be a large
number.

That’s why if you have a data set. Say for example you have all the buildings and you double
the height of all of them the mean will double but the standard deviation will remain the
same.

PROPERTIES OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION

- Approximately 2/3 (68%) of the values in a dataset lie within one standard deviation
of the mean
- (𝑥̅ − 𝜎; 𝑥̅ + 𝜎)
- 95% of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean (𝑥̅ − 2𝜎; 𝑥̅ + 2𝜎)
- Almost all of the data (99,7%) will lie within three standard deviations of the mean
- The standard deviation will always be between 1/3 (0,33333) and 1/6 (0,166666666)