Introduction

A slab is a flat two dimensional planar structural element

having small thickness as compared to its other two
dimensions.
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and
walls of buildings and as the decks of bridges.
The floor system of a structure can take many forms such
as in situ solid slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units.
Slabs may be supported on monolithic concrete beam,
steel beams, walls or directly over the columns.
Concrete slab behave primarily as flexural members and
the design is similar to that of beams.
In slab, the shear stresses are usually low and hence shear
reinforcement is rarely required.
The depth of slab is governed by the deflection criteria.
 Classification of Slab
A. Based on types of Support;
1. Edge supported slab(slab supported by beam or wall)
2. Flat slab(slab supported by column)
B. Based on boundary condition;
1. Simply supported slab
2. Cantilever slab Edge S S
3. Continuous slab
4. Restrained slab(which corners
are prevented to uplift)
C. Basis of Spanning direction; Flat S
1. One way slab
2. Two way slab
In general, rectangular one way and two way slabs are very
common and are discussed in detail.
Cont…

Ly= longer span

of slab
Lx = Shorter span
of slab
Difference between one way & two way slab.
S.N One way slab Two way slab
1 𝐿𝑦 𝐿𝑦
>2 ≤2
𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
2. Bending takes place in one Bending takes place in both the
direction only(shorter directions.
direction)
3 Depth required is more Depth required is less
4 Main steel reinforcement is Main steel reinforcement is
provided along shorter provided along both spans.
direction
5 Less economical(thickness Economical as compared with
of slab is more and steel one way slab.
also more)
 Design of One way Slab
When a slab is supported only on two parallel apposite
edges, it spans only in the direction perpendicular to two
supporting edges. Such a slab is called one way slab.
Also, if the slab is supported on all four edges and the ratio of
longer span(ly) to shorter span (lx) i.e ly/lx > 2,
In this case, the main reinforcement is provided along the
shorter span to resist one way bending.
The one way slab is analyzed by assuming it to be a beam of
1m width.
Effective span= clear span + Eff. Depth OR c/c distance
between supports (whichever is Smaller)
Nominal concrete cover≥ 15mm
Minimum reinforcement; 0.15% of x-sectional area for Plain
bar & 0.12% of x-sectional area for deformed bar.
Maximum diameter of bar ≤ D/8
 Design steps for one way slab
Steps;
1. Assign thickness of slab(d);
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝐿𝑥)
= 10 for cantilever slab
𝑑
= 25 for Simply supported slab
= 30 for continuous slab.
Overall depth(D)= {d+ CC + dia/2} ≥ 100mm
2. Analysis the slab;
Calculate the maximum value of bending moment & shear force
on shorter direction of the slab.
 Slab is analyzed as a beam of rectangular section of one meter
width.
Maximum BM= for SSS= wl2/8 & for continuous slab =w*lx2*
bending moment coefficient (table 12, IS 456-2000, page 36)
Maximum SF= for SSS= wl/2& for continuous slab =w*lx* shear
coefficient (table 13, IS 456-2000, page 36)
 Cont…

End Slab Interior Slab

End Interior span End

support End Span support
Interior support
 Cont…
3. Check for depth of slab;
𝑀𝑢
d> dbal =
𝑄∗𝑏
𝑥 𝑢𝑙 𝑥 𝑢𝑙
where, b=1000mm, Q= 0.36*fck* , *(1 -0.416* , ) &
𝑑 𝑑
x ul
, = 0.53 for fe250, 0.48 for fe415 & 0.46 for fe500
d
4. Design reinforcement;
Design as singly reinforced under reinforced section(SRURS).
𝑀 0.87∗fy∗Ast
Area of steel(Ast)= where, xu=
0.87∗𝑓𝑦∗ 𝑑−0.416∗𝑥𝑢 0.36∗fck∗b
Calculate minimum Ast=0.12% of b*D (b=1m)
If Ast < minimum Ast Provide minimum Ast &
IF Ast ≥ minimum Ast Provide Ast.
Assume diameter of bar(generally 8 or 10mm) & calculate
1000∗ast
spacing of bars; spacing(S) = ,S ≤ 3d & S ≤300mm
Ast
 Cont…
5. Check for Shear;
τuv ≤ k*τuc , τuv = Vu/b*d, for τuc = table 19, page 73
& For k(cl 40.2.1.1)

6. Check for deflection;

𝑙𝑥
≤ αβγδλ
𝑑
7. Calculate spacing for minimum Ast, development length;
spacing(s)= 1000*ast/Ast,min , S ≤ 5d & S ≤ 450mm
𝝓∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝒇𝒚
Ld=
𝟒∗𝝉𝒃𝒅
8. Carryout detailing.
Cont… Support width
CC

Distribution bar

Leff
Main bar(Ast)

Distribution bar Main bar

0.5% of Ast.
0.1*Leff
≥Ld/3

Minimum 2 bars
0.15*Leff
Leff
 Design of two way slab
A rectangular slab supported on four edge supports, which
bends in two orthogonal directions and deflects in the form
of dish is called two way slabs.
For a two way slab the ratio of ly/lx ≤ 2.0.
The slab rest freely on all sides, due to transverse load the
corners tend to lift up. The slab looses the contact over
some region. This is known as lifting of corner. These slabs
are called two way simply supported slabs.
If the slabs are cast monolithic with the beams, the corners
of the slab are restrained from lifting. These slabs are called
restrained slabs.
Types of Two Way Slab
1. Simply supported slab
2. Restrained slab
 Analysis of two way slab
1. Simply supported slab;
a. Bending moment; Mux= αx*w*lx2 & Muy= αy*w*lx2
where, w= load per unit area(kN/m2), lx= shortest span of slab & αx
& αy = moment coefficient from table 27, IS456-2000, (Annex D,
Page 90)
b. Shear force; Vux= w*lx/3 & Vuy=w*lx/(2+lx/ly) (use maximum
value)

2. Restrained slab;
a. Bending moment; Mux= αx*w*lx2 & Muy= αy*w*lx2
where, w= load per unit area(kN/m2), lx= shortest span of slab & αx
& αy = moment coefficient from table 26, IS456-2000, (Annex D,
Page 90)
b. Shear force; Vux= wlx/3 & Vuy=w*lx/(2+lx/ly) (use maximum
value)
Support condition of slab;
Table 26(IS-456-2000)

Discontinuous
 Design steps for Two way slab
Steps;
1. Assign thickness of slab(d);
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝐿𝑥)
= 28 for Simply supported slab
𝑑
= 32 for continuous slab.
Overall depth(D)= {d+ CC + dia/2} ≥ 100mm
2. Analysis the slab;
Calculate the maximum value of bending moment & shear
force on both direction of the slab by using coefficient
method.
 Slab is analyzed as a beam of rectangular section of one
meter width.
Mux= αx*w*lx2 & Muy= αy*w*lx2
Vux= wlx/3 & Vuy=w*lx/(2+lx/ly) (use maximum value)
 Cont…
3. Check for depth of slab;
𝑀𝑢
d> dbal =
𝑄∗𝑏
𝑥 𝑢𝑙 𝑥 𝑢𝑙
where, b=1000mm, Q= 0.36*fck* , *(1 -0.416* , ) &
𝑑 𝑑
x ul
, = 0.53 for fe250, 0.48 for fe415 & 0.46 for fe500
d
4. Design reinforcement;
Design for all BM(-ve & +ve) calculated from above analysis.
Design as singly reinforced under reinforced section(SRURS).
𝑀 0.87∗fy∗Ast
Area of steel(Ast)= where, xu=
0.87∗𝑓𝑦∗ 𝑑−0.416∗𝑥𝑢 0.36∗fck∗b
Calculate minimum Ast=0.12% of b*D (b=1m)
If Ast < minimum Ast Provide minimum Ast &
IF Ast ≥ minimum Ast Provide Ast.
Assume diameter of bar(generally 8 or 10mm) & calculate
1000∗ast
spacing of bars; spacing(S) = ,S ≤ 3d & S ≤300mm
Ast
Cont…
5. Check for Shear; τuv ≤ k*τuc , τuv = Vu.max /b*d, for τuc = table 19, page 73
& For k(cl 40.2.1.1)
6. Check for deflection;
𝑙
≤ αβγδλ
𝑑
7. Calculate spacing for minimum Ast, development length;
spacing(s)= 1000*ast/Ast,min , S ≤ 5d & S ≤ 450mm
𝝓∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝒇𝒚
Ld=
𝟒∗𝝉𝒃𝒅
8. Carryout detailing.
Divide the slab into edge strip and middle strip
All calculated Ast from positive moment provide on middle strip(bottom
bar) & only 50% of calculated Ast is provided at edge strip as bottom bar.
All calculated Ast from negative moment provide on Edge strip(top bar).
For corners restrained; provide additional mesh(torsional reinforcement) of
equivalent reinforcement of area equal to 3/4*Ast, max for two edge
discontinuous & 3/8*Ast, max for one edge discontinuous at bottom and
top on the discontinuous edge.
Cont… Discontinuous Edge
Ly/8
Ly
CC
Lx/8

Bottom Bar

Ly Lx

Edge strip Lx/8

Lx Middle stripStrip
Middle
Continuous Edge

Top Bar
Lx/8 Fig. Top & bottom bar plan.
At discontinuous edge; top bar= Ast,min
Ly/8 Ly/8 Botom bar= Ast calculated from +ve moment
Top bar= Ast calculated from –ve moment
 Cont… 0.3*L1 Ast,top 0.3*L2
Ast, min 0.1*L1 0.15*L1 0.15*L2

Ast,m
0.25*L2
Ld/3 0.15*L1 L1 0.25*L1
L2

Discontinuous Edge Ly/5 Fig; Cross section of Slab

Ly
Lx/5

3/4*Ast,max Fig; Torsional reinforcement for

Lx end restrained provide at top
3/8*Ast,max as well as Bottom.

Continuous Edge
 Practices Qsn(Slab)
Q1. A drawing room of residential buildings measures 4.3 to 6.5 m. it
is supported on 300mm width wall on all four side. The slab is simply
supported without any restrained at supports. Design the slab for live
load of 3kN/m2, floor finishing of 1.5kN/m2. take M20 & fe415.
Q2. Briefly explain how the given slabs of a floor are designed.
Analyze and design the slab panel 1 &2. Take, live load = 4 KN/m2
and surface finish = 1 KN/m2 M20 and Fe415 grade of concrete and
steel
Staircase Design
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for the purpose of giving access
to different floors of building. Since stair is often the only means of
communication between the various floors of building, the location
required good and careful consideration.
The horizontal top portion of a step (where the foot rests) is termed tread
and the vertical projection of the step (i.e., the vertical distance between
two neighboring steps) is called riser.
The horizontal projection (plan) of an inclined flight of steps, between the
first and last risers, is termed going.
A typical flight of steps consists of two landings and one going,
Terminology; a. Tread, b. Riser, c. Flight, d. Waist slab, e. soffit, f. going
etc.
Types of Stair;
a. Straight stairs, b. Quarter-turn stairs c. Dog-legged stairs,
d. Open well stairs, e. Spiral stairs & f. Helicoidal stair
 General guidelines
The values of 250 to 300mm and 150 to 180mm are usually
assigned to the tread and riser respectively.
Tread not less than 200mm & riser not more than 200mm
The width of the stair is generally around 1.1-1.6m, and in
any case, should normally not be less than 850 mm.
The width of the landing should not be less than the width
of stairs.
Generally, risers in a flight should not exceed about 12 in
number.
Slope of stairs is not be more than 38 degree.
 Effective Span of Stair
1. Inclined stairs flight together with landing are supported on wall or beams
Effective sapn= C/C distance of support

2. If landing of stairs are supported by beam

or wall transversely or transversely as well as
longitudinally the effective span are
taken as follows;
Load on stair;
In stairs, where span partially cross at right angles the
load on common area may distribute as one half in each
direction as shown in figure,
Design steps of staircase
1. Geometrical design;
Assume suitable tread and riser
Number of riser= floor height/rise
No of riser in one flight= half of number of riser for
dog-legged stair, and as per plan for open-well stair.
Number of tread= number of riser-1
Going distance= number of tread*tread width
Width of landing ≥ width of stair.(generally equal)
 Design steps of staircase
2. Structural Design;
Steps;
1. Calculate the effective length of going and stairs.
2. Estimate the thickness of waist slab as per deflection
criteria(IS456-2000)
generally; depth or thickness(d or t)= leff/20
3. Calculate load on landing and going part of the stair.
Calculate the load for 1m width of slab.
Weight of waist slab=25*thickness of slab=25*t kN/m2
Weight of step= 0.5*weight of waist slab= 0.5*25*t
Assume live load = x kN/m2
Assume Dead load= y kN/m2
Total load(T)= [25t+(0.5*25*1)+x+y]
Design load(Wu)= 1.5*T kN/m2
For 1m width
Load on going(W)= Wu kN/m
Load on landing(W1)= 0.5*Wu
 Cont…..
4. Analysis the stair.
Calculate the maximum BM & SF from above load diagram.
𝑀𝑢
5. Check for depth of waist slab; d> dbal =
𝑄∗𝑏
𝑥 𝑢𝑙 𝑥 𝑢𝑙
where, b=1000mm, Q= 0.36*fck* , *(1 -0.416* , ) &
𝑑 𝑑
x ul
,= 0.53 for fe250, 0.48 for fe415 & 0.46 for fe500
d
6. Design reinforcement;
Design for BM calculated from above analysis.
Design as singly reinforced under reinforced section(SRURS).
𝑀 0.87∗fy∗Ast
Area of steel(Ast)= where, xu=
𝑓𝑠∗ 𝑑−0.416∗𝑥𝑢 0.36∗fck∗b
Calculate minimum Ast=0.12% of b*D (b=1m)
If Ast < minimum Ast Provide minimum Ast &
IF Ast ≥ minimum Ast Provide Ast.
Assume diameter of bar(generally 10 or 12mm) & calculate
1000∗ast
spacing of bars; spacing(S) = , S ≤ 3d & S ≤300mm
Ast
 Cont…..
5. Check for Shear; τuv ≤ k*τuc , τuv = Vu.max /b*d, for τuc = table 19, page
73 & For k(cl 40.2.1.1)
6. Check for deflection;
𝑙
≤ αβγδλ
𝑑
7. Calculate spacing for minimum Ast, development length;
spacing(s)= 1000*ast/Ast,min , S ≤ 5d & S ≤ 450mm
𝝓∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝒇𝒚
Ld=
𝟒∗𝝉𝒃𝒅
8. Carryout detailing.
 Numerical problems;
Q. Design a dog-legged staircase for an office building shown in figure,
using following data:
Height between floor = 3.2 m;
Riser = 160 mm, tread = 270 mm;
Width of flight = landing width = 1.25 m
Live load = 5.0 kN/m2
Finishing load = 0.6 kN/m2
Assume the stairs to be supported on 230 mm thick masonry walls at
the outer edges of the landing, parallel to the risers. Use M 20 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.
Solution;
1. Effective length= c/c distance between Support
leff= {230+1250*2+(270*9)}= 5160mm
2. Depth of slab(d)= l/20= 5160/20= 258 mm
adopt d= 250mm overall depth(D)= 250+20+12/2=276mm
3. Load on stair;
Weight of slab= 25*0.276= 6.9kN/m2
Weight of step= 0.5*6.9= 3.45 kN/m2
Live load= 5kN/m2 and floor finishing =0.6kN/m2
Total load= 6.9+3.45+5+0.6 = 15.95kN/m2
Design load(Wu)= 1.5*15.95= 23.925kN/m2
Load on going= 23.925kN/m2
Load on landing= 0.5*23.925= 11.96kN/m2.
23.925kN/m
11.95kN/m 11.95kN/m

1365mm 2430mm 1365mm

 Solution;
4. Analysis of slab;
Reaction on support= [(11.95*1.365*2)+(23.925*2.43)]/2= 45.38kN.
Maximum BM at mid span= (45.38*5.16/2)-
(11.95*1.365*{(1.365/2)+(2.43/2)}- (23.925*2.43/2*2.43/4)= 68.43kN-m
𝑀𝑢
5. Check for depth of slab; d> dbal =
𝑄∗𝑏
𝑥 𝑢𝑙 𝑥 𝑢𝑙
where, b=1000mm, Q= 0.36*fck* , *(1 -0.416* , )
𝑑 𝑑
x ul
, = 0.48, Q= 0.36*20*0.48*(1-(0.416*0.48))= 2.766
d
68.43∗10^6
dbal= = 157 mm here, d>dbal OK
2.766∗1000
0.87∗fy∗Ast 0.87∗415∗Ast
6. For area of steel; xu= = , or, xu= 0.05Ast, &
0.36∗fck∗b 0.36∗20∗1000
𝑀𝑢 68.43∗10^6
Ast= = =813.3mm2
𝑓𝑠∗ 𝑑−0.416∗𝑥𝑢 0.87∗415∗ 250−0.416∗0.05∗𝐴𝑠𝑡
Ast minimum = 0.12% of b*D= 0.12*1000*276/100= 331.2 mm2 here Ast>
Ast,min so provide Ast = 813.3mm2 for main bar.
Spacing(S)= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*113.04/813.3= 139.05mm < 3d & 300mm
Provide 12mm dia bar @ 130mm c/c
Solution;
For spacing of minimum area of steel;
Spacing(S)= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*113.04/331.2= 341.46mm < 3d &
>300mm
Provide 12mm dia bar @ 300mm c/c
7. Check for shear; τuv ≤ k*τuc , τuv =Vu,max/b*d
τuv =45.38*10^3 /1000*250, τuv = 0.18Mpa,
k= 1.1, pt= Ast,min =0.12%
From table 19, for M20 & pt=0.12, τuc =0.28 Mpa
Here, τuv(0.18) ≤ k(1.1)*τuc (0.28) OK
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
8. Check for deflection; ≤ αβγδλ,
𝑑
here, α=20, β=1(span<10m),
For value of γ; pt= max calculated % age of steel,
pt= 100*813.3/1000*250= 0.33%
γ = 1.5 (for pt=0.33% & fs=240), δ=1 &
5160
λ=1. so ; ≤ 20*1*1.5*1*1 or, 20.64 ≤ 30 OK
250
𝝓∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝒇𝒚 𝟏𝟐∗𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟒𝟏𝟓
9. Development length(Ld)= = = Ld=564.1mm,
𝟒∗𝝉𝒃𝒅 𝟒∗𝟏.𝟐∗𝟏.𝟔
10. Detailing;
Soln;
Ld= 564.1mm

12mm dia @300mmc/c

Main bar=12mm dia @130mmc/c

5.16m

Thank You